• Atmosphere
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.213-227
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• 2005

The global mean surface temperature has already increased by $0.6{\pm}0.2^{\circ}C$ over the last century, and warming in Korea is approximately twice as large as the global average. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has concluded that the majority of warming over the past 50 years could be attributed to human activities (IPCC, 2001a). In addition, the global surface temperature is expected to increase by 1.4 to $5.8^{\circ}C$ depending on the greenhouse gas emission scenarios during the $21^{st}$ century.Climate change resulting from increased greenhouse gas concentrations has the potential to harm societies and ecosystems. Reductions in emissions of greenhouse gases and their concentration in the atmosphere will reduce the degree and likelihood of significant adverse conditions due to the anticipated climate change. Mitigation policy has generally been the primary focus of public attention and policy efforts on climate change. However, some degree of climate change is inevitable due to the combination of continued increases in emissions and the inertia of the global climate system. Adaptation actions and strategies are needed for a complementary approach to mitigation. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) currently addresses vulnerability and adaptation in the context of climate change negotiations and in future adaptation may be an important element of work under the Kyoto Protocol. There are several on-going programs to develop effective adaptation strategies and their implementation. But in general, many other countries are still on an initiating stage. The climate change science programs of the United States, Japan, England, and Germany are initiated to understand the current status of climate change science and adaptation researches in the developed countries. In this study, we propose the improvement on systems in policy and research aspects to effectively perform the necessary functions for development of nation-wide adaptation measures and their implementation. In policy aspect, the Korean Panel on Climate Change (KPCC) is introduced as a coordinating mechanism between government organizations related with climate change science, impact assessment and adaptation. Also in research aspect, there is a strong consensus on the need for construction of a national network on climate change research as trans-disciplinary research network.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.22 no.4 s.75
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• pp.69-82
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• 2004

Urbanization of Korea reaches up to 90% in the year 2003. What that means is that 90% of population live in the city areas. This phenomenon emphasizes importances of urban streets where people feel accessibility and level of environmental amenity, enjoy recreational activity, and live for a life. However, the current Korean manual for designing road is not enough to accomodate various activities of urban streets since its target is basically rural roads. This study proposes the necessity of a new design manual of urban streets via analyzing the practices of the development countries, and aims to recommend what should be prepared and how those are defined for developing a design manual of urban streets in Korea. It is inevitable that the design manual of urban streets be based on the flexibility and diversity. The manual should be made through consensus among the related stakeholders such as designers, residents and officials. And it also should reflect the characteristics of each city. It is somehow true that without the manual, designing of urban streets can be done although it is not fully acceptable. This does not mean that the necessity of the manual can be ignored. Rather, we should remember that the related stakeholders may not want to reveal what are hidden in developing the design manual of urban streets. What are hidden is that developing the design manual of urban streets is difficult problem to solve. It is a wish that this study triggers the on-going research and interests on developing the design manual of urban streets.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.258-265
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• 2015

Over the last 20 years, freak waves have attracted many researchers because of their unexpected behaviors and damages on offshore structures and vessels in the ocean and coastal waters. Despite many researches on the causes, mechanisms and occurrence of freak waves, we have not reached consensus on the results of the researches. This paper presents the occurrence probability of freak waves based on the analysis of wave records measured at coastal waters of Donghae harbor in the East Sea. Three freak waves were found which satisfied conditions of m and $H_S{\geq}2.5m$ and $H_m/H_S{\geq}2$. The occurrence probabilities of freak waves were estimated from extreme distributions by Mori, Rayleigh and Ahn, and found to be on the orders of O($10^{-1}$), O($10^{-2}$), and O($10^{-3}$), respectively. The occurrence probabilities of freak waves measured from waves records were estimated between O($10^{-2}$) and O($10^{-3}$), which were located between predictions by Rayleigh and Ahn's extreme probability distributions. However, we need more analysis of wave records obtained from diverse field conditions in order to verify the accuracy of the estimation of occurrence probability of freak waves.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.12
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• pp.5107-5110
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• 2014

Background: The incidence rate of thyroid cancer has been increasing worldwide in recent years, and it is also the most prevalent cancer when it comes to the number of patients among Korean women. With it, ultrasonographic screening test has also become very common. However, there is still controversy over the performance of this screening test. Therefore, the National Evidence-based Healthcare Collaborating Agency (NECA) organized a Round-table Conference on the issues regarding ultrasonographic screening for thyroid cancer in Korea. The objective of the conference was mainly about delivering worthwhile information reflecting social value for the current situation, which was based on evidence surrounding thyroid cancer screening that relevant experts investigated and agreed on. The significance of this Round-table Conference lies in the fact that we reviewed the current evidence, and we were able to discuss the social value and future direction for ultrasonographic screening in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.9-22
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• 2004

This paper aims to identify the role of local governments in building regional innovation system. The central government has recently decided to support the promotion of innovation capacities of local innovators and innovation networks among thor The central government forces local governments to establish the council for regional innovation in order to implement these goals. Meanwhile, there is no consensus about the way in which the council for regional innovations constitute and operate. I think it is the time for us to talk about this seriously. It is widely conceived that local governments in Korea have still been hierarchical. Thus, they would be difficult to make the decision effectively on regional innovation and development initiatives. In this context, I suggest that the regional innovation promoting agency needs to take authorities to secure transparency and autonomy in planning, implementing, evaluating regional innovation initiatives. The local government no! ed to play a central role in establishing the agency. However, the local government should not try to intervene and control its operations.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.400-409
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• 2016

The geospatial information industry has the advantage of being able to converge with other industries to create new value. Therefore, efforts are underway to promote the growth of this dwindling national industry by endorsing policies and initiatives to promote its convergence with other industries. In this study, feedback was collected from experts in various fields through three rounds of polls using the Delphi method. The poll results were used to investigate the causes of hindrance to the growth of the geospatial information industry and to build a comprehensive solution to this problem. As a result, 27 strategies were constructed based on the users' requirements related to policy, data and service, including the demands for establishing public polling methods, enhancing data quality and advertisement. Since the coefficient of variance fell between 0.11 and 0.20 in the importance evaluation, an amicable consensus was reached between the experts. Considering that the convergence of industries is achieved through the integration of various types of technology and information, it is important to consider the requirements of users in different industries. In this respect, the results of this study will serve as a useful base for constructing mid-to-long term road maps to promote the development of the geospatial information industry.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.11 no.12
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• pp.13-23
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• 2013

Purpose - There is a dominant opinion that medium and small enterprises in the Korean economy have not developed qualitatively but only towards quantitative growth and, therefore, the unbalanced structure between large enterprises and those that are medium and small has worsened. In particular, this rapid industrialization causes after-effects such as polarization as well as anti-business sentiment, the collapse of the middle class, and hostility against the establishment. The consensus contends that it is difficult for Korea to be an advanced nation without resolving these problems. This paper attempts to suggest a co-prosperity model by limiting the focus to business relations with medium and small manufacturers (with regard to investment among the various co-prosperity institutions of POSCO). These co-prosperity institutions have been established in POSCO; however, it is thought that the development of a co-prosperity model regarding investment in medium and small manufacturers will help many needy investment manufacturers. Research design, data, and methodology - This study analyzes research on the co-prosperity model, using it to examine Korean cases and foreign cases. The co-prosperity model has been continuously extended but is determined to be seriously insufficient. The purpose of this study is to develop the Korean co-prosperity model by reinterpreting it in various aspects. In order to develop the Korean co-prosperity model, this study suggests the case of the establishment of the co-prosperity model by POSCO with medium and small manufacturers with regard to investment. This model is expected to be presented to many enterprises as the future co-prosperity model. Results - To date, analysis of the co-prosperity model itself and the co-prosperity model through the case of POSCO have been suggested. As empirical studies on co-prosperity in Korea are not sufficient, successful models of co-prosperity should be developed in various aspects in future. It is expected that through this study, medium and small manufacturers would have an opportunity to find various growth engines by actively using the cooperation platform and establishing optimized competitiveness of steel material through a steel business model. The ecosystem of enterprises may evolve and be healthier by making more joint products through productive business relationships between large enterprises and those that are medium and small. From the enterprises' ecosystem viewpoint, cooperation between such businesses rather than one-way support is identified as an essential element for the security of inter-competitiveness. Conclusions - Infrastructure should be established to form a dynamic industry ecosystem not by transient efforts in co-prosperity, but by an entire culture of co-prosperity across industries. In this respect, the leading role of public institutions needs to be intensified initially. In addition, the effects of co-prosperity should be extended to blind spots of policies such as third party companies and regions. A precise co-prosperity monitoring system should be established to continuously conduct and extend these efforts.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.16
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• pp.1-20
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• 2009

This paper explores the research trends in the area of the comics studies in Korea. In this article, the 664 academic articles are examined in terms of the characteristics of the researchers, the field of comics studies, the research theme and the research methodology. This study is on the basis of the recognition that there have been no consensus on what the core essence of comics studies is. As a result, there are a few articles on the academic identity of the comics studies. The comics studies have not consider the distinctive characteristics of the Korean comics significantly. In Korea, over 50% of the academic articles on the comics have been published by comics scholarships in the field of pedagogy and human sciences. Since the 1990's, comics studies have started to consider the value of the comics positively. The comics text studies also have increased since the 1990's in Korea. The comics studies on the comics policy and comics industries have been increased since 2000. The rise of comics studies is concomitant with the increased awareness of comics in Korea. The article concludes that the comics studies need to become an independent academic discipline in the future. The interdisciplinary studies on the comics is necessary to study the diverse aspects of the comics. In addition, the infrastructure for the comics studies should be established in order to improve the comics studies.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.69-80
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• 2015

The present study was conducted with aim for establishing the framework of integrated veteran policy for unified Korea through the analysis of the North Korea's veteran policy. For the purpose, this study reviewed the legal system and implementation process concerning the North Korea's veteran policy and analyzed the establishment of fundamental framework of unification and the implications from the North Korea's veteran policy for unified Korea. The review of the North Korea's veteran policy covered the beginning of the North Korea's veteran policy to the present. Based on the findings of the review, this study revealed the necessity of re-establishing the principle of veteran policy in preparation for unification and proposed a plan for unified veteran policy. The results from this study are expected to be a meaningful milestone to unified veteran policy after unification. It is reasonably expected that there will remain considerable differences and conflicting factors, which could block the path to national integration, between two countries and their peoples after unification. Therefore, it is more important to make a thorough preparation and form social consensus than any other. In this respect, national policy for veterans should go back to basics and be reviewed to be ready for unification. Although different in time, the North Korea's veteran policy was and is the base of the nation's system and source engine for development every period. Re-designing the principle of veteran policy should reflect both symbols of the unified nation and the national identity, but also of socially integrated spirit. Therefore, it must include the spirit of patriotism and awareness of national security. Furthermore, as for the integration of veteran policies for unification, it is especially important for two countries to possess and share common historical consciousness. The unified veteran policy should be integrated on this base.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.67 no.2
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• pp.113-120
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• 2009

Background: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) by oxidative stress may play an important role in the pathogenesis of various chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, obesity, hyperlipidemia, hypertension and malignancy that are linked to metabolic syndrome. Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). We examined the relationship between IPF and presenting factors associated with metabolic disorders. Methods: One hundred fourteen patients who met the current consensus of IPF definition were enrolled from March 2000 to April 2006 in Gil Hospital and Samsung Medical Center in Korea. One hundred thirty-four control subjects without pulmonary diseases were selected from subjects who visited Gil hospital for routine medical examinations, including low-dose chest computed tomography from January 2002 to July 2006. Retrospectively, we analyzed the clinical characteristics, the results of blood examinations, and lung function tests from medical records of both groups. Results: IPF patients and control subjects differed in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus as assessed by univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that diabetes mellitus and obesity were associated with IPF. The adjusted odds ratios for diabetes mellitus were 2.733 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.282~5.827) and 2.001 (95% [CI], 1.063~3.766) for obesity. The remaining factors tested showed no differences between the patient group and the control. Conclusion: Diabetes mellitus and obesity may be associated with IPF development.