• 분석과 대안
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.35-77
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• 2023

This study aims to solve the entangled loop between demographic transition (DT) and economic growth by analyzing cross-country data. We undertake a national-level group analysis to verify the compressed transition of demographic variables over time. Assuming that the LA (latecomer advantage) on DT over time exists, we verify that the DT of the latecomer is compressed by providing a formal proof of LA on DT over income. As a DT has the double-kinked functions of income, we check them in multiple aspects: early maturation, leftward threshold, and steeper descent under a contour map and econometric methods. We find that the developing countries (the latecomer) have speedy DT (CDT, compressed DT) as well as speedy income such that DT of the latecomers starts at lower levels of income, lasts for a shorter period, and finishes at the earlier stage of economic development compared to that of developed countries (the early mover). To check the balance of DT, we classify countries into four groups of DT---balanced, slow, unilateral, and rapid transition countries. We identify that the main causes of rapid transition are due to the strong family planning programs of the government. Finally, we check the effect of latecomer's CDT on economic growth inversely: we undertake the simulation of the CDT effect on economic growth and the aging process for the latecomer. A worrying result is that the CDT of the latecomer shows a sharp upturn of the working-age population, followed by a sharp downturn in a short period. Compared to early-mover countries, the latecomer countries cannot buy more time to accommodate the workable population for the period of demographic bonus and prepare their aging societies for demographic onus. Thus, we conclude that CDT is not necessarily advantageous to developing countries. These outcomes of the latecomer's CDT can be re-interpreted as follows. Developing countries need power sources to pump up economic development, such as the following production factors: labor, physical and financial capital, and economic systems. As for labor, the properties of early maturation and leftward thresholds on DTs of the latecomer mean that demographic movement occurs at an unusually early stage of economic development; this is similar to a plane that leaks fuel before or just before take-off, with the result that it no longer flies higher or farther. What is worse, the property of steeper descent represents the falling speed of a plane so that it cannot be sustained at higher levels, and then plummets to all-time lows.

• 분석과 대안
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.179-207
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• 2023

기후변화에 대응한 국제사회의 실천과제인 탄소중립이 각국의 국가 미래 발전을 좌우하는 핵심 산업전략으로 옮겨가고 있다. G2의 경제 대국으로 성장한 중국이지만 고탄소 배출의 산업구조로 인해 이 같은 기후변화 글로벌 이슈를 선도하기 어려울 것이라는 일부 관측이 무색하게도, 중국은 탄소중립을 자국 산업경쟁력 강화를 위한 수단으로 활용하고 있다. 중국정부는 탄소중립 달성을 위한 국정 방침과 이를 이행하기 위한 분야별 세부 계획을 수립, 특히 탄소중립 산업전략을 통해 외부로부터의 기후대응 국제규범 외압을 자국 산업구조의 조정과 신산업 육성을 위한 지렛대로 삼고자 한다. 그러나 이 같은 탄소중립 산업전략은 지역별 경제·산업 수준 등 여건에 따라 중점분야 및 집행력에서 차이가 있을 것으로 예상된다. 이 글에서는 중국 지역별 탄소중립 이행여건과 주요 산업정책의 내용 및 특징을 분석한다. 상이한 경제발전 수준과 산업구조 등에 따라 지역별 탄소배출 규모, 배출원, 효율성에 상당한 차이가 있을 수밖에 없다. 이는 중앙으로부터 주어진 탄소중립 목표를 이행하는 데 있어 상이한 초기 조건과 내생적 요소를 부여하게 되며, 이 같은 주어진 구조적 요인들은 각 지역에 유리한 탄소중립 산업전략의 방향과 중점정책의 조성 및 추진을 제약하게 된다. 특히 탄소중립 이행 관련 지방정부의 정책 자율성 정도를 제약함으로써, 중앙-지방 환경거버넌스의 지역별 특징이 나타날 것이다. 이 같은 점은 보다 정확한 중국 탄소중립 향방을 탐색하기 위해서 국가를 단위로 한 총괄적 연구와 더불어 지역별 모니터링이 긴요함을 시사한다.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.237-269
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• 2016

Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization (APSCO) is the only intergovernmental space cooperation organization in Asia. Since its establishment to date, eight countries have signed the convention and become member states. South Korea participated actively in the preparatory phase of creating the organization, and one conference organized by AP-MCSTA which is the predecessor of APSCO was held in South Korea. However, after the APSCO Convention was opened for signature in 2005 to date, South Korea does not ratify the Convention and become a member. The rapid development of space commercialization and privatization, as well as the fastest growing commercial space market in Asia, provides opportunities for Asian countries to cooperate with each other in relevant space fields. And to participate in the existing cooperation framework (e.g., the APSCO) by the Asian space countries (e.g., South Korea) could be a proper choice. Even if the essential cooperation in particular space fields is challenging, joint space programs among different Asian countries for dealing with the common events can be initiated at the first steps. Since APSCO has learned the successful legal arrangements from ESA, the legal measures established by its Convention are believed to be qualified to ensure the achievement of benefits of different member states. For example, the regulation of the "fair return" principle confirms that the return of interests from the relevant programs is in proportion to the member's investment in the programs. Moreover, the distinguish of basic and optional activities intends to authorize the freedom of the members to choose programs to participate. And for the voting procedure, the acceptance of the "consensus" by the Council is in favor of protecting the member's interest when making decisions. However, political factors that are potential to block the participation of South Korea in APSCO are difficult to be ignored. A recent event is an announcement of deploying THAAD by South Korea, which causes tension between South Korea and China. The cooperation between these two states in space activities will be influenced. A long-standing barrier is that China acts as a non-member of the main international export control mechanism, i.e., the MTCR. The U.S takes this fact as the main reason to prevent South Korea to cooperate with China in developing space programs. Although the political factors that will block the participation of South Korea in APSCO are not easy to removed shortly, legal measures can be taken to reduce the political influence. More specifically, APSCO is recommended to ensure the achievement of commercial interests of different cooperation programs by regulating precisely the implementation of the "fair return" principle. Furthermore, APSCO is also suggested to contribute to managing the common regional events by sharing satellite data. And it is anticipated that these measures can effectively response the requirements of the rapid development of space commercialization and the increasing common needs of Asia, thereby to provide a platform for the further cooperation. In addition, in order to directly reduce the political influence, two legal measures are necessary to be taken: Firstly, to clarify the rights and responsibilities of the host state (i.e., China) as providing assistance, coordination and services to the management of the Organization to release the worries of the other member states that the host state will control the Organization's activities. And secondly, to illustrate that the cooperation in APSCO is for the non-military purpose (a narrow sense of "peaceful purpose") to reduce the political concerns. Regional cooperation in Asia regarding space affairs is considered to be a general trend in the future, so if the participation of South Korea in APSCO can be finally proved to be feasible, there will be an opportunity to discuss the creation of a comprehensive institutionalized framework for space cooperation in Asia.

• 중소기업연구
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.77-93
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• 2011

본 연구는 최근 사회경제적 이슈가 되고 있는 동반성장의 개념과 실천 방향에 대해 논의하고자 한다. 이를 위해 동반성장의 정책적 개념을 살펴보고 유사한 개념인 상생협력과 공생발전과도 비교 분석하고자 한다. 또한 동반성장을 통해 글로벌 경쟁력을 만들어 낸 선진국 사례들로부터 교훈을 찾아내고 우리의 사회 문화적 특성에 맞는 한국형 모델을 제안하고자 한다. 한국형 동반성장 모델은 미국의 시장중심형, 일본의 문화기반형, 유럽의 정책주도형 등의 장점을 융합할 필요가 있다. 이를 위해 한국형 모델은 공동체적 에너지를 창출해내는 한국인의 잠재력 활용, 통제와 자율의 융합형 제도 개선, 미래지향적 협력관계를 위한 기업들의 행동변화 등 세 가지 요인을 핵심으로 할 필요가 있다. 한국형 모델의 실현을 위해 필요한 정부의 역할과 과제, 그리고 동반성장위원회의 역할에 대해서도 논의하고자 한다.

• 간호행정학회지
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.268-284
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• 1995

This study was designed to test effects of nursing ethics education (NEE) on moral reasoning and ethical decision making of subjects. This NEE that was teached for 10 hours course was composed of these : Nurses' ethical code, moral responsibility, Moral value and professional accountability, Respect for human life, General ethics, Theory and Norms of biomedical ethics, Ethical decision making model and Discussion about hypothetical ethical dilemmas Twenty-five senior student nurses were sampled from four year college of nursing from Nov. 3rd, 1993 to Nov. 24th, 1993. Data were collected through self-reported questionnaires included two kinds of tests. Rest's Defining Issues Test was adopted to measure the stage of moral development, which was classified with the stage 2 (instrumental relativist orientation), the stage 3 (interpersonal concordance), the stage 4 (law and order), the stage 5A (societal consensus), and the stage 5B (intuitional humanism), the stage 6 (universal ethical practice). In particular, the level of principled thinking (P) was measured by summing these scores of the stages 5A, 5B, and 6. The possible range of P is 0 to 95. As for measuring the levels of morality and nursing dilemma, Crisham's Nursing Dilemma Test was adopted. This test generated the morality score(MS) and the dilemma score (DS). The data were analyzed by t-test, ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis test, Mc Nemar's test and Pearson correlation coefficients. The results were as follows ; 1. For the Moral Reasoning both before and after NEE, The Mean score of the stage 5A was significantly higher than that of other stages.(P=0.0001) Before NEE, the mean score of the stage 4 was significantly different from stage 2, 3, 5A, and after NEE, different from stage 2, 5B,6. 2. The analysis of change of moral development level revealed that the score of stage 4 increased after NEE.(P=0.0004) 3. The Effect of NEE for the mean score of 5A, 6, P after education was significantly different by birth place. 4. With regard to the five dilemmas postulated such as forcing medication performing cardiac pulmonary resuscitation, reporting a medication error, informing diagnosis to terminally ill adult, and providing new-nurse orientation, the mean score of the MS and the DS was no significant difference with general characteristics of the students. Effect of NEE morality score and dilemma score after education was no significant difference. 5. As for the correlations between moral reasoning and decision making, the score of the stage 2, 5A, 6, DS was positively correlated with the scores of before and after. Positive correlation was also observed between the scores of stage 2 and stage 4, stage 3 and 6. On the other hand, the score of P was negatively correlated with the scores of stage 2 and of stage 4 and of stage 5A. The score of the stage 5A was also negatively correlated with the score of the sge 6.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.85-102
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• 2012

Industrialization and modernization of the $20^{th}$ century have brought convenience to human life. However, such development produced unintentional global environmental issues such as destruction of natural ecosystem through excessive use of the natural environment beyond its capacity. The United National (UN) recognized such global environment issues and coordinated with worldwide experts to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the global ecosystem, "Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA)", to resolve the issues. The UN conducted the MA primarily to comprehend the correlation between the ecosystem and human welfare. The results demonstrated that the ecosystem provides various direct and indirect benefits to human. This new concept was introduced as the "ecosystem services". Introduction of the ecosystem services highlighted the significance of the ecosystem and led to increased research and active discussions among experts from various discipline over the recent 10 years. It has been considered that the ecosystem service concept could be incorporated in policymaking process, as primary criteria to assess and weigh the benefits of using natural resources against the effects on value of the ecosystem. The current policymaking process is affected by the contradicting logics of modernization and preservation of ecosystem. The ecosystem services concept could be the answer to forming a rational policymaking process, allowing for nature preservation while wisely using the available natural resources. The general consensus has been formed on the need of incorporating the ecosystem services concept in the policies and globally various researches on the ecosystem services have been actively conducted. However, introduction of the ecosystem services concept is still at a very early stage and research on real application of the ecosystem services is yet almost nonexistent. Also there are no clear and agreed definition, classification scheme and value appraisal methodology regarding the ecosystem services. Therefore, this research explains the basic concept of the ecosystem services and highlights specific issues for further researches, as further researches on real application of the ecosystem services would find ways for the ecosystem services approach to be valuable in the policymaking process.

• 대한지역사회작업치료학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.17-30
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• 2020

목적 : 본 연구는 델파이 조사를 통해 국내 조현병 환자의 수단적 일상생활활동 훈련 중 식료품 쇼핑이라는 구체적인 수행 과제를 적용한 프로그램을 개발하기 위한 연구이다. 연구방법 : 델파이 1~3차 조사를 통해 최종 프로그램 항목 및 내용을 완성하는 단계로 2018년 8월부터 2019년 3월까지 진행되었다. 전문가 구성은 정신보건과 관련 있는 작업치료사 23명을 선정하였다. 개방형 문항으로 구성된 1차 설문으로부터 작성된 2차 설문지는 중요한 정도를 리커트 5점 척도를 이용하여 표시하도록 하였다. 3차 설문의 응답결과로 평균 및 표준편차, 내용타당도비율(Content Validity Ratio; CVR) 분석을 통해 전문가의 합의 수준을 다시 확인하였다. 결과 : 3차에 걸친 델파이 조사 결과 식료품 쇼핑의 견해, 물건 구매 전략, 필요한 기능, 구매 결정 방법에 대한 전문가의 지식과 경험에 의한 의견을 구하는 4개의 문항으로 1차 개방형 델파이 설문을 실시하여 4가지 영역에 24가지 항목을 선정하였다. 2차, 3차 델파이 설문을 거쳐 각 항목의 적합도 기준에 미달하거나 내용이 중복되는 4개의 항목을 삭제하고 최종적으로 20개의 항목을 추출하였다. 결론 : 만성조현병 환자들이 회복하고 사회의 일원으로 참여할 수 있도록 작업치료적 관점으로 식료품 쇼핑 기술에 전문가들의 합의를 도출하였다.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.662-675
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• 2018

Objective: The aim of this study was to establish the developmental history of hospice palliative care (HPC) with Korean medicine (KM). Methods: We compared the developmental history of HPC in Korea with that of Britain, the United States, Taiwan, Japan, and China. The articles in English or Korean published until Feb. 2017 were searched using 'Hospice' or 'Palliative care' with the name of each nation in the PubMed, MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, and CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) databases for foreign articles and OASIS (Oriental Medicine Advanced Searching Integrated System) for domestic articles. Books and gray literature were searched on the same databases and websites of the Ministry of Health and Welfare and related organizations in each country. Results: Modern palliative care began with the hospice movement led by Dr. Cicely Saunders. HPC in Korea started earlier than in other countries but it took considerable time for social consensus, so Korean policies have only been published recently. In this process, KM was excluded from HPC. For this reason, western medicine in Korea does not fully accept the spirit of HPC, the government does not take an aggressive stance with KM, and the institutes of KM do not have any interest in HPC. The World Health Organization recommends the establishment of policies and programs connected with a country's own health care system. In 2015, the Korean government made the third comprehensive plan for the development of KM. It included critical pathway guidelines about cancer-related fatigue and anorexia. More effort is required to set up HPC than other care types because Korea has two medical systems. Conclusions: Each nation has been trying to improve systems of HPC. We need to overcome the problems and bring out the best by making our own model of HPC with KM.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2002년도 총회 및 춘계학술발표회
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• pp.85-92
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• 2002

When the United Nation classified as Korea is the one of the water deficit country. The consensus was made that the water is the one of the precious national resources. Government increases their R/D budget trying to get more clean water bodies. For instances, 'Sustainable Water Resources Development' project is the one of major title in '21 Century Frontier Research project and there are several small research projects are undergoing by the Ministry of Agriculture and KARICO. However, when the environmental preservation issue has been get more emphasis, construction of the Surface Dam met the blockage from the environmentalists due to the problem of the their water buried area. Since the most fitting site for surface dam had been used in the past, some engineer move their focus on modification of the existing Dam's height to enlarge its capacity or dredging the bottom of the reservoir recently However dredging evoke water quality problem in return by accumulated materials at the bottom. Last year the Dong Gang Dam plan has been canceled by environmental problem in water buried area of the reservoir. With the point of this view, ground water gets more focus for the one of the useful alternative for clean water bodies. Underground dam technique which had widely applied once in the early nineteen eighties by the KARICO and attenuated due to engineering insufficiency. The technique is newly studied with the advanced engineering technique. Still groundwater usage rate in Korea is much lower comparing with the advanced countries and has many rooms to develop. Wells, under ground dam and radial collector wells are typical facilities up to now. There is little application in Korea for the Recharge Dam, which had been widely used in the advanced countries. The Recharge Dam is technique to conjunct surface water and groundwater body together, This technique had developed to increase groundwater recharge at the beginning This research is the result of the study on the possibility of the development of the new technology, Groundwater Reservoir' which was modified from Recharge Dam. Groundwater Reservoir is like a deep artificial lakes trenched in hard rock aquifer to get groundwater. The advantage of the Groundwater Reservoir is followings 1) It can be developed at the plains area, not in the deep valley 2) Huge water body can be developed without dam 3) Small buried area comparing surface water dam makes the least environmental effect. 4) Trenching cost can be substitute by the income of the selling rock debris 5) Outfit of the reservoir can be modified to match with the site prospect 6) Rock debris can be used as constructing materials 7) It can be used as groundwater recharge system when the heavy rains comes 8) The reservoir looks like scenery lake with huge clean water bodies.

• 기술혁신연구
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.55-78
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• 2011

과학기술의 사회적 파급력이 갈수록 높아지고 있는 현대에 기술영향평가가 갖는 의미는 작지 않다. 특히 행정부에 의하여 제도화되어 수행되는 우리나라의 공식적 기술영향평가는 그 결과를 직접 과학기술 정책에 반영하도록 되어 있기 때문에 과학기술에 의한 부정적 효과나 사회적 논란에 미리 대비할 수 있게 해주는 장치가 된다. 사회적 평가를 중요시하는 기술영향평가 자체의 특징이나 매년 한 개 정도의 기술만을 대상으로 하는 제도적 기술영향평가의 운영 형태, 기술의 특징에 따라서 결정되는 평가의 내용 및 방법 등을 고려했을 때 대상기술의 선정은 다양한 관점을 고려하여 신중하게 이뤄져야 할 것이다. 그러나 지금까지 진행된 기술영향평가에서 대상기술의 선정 방식은 다양한 의견을 반영하지 못 하거나, 기술영향평가에 대한 이해보다는 정성적 토론 및 투표에 의하여 도출되는 경우가 많았다. 이 논문에서는 요인분석을 통하여 기술영향평가의 대상기술을 선정함에 있어 고려해야 할 지표들을 개발하였다. 개발된 지표는 사회적 합의의 필요성, 사회/문화적 파급효과 등 5가지로 구성되어 있으며, 각 지표들에 대한 가중치 역시 AHP 방법을 이용하여 도출하였다. 개발된 지표와 가중치를 이용하여 실제 어떻게 적용될 수 있는지를 예시를 통해 보여주었으며, 제도적 기술영향평가에 직접 적용할 때 고려해야 할 제언 또한 도출하였다. 향후 본 연구에서 도출된 지표를 활용함으로써, 제도적 기술영향평가에 적절한 대상기술을 선정할 수 있을 것이며 그를 통하여 기술영향평가 결과의 활용이 사회적 정책적으로 강화될 수 있을 것으로 전망된다.