• 유통과학연구
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.101-110
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• 2022

Purpose: This study is a comparative study to examine the differences between Incoterms 2010 and Incoterms 2010 through a study on the revision contents and conditions of Incoterms 2020. Research design, data, methodology: This study is composed of 5 chapters through literature study. Chapter 1 is an introduction, and Chapter 2 explains the significance and change of standard trading conditions. Chapter 3 compares Incoterms 2020 and 2010. Chapter 4 deals with major revisions and considerations of Incoterms 2020, and Chapter 5 mentions conclusions and implications. Results: In comparison with Incoterms 2020 and Incoterms 2010, first, the selection of the correct Incoterms rules was emphasized through the introduction; second, the division and connection between the sale contract and the ancillary contract were more clearly explained; and third, each Incoterms An explanatory note was presented by improving the existing guidance note for rules, and finally, the order of clauses within individual Incoterms rules was changed to further emphasize delivery and risk. Conclusions: This study pays attention to the understanding of academic content related to standard trade terms and conditions and how usefully it can be used in the business process of users in practice.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제54권
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• pp.145-166
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• 2012

This article examines the limitations of the choice of law caused by Internationally Mandatory Rules in Entering into the Turn-Key Contracts. In June 2007, Clough Engineering, a corporation based in Western Australia, approached the Federal Court of Australia seeking injunctive relief and leave to commence proceedings against an entity located outside Australia, the Oil & Natural Gas Corp of India (ONGC). Clough had contracted with ONGC to provide a range of services in relation to the construction of gas and oil wells off the coast of India. The contract was governed by Indian law, and included a clause by which the parties agreed to submit their disputes to arbitration. Yet the Federal Court assumed jurisdiction over the dispute, principally because Clough had framed its claim as a plea for relief for contraventions of Australia's Trade Practices Act 1974. The result of this cases that it is possible for an arbitral tribunal to hear a claim made under the Trade Practices Act even if that claim arises "in connection with"a contract the proper law of which is not the law of Australia. However, in Transfield Philippines Inc v Pacific Hydro Ltd, the turnkey contract included a choice of law provision, selecting the law of the Philippines, and a clause providing that all disputes arising out of or in connection with the agreement were to be arbitrated under the ICC Rules, with the seat in Singapore. Hearings were in fact conducted in Melbourne, Australia, although all awards were published in Singapore. The result of this cases that it would not be appropriate for an Australian court to adjudicate claims for misrepresentation under Australian statutes dealing with misleading and deceptive conduct, once the arbitral tribunal had determined, applying appropriate choice of law rules, that such claims are governed by the law of the Philippines. To do so would lead to a multiplicity of proceedings, usurp the jurisdiction of the tribunal and deny the intention of the parties as expressed by them in the arbitration agreement. In short, the Internationally Mandatory Rules as an active part of public order create limitation of party autonomy in choice of law rules in a different way. The court is fully entitled to refuse to use those rules of law applicable on the contract which are in the contradiction to the internationally mandatory rules of law of the forum. And the court may give an effect to those Internationally Mandatory Rules that form a part of a law of foreign country when deciding about applicability of certain rules of applicable law.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제38권
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• pp.155-180
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• 2008

The purpose of this paper is to examine the major elements of Arbitration Clause in international investment contracts and to help the investor, especially foreign investors, considering these elements when they draft the contracts. First of all, to describe the extent of the arbitrable issues broadly is very important by using the phrase such as "disputes in connection with". Furthermore in order to be enforceable, the issues must be a subject-matter to be submitted to arbitration in accordance with the laws of the place of arbitration and the law application to the merits of the disputes (N.Y. Convention, Art. II). Second, the appointment of the arbitrators usually shall be based on the principle of freedom of contract. If the parties do not agree on the appointment, it is decided in accordance with the arbitration rules of the institution by the tribunal. Third, the procedural rules of the arbitration are the arbitration rules of the arbitration institution in case of institution arbitration, unless otherwise agreed. Forth, what is the most importance element of Arbitration Clause is the place of arbitration. In this case, also the principle of freedom of contract has priority. Unless otherwise agreed, Washington is the place of arbitration in case of ICSID Arbitration, but in case of ICC Arbitration, neutral third country may be the place of arbitration. However in case of ad hoc arbitration, both parties should indicate the place. If not, the whole arbitration may be paralysed by an uncooperative party. Besides the major elements, I examined the relation between the arbitration clause and award enforcement in terms of sovereign immunity. The enforcement of awards in the field of state contracts many encounter the problem of the sovereign immunity, which means that the State itself or the State enterprise is the contract partner. To avoid the this problems, it is advisable for the parties insert the clause such as ICSID Model Clause XIX.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.115-151
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• 2003

As international trade and commerce increases among the nations in the world, it is inevitable fact that disputes rise as well. As these transactions grow more complex, it becomes increasingly important to resolve disputes and conflicts as quickly, efficiently and formatively as possible. In practical commercial affairs, we call a variety of international commercial troubles ‘trade claims’, Trade claims consist of disputes, controversies, or differences which may arise between the parties, out of, or in relation to, or in connection with their contracts, or for the breach thereof. Trade claim should be instituted promptly, otherwise it may be barred by prescription. Also, the other party will not accept the claim by reason of loss of evidence. In this connection, it should be noted that how long the claim prescription would continue. Trade claim should be settled reasonably and amicably between the parties concerned. And if both parties do not reach an agreement through their negotiation, then the claim shall be settled finally by binding arbitration. For the purpose of managing trade claim and arbitration, the trading parties insert in their contracts claim and arbitration clauses. This paper will examine some judicial precedents concerning claim clauses which are closely connected with a time limit of the claim It will also review some famous precedents rendered by the competent courts in connection with the wording, scope and implied renewal of arbitration clauses.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제25권4B호
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• pp.604-612
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• 2000

ATM 망에서 각 통신 회선의 QoS 수준을 만족시키기 위하여 ATM 망은 통화중에 각 가상 회선별 트래픽 폴리싱을 수행한다. 이 때 회선 호수락 제어 할당시의 약속을 잘 지키는 트래픽에 대해서는 폴리싱을 하지 않는 것처럼 보이게 하고, 반면에 약속을 위반한 트래픽 흐름은 빨리 찾아내어 적절한 제어를 하여야 한다. 이 논문에서는 이러한 폴리싱의 기본 원칙을 만족시킬 수 있도록 폴리싱 장치내에서의 추가 지연시간을 최소화 할 수 있는 CAM을 활용하는 폴리싱 정치설계를 제안한다. 이 제안된 폴리싱 장치는 ATM으로 다중화된 여러 가상 채널들의 셀도착 흐름에 대해서는 병렬처리 개념으로 동작하고 가상채널 상호간에는 서로 독립적으로 동작하여 가상회선별로 인접셀간의 간격을 일정 수준 유지시켜주는 트래픽 쉐이핑 기능도 동시 수행된다. 또, 제안한 폴리싱장치의 성능분석모델을 개발하고, 이를 이용하여 트랙픽 부하, 폴리싱 버퍼용량, 최소 셀간 간격 등의 변수에 따른 폴리싱 버퍼에서의 셀 손실, 셀 지연시간 성능을 분석한다.

• 한국컴퓨터산업학회논문지
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• 제3권7호
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• pp.861-870
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• 2002

최근 컴퓨팅 기술과 통신 기술의 급속한 발전으로 클라이언트/서버 컴퓨팅 환경에서 네트워크 컴퓨팅 시대를 지나 인터넷 컴퓨팅 시대가 도래하고 있다. 인터넷 사용이 보편화되어 감에 따라 기업의 정보 시스템이 인터넷 기반의 인트라넷/익스트라넷 시스템으로 구축되어 가고 있으며 인터넷 환경에서의 기업과 소비자(Business to Customer)간 또는 기업과 기업간(Business to Business)의 전자 거래 관련 응용 프로그램의 개발이 다양해지고 있다. 본 논문에서는 인터넷 환경에서 기업과 기업간 전자 거래에 있어서 기업의 글로벌화를 통해 조달 업무의 투명성과 신속성 및 질적 향상을 추구할 수 있도록 제공하기 위한 웹 기반 전자 입찰 시스템을 구현하는데 있어서 클라이언트와 서버 및 데이터베이스를 연동하기 위한 웹 기술, 기업간의 문서 교환을 위한 XML/EDI기술 및, 입찰과 계약과정, 조달과정에서 안전성 및 신뢰성을 보장하기 위해 공개키 암호화 기술인 PKI기반 구조의 인증 및 전자서명을 활용한 보안 기능을 설계 및 구현한다.

• 한국자기학회지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.179-185
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• 2014

영구자석과 홀소자가 구비된 집게형 맥진기의 USB 연결방식은 맥파의 측정과 분석함에 있어서 어떤 오작동이 없이 우수한 재현성을 갖고 있었다. 맥파 데이터를 송수신하는 USB 연결 방식 대신 이더넷(Ethernet) 무선 랜(LAN) 방식을 이용한 맥파 데이터의 무선 네트워킹 시스템의 특성을 집게형 맥진기에 적용하였다. 영구자석과 홀센서를 이용한 집게형 맥진기의 기존 USB 연결방식을 이더넷과 무선 LAN(Wi-Fi) 방식을 접목시켜, 맥파 데이터를 무선 통신으로 송수신하는 네트워킹 시스템을 구현하였다. 무선송수신 모니터링 시스템은 근거리에서도 안정된 자세로 맥진을 하게 되어 환자의 정확한 맥파 데이터를 전달받는데 많은 도움이 될 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제30권9B호
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• pp.591-595
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• 2005

이 논문에서 우리는 ATM 망에서 트래픽 감시 메커니즘으로서 공평성 향상 Leaky Bucket(fairness improvement leaky bucket: FILB) 알고리즘을 제안한다. 제안된 알고리즘에서는 ATM의 각 연결마다 데이터 셀을 저장할 수 있는 셀 버퍼가 있으며, 망은 연결이 계약된 트래픽 파라미터를 준수하는가 위반하는가를 판단하여 계약 내용을 준수하였는데 일시적인 망 자원의 부족으로 인하여 위반으로 간주되는 셀을 셀 버퍼에 저장한다. 이 알고리즘을 이용하면 패킷 교환 방식의 특징인 통계적 다중화 이득을 얻을 수 있다. 또한 계약된 트래픽 파라미터를 위반하여 더 많은 데이터 셀을 전송하는 연결이 자신에게 할당된 망 자원 이상을 사용하는 것을 억제함으로써 계약을 잘 준수하는 연결이 공평하게 망 자원을 이용할 수 있다. 제안된 HILB 알고리즘의 성능은 모의실험을 통하여 측정되었으며 기존의 방식과 비교되었다. 실험 결과는 제안된 알고리즘이 좋은 성능을 제공하면서도 그룹 내의 각 연결들이 공평하게 망 자원을 사용하는 것을 보여준다. 이 방식은 ATM 망뿐만 아니라 IP 망에서도 적용될 수 있다.

• 한국항만경제학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.89-112
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• 2003

In this article, 1'd like to analyse the principal distinctions between the duty of disclosure and warranty which are based on the same legal principles, utmost good faith(uberrima fides). Although the duty of disclosure and warranty have a same legal principle to protect insurance contract, they have several difference in appliance actually. Through these comparative analysis, 1 want to reveal the character of warranty which is unfamiliar to us under our commercial law. Warranty has some peculiarity, these are (a)A warranty does not have to be material to the risk, (b)A warranty must be exactly complied with, (c)It is impossible to defence for a breach of warranty, the breach of warranty is irremediable, and A casual connection between breach and loss needs not be shone, (d)A breach of a warranty may be waived by insurer. Sometimes in Korea like those stringent principles of warranty make Korean's small fishing or shipping company suffer from difficult because of insistence of discharge from liability by insurer. So I expect that all of them acknowledge the character of warranty and can make them protect their insurance money by themselves.

• 한국항만경제학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국항만경제학회 2003년도 정기학술대회지
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• pp.271-294
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• 2003

In this article, 1'd like to analyse the principal distinctions between the duty of disclosure and warranty which are based on the same legal principles, utmost good faith(uberrima fides). Although the duty of disclosure and warranty have a same legal principle to protect insurance contract, they have several difference in appliance actually. Through these comparative analysis, I want to reveal the character of warranty which is unfamiliar to us under our commercial law. Warranty has some peculiarity, these are (a)A warranty does not have to be material to the risk, (b)A warranty must be exactly complied with, (c)It is impossible to defence for a breach of warranty, the breach of warranty is irremediable, and A casual connection between breach and loss needs not be shone, (d)A breach of a warranty may be waived by insurer. Sometimes in Korea like those stringent principles of warranty make Korean's small fishing or shipping company suffer from difficult because of insistence of discharge from liability by insurer. So I expect that all of them acknowledge the character of warranty and can make them protect their insurance money by themselves.