• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.159-173
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• 2015

The patternless potteries excavated from the Baekseokdong Gojaemigol site in Cheonan, was subdivided into talc and non-talc (including amphibole) type pottery. The potteries showed black, reddish brown and yellowish brown colors, but represent to difference with occurrences and internal texture of raw materials and temper minerals. The all potteries and paleosoils are commonly high content of temper minerals with poorly sorting and roundness of particles, and the paleosoils composed mainly of quartz, plagioclase, mica, chlorite and kaolinite. Between the talc and non-talc type potteries are very similar with magnetic susceptibility, absorption ratio and specific gravity. Geochemical behaviors of major, minor, compatible and incompatible elements in talc pottery are very similar with amphibole, non-talc pottery and paleosoils, and well correspondence with enrichment and deficiency patterns of each element, and the talc and amphibole potteries are highly enriched patterns of MgO concentration. In paleosoils of Gojaemigol site, talc and amphibole are not detected, therefore, making the pottery of the site estimate the possible to artificial additions of the temper minerals of talc and amphibole used interbedded talc layer within gneiss complex near the Baekseokdong area. Based on the phase relations, differential thermal and thermal gravimetric analyses, the potteries could be classified into two groups by firing temperature. The one group of talc temper pottery fired from 800 to $870^{\circ}C$ and the other group of amphibole and non-talc temper pottery revealed of 900 to $950^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.4 no.1 s.4
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• pp.53-58
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• 1995

In order to establish the procedures for investigating environmental influences to wooden cultural property, existing study data were surveyed and necessary steps for performing the investigation works were presented to be applied for the future works in this country. Environmental factors which influence to the conservation of wooden cultural property should first be studied for items concerned with their damage situations. On basis of these data, laboratory works to yield the standard value for each factor should be conducted by means of testing samples exposed under laboratory simulated environmental conditions. Outdoor measurements may be followed for samples exposed to the open air at the site of that property. These data may be compared with those of laboratory standard value and overall evaluation for the factor influencing mostly tn the damage status of that property may further be conducted. Referring data obtained in this investigation, necessary measures to be taken for conserving that property may be able to be established.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.7
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• pp.63-68
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• 2006

Gwangju National Museum performed conservation treatment of clogs excavated from the remains related to Yun Sundo in Bogildo, Wando Island; the remains had been excavated and surveyed by Jeonnam Cultural property Research Center. The tree type used for the clogs was identified as Pinus sp. (hard pine); it was treated with PEG-vacuum freeze-drying after the t-butanol replacement.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.19
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• pp.67-72
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• 2006

The chemical compositions and lead isotope ratio of Poong-Tag(wind bell) bell excavated from Wanggyeong site, Gyeongju have analyzed by ICP and TIMS. The analysis result of chemical composition of Poong-Tag shows that it consists of 92:4 ratio of Cu:Sn. Other 8 minor elements(Pb, Zn, Fe, Ag, Ni, As, Sb and Co) show the concentration of below 0.2% respectively. This result means that Poong-Tag have made using highly purified Cu and Sn ore. For the study of provenance of raw material with the lead isotope ratio, the origin of the raw material of Poong-Tag can not be presumed owing to beyond the scope. The observation result of microstructure of Poong-Tag show the dendrite structure made through casting process. The chemical composition, microstructure, and lead isotope ratio of Poong-Tag excavated from Wanggyeong site, Gyeongju can be used as fundamental data to compare with other Poong-Tag of different regions and periods.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.211-225
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• 2018

The Stupa of the State Preceptor Jigwang from the Beopcheonsaji temple site in Wonju (National Treasure No. 101) was built in the Goryeo Period (around the 11th century), with very excellent style and techniques. It was returned to the Korea after being taken to Osaka of Japan without notice in 1912, and was severely damaged during the Korean War. Subsequently, the Stupa was restored using restoration materials like mortar, and relocated to the National Palace Museum of Korea. Surface contaminants in the Stupa primarily existed around the restoration materials. Black discoloration, which indicates a high discoloration grade, signified a high possession rate in the north and inner regions of the Stupa, which may be related to the relative moisture maintenance time. Most surface contaminants were calcite and gypsum; the black discoloration area underwent secondary discoloration due to air pollution. Moreover, the stone properties exhibited a relatively low discoloration grade, exhibiting crystallized contaminants that partly covered the rock-forming minerals. Overall, the Stupa deteriorated due to discoloration and being covered by lime materials, which were dissolved as the mortar degraded. Hence, it required contaminants removal, surface cleaning and desalination during conservation treatment, in order to control the rate of physicochemical deterioration by contaminants.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.255-271
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• 2009

This study was examined interpretation of making techniques and provenance interpretation of raw materials for the potteries from the Nongseori site in Giheung based on archaeometric characteristics. The potteries are classified into three groups according to the archaeological age. The texture of Neolithic age potteries is sandy soil added a lot of temper such as talc and mica, and Bronze age potteries contain sandy materials which occur naturally include quartz, orthoclase, plagioclase and mica. On the other hand, Proto-three Kingdom Age potteries made of silty soil that sift out coarse minerals from the clay. But all pottery and soil samples in the study were very similar patterns with geochemical evolution trend. This result is sufficient evidence that all pottery samples were produced using the same raw materials from the host rocks around of the site area. The Neolithic age potteries had loose texture and fired probably about 700 to $760^{\circ}C$. The Bronze age potteries had experienced firing about 850 to $900^{\circ}C$. And Proto-three Kingdom Age potteries had compact textured and fired from 900 to $1,050^{\circ}C$. The making techniques of potteries are not represented discontinuation characteristics about the periodic time sequences, and are suggested that revealed a transitional change patterns for production techniques.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.335-345
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• 2009

This paper presents investigations on 60 glass beads excavated from floorless tombs of Eunpyeong Newtown site to figure out composition and lead isotope ratio by SEM-EDS and TIMS, which show the difference between their compositions and Pb provenance of lead glass. The results of the composition analysis are that excavated glass are mainly divided into Potash glass($K_2O$-CaO-$SiO_2$) and Potash-lead glass($K_2O$-PbO-$SiO_2$) and the samples excavated from III-3 floorless tombs No.1005 are presumed not glass but Quartz. The transparent 9 lead glasses excavated from II-3 floorless tomb No.101 and III-3 floorless tomb No.908 seem to be manufactured by the same raw material at same site because the concentration of their compositions are well accorded with each other and deviations of them are very limited. As a result of principal component analysis(PCA), glass beads excavated are largely assort to two groups, Potash glass and Potash lead glass as well. That is, glass beads excavated from Eunpyeoung Newtown sites are quite different two types of main composition. In addition, the results of Pb provenance analysis used in lead glass confirm that most lead glass are significantly correlated with galena of northern China.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.503-515
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• 2018

Stupa of State Preceptor Jigwang at Beopcheonsa temple site, Wonju, was conserved and restored in 1957. It was necessary to assess the degree of damage to the used mortar and to provide objective data on the necessity of its removal. Therefore, the HCP(half-cell potential) measurement used in concrete fields was applied. Multi-regression analysis of HCP data, following the rapid corrosion test of the roofstone mortar used by the rebar, resulted in a high correlation of HCP values(0.86), depending on the amount of corrosion and cover depth used for the steel bar. As a result, high correlation values(0.86) for the coefficients of determination were derived. The showed that the measurement of the wet conditions -431 to -663 mV on the roofstone indicated a corrosion damage rate of 90% or more after removal and restoration.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.194-211
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• 2012

Pung-nap mudcastle has brought wide attention to archaeologists since scientific studies were carried out on the various types of building sites and excavated potteries related to A period of Baekje Kindom when it sat Hansung as the capital. It is identified that clay from Ra-No.19 site of Pung-Nap mudcastle has different from compositions that of residential soil. From archaeological point of view, it is believed that the the soil was a source material for potteries due to the appropriate viscosity and inclusions. Mineralogical and geochemical studies show that the compositions between the source material and randomly chosen two potteries from the same site are similar. Behavior pattern classification of major, trace and rare elements provides also very similar result. Artificial specimen has been made at different temperature in order to estimate firing temperature of the potteries by means of various kinds of instrumental application. As a result of the study, it is believed that the firing temperature of the red and brown pottery was $550{\sim}600^{\circ}C$ and $900{\sim}1,000^{\circ}C$ respectively.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.24
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• pp.37-54
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• 2020

This paper presents an archaeological interpretation of the results of conservation treatment and scientific analysis of the ancient Chinese bronze coin known as Huo Quan(貨泉) coins excavated from Tomb No. 4 at the Madeung Archaeological Site in Heukcheon-ri, Haenam. Huo Quan coins were issued in China by Wang Mang(王莽) when he founded the short-lived Xin(新) Dynasty and were used in the Samhan(三韓) period in Korea. A total of thirteen Huo Quan coins were excavated from the Madeung Archeological Site with some coins fused to each other. They were classified as clusters A, B, and C. On a coin from the B cluster the classical Chinese characters "貨泉" are visible to the naked eye, but no characters are visually identifiable in the other coins. For conservation treatment, foreign substances attached to the surfaces of the coins were removed, weak materials were reinforced with protective coatings, and fragments were reattached to the main bodies of the coins. Next, Nano CT scanning was conducted to identify the exact number of coins within the clusters and examine the surface condition of the coins. It revealed the inscription "貨泉" on twelve out of thirteen coins. In addition to these coins excavated from Heukcheon-ri, a number of coins were excavated from a tomb in Bokryong-dong, Gwangju. This necessitates an investigation into the possible development of a monetary economy in this region.