• Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology
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• v.6 no.5
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• pp.367-377
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• 2016

The purpose of the projects for strengthening the Service Business Competitiveness, which had been sponsored by the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, and managed by the NIPA, is to support for combining the whole business process of the SMEs with the business model considering the scientific aspects of the services, to enhance the productivity of them and to add the values of their activities. 5 organizations are selected in 2014, and 4 in 2015 as leading organizations for these projects. This study analyzed the efficiency of these projects using DEA. Throughout the analysis of the prior researches, this study used the amount of government-sponsored money as the input variable, and the number of new customer business, the sales revenue, and the number of new employment as the output variables. And the result of this analysis showed that the decision making unit 12, 15, and 21 was efficient. And from this study, we found out two more performance indicators such as, the number of new employment and the amount of sales revenue, besides the number of new customer businesses.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.223-230
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• 2016

While marine transport freight is steadily increasing, people are more interested in terminals handling cargo. But the domestic researches on terminals were almost on container terminal. This study attempted to study the service quality for bulk terminals. The users of bulk terminal services were divided into shipowners and shippers to compare their differences by using bulk terminal service provided. During the attributions proposed in this study, Tangibles were descripted by the numbers of berth or depth, facilities, and so on. So it was suitable to consider the tangibles by formative indicators. And also this study has tried using "reflective model" and "formative model" to make a measurement model for comprehensive analyses. The results showed that all of the items were significant except the relation between empathy and performance satisfaction in the overall measurement model analyses. User groups difference analyses results have showed that the trust responsiveness impact on performance satisfaction was more importantly assessed by shippers than by shipowners. It was expected to use the results of this study as a good strategic resource to help bulk terminal administrators make various expansion plans to improve the bulk terminal's competitiveness in the future.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.137-148
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• 2017

Port service level is a metric of competitiveness among ports for the operating/managing bodies such as the terminal operation company (TOC), Port Authority, or the government, and is used as an important indicator for shipping companies and freight haulers when selecting a port. Considering the importance of metrics, we developed software to objectively define and manage six important service indicators exclusive to container and bulk terminals including: berth occupancy rate, ship's waiting ratio, berth throughput, number of berths, average number of vessels waiting, and average waiting time. We computed the six service indicators utilizing berth 1 through berth 5 in the container terminals and berth 1 through berth 4 in the bulk terminals. The software model allows easy computation of expected ship's waiting ratio over berth occupancy rate, berth throughput, counts of berth, average number of vessels waiting and average waiting time. Further, the software allows prediction of yearly throughput by utilizing a ship's waiting ratio and other productivity indicators and making calculations based on arrival patterns of ship traffic. As a result, a TOC is able to make strategic decisions on the trade-offs in the optimal operating level of the facility with better predictors of the service factors (ship's waiting ratio) and productivity factors (yearly throughput). Successful implementation of the software would attract more shipping companies and shippers and maximize TOC profits.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.129-140
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• 2020

In the future, the global container handling market will be reorganized into larger ships and shipping alliances, and the bargaining power of shipping companies will be further strengthened. Therefore, the global terminal operator (GTO), which has a global network, vast experience, and operational know-how, is expected to strengthen its competitiveness. In Korea, the central government promoted the development of GTOs in the mid-2000s, but it failed, mainly due to disagreements between port stakeholders. In this study, the macroeconomic indicators that have the same effect in all regions were used to analyze GTO management performance. In the short term, it could be used to establish the business strategy of domestic terminal operators based on changes in macroeconomic indicators. In the long term, it would be used to establish a promotion strategy for GTOs in Korea. The results of analyzing the impact of macroeconomic indicators on the GTO's profit show that the GTO's profit is significantly affected by cargo handling capacity, the consumer price index of the United States, the Shanghai Composite Index, the Crude Oil Price, and the London Inter-bank Offered Rate (LIBOR). However, the scale of impact was not significantly different between public and private GTOs.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.12
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• pp.501-508
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• 2020

The focus of this research was on Bali, Indonesia as an international tourist destination. The survey strategy involved self-administered questionnaires distributed to collect data and information supporting this research. The sampling method was non-probability convenience purposive sampling, which means that only those respondents who had visited Bali as a destination for more than two times for their holiday by the time the research was conducted were eligible to fill in the questionnaires. There were 300 questionnaires distributed, only 254 of which were valid. Interview was also conducted for data collection in this research. The structural equation modelling approach was used to analyze the data obtained from respondents, who had visited Bali at least two times. The outcomes of this research reveal a positive influence of push and pull motivational factors on tourist satisfaction. Moreover, a positive, significant correlation between satisfaction and destination loyalty can be seen in this research. With the aim to sustain and enhance destination competitiveness, the results of this research will be beneficial for stakeholders of Bali as a destination. This study helps stakeholders identify push and pull motivational factors in order to better prepare marketing strategies and utilize indicators of push and pull motivation that affect tourists' experience during their stay.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.57-73
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• 2017

In the current competitive marketplace of real estate business, tenant satisfaction measurement is one of the important indicators to monitor competitiveness in industrial property development. It has become an industry standard to measure tenant satisfaction, commonly called customer satisfaction. Customer satisfaction has become the widely used metric to manage customer loyalty (Keiningham, Gupta, Aksoy, & Buoye, 2014). The aim of this research is to determine the impact of property management services on tenants' satisfaction with the three identified variables i.e. facility management, perceived quality and lease management. Structural equation modeling (SEM) is applied to build constructs and test the hypotheses with the collected survey samples. Of the three variables, facility management is the most influential factor that leads to tenant satisfaction with industrial buildings. Next, perceived quality is another important factor that contributes to tenants' pleasure. Compared with these two, lease management fares worse, having the least extensive effect on tenant satisfaction, and could be disregarded. The ultimate impact of tenant satisfaction is about tenant retention and recommendation. The overall findings of this research will potentially help real estate developers to develop a better property management system, leasing program and tenant retention strategy.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.45-63
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• 2021

This paper investigates the effects of China's participation in global value chains (GVC) on the productivities focusing on the manufacturing industries. In this study, several indicators of participation in global value chains were used. These include GVC participation, forward GVC participation, backward GVC participation and GVC position index. In particular, we used the data obtained from 18 manufacturing industries in China during 15 years from 2000 to 2014. The main results of the analysis are as follows. First, the higher the degree of total participation in GVC, the higher the productivity. This means that with the increase in exports and imports of intermediate goods, productivity has increased through technology spillover effects or competition effects, and so on. Second, the backward participation does not increase the productivities significantly while forward participation leads higher productivity. Third, the productivity improvement effects of GVC participation was larger in the high-tech industries than in the low-tech industries. These results show that GVC participation was helpful for the economic growth of China and the efforts for moving toward upstream production stage in GVC is necessary for the improvement of international competitiveness in Chinese manufacturing industry.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.3-49
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• 2014

Growing interest of stakeholders on corporate responsibilities for environment and tightening environmental regulations are highlighting the importance of environmental management more than ever. However, companies' awareness of the importance of environment is still falling behind, and related academic works have not shown consistent conclusions on the relationship between environmental performance and economic performance. One of the reasons is different ways of measuring these two performances. The evaluation scope of economic performance is relatively narrow and the performance can be measured by a unified unit such as price, while the scope of environmental performance is diverse and a wide range of units are used for measuring environmental performances instead of using a single unified unit. Therefore, the results of works can be different depending on the performance indicators selected. In order to resolve this problem, generalized and standardized performance indicators should be developed. In particular, the performance indicators should be able to cover the concepts of both environmental and economic performances because the recent idea of environmental management has expanded to encompass the concept of sustainability. Another reason is that most of the current researches tend to focus on the motive of environmental investments and environmental performance, and do not offer a guideline for an effective implementation strategy for environmental management. For example, a process improvement strategy or a market discrimination strategy can be deployed through comparing the environment competitiveness among the companies in the same or similar industries, so that a virtuous cyclical relationship between environmental and economic performances can be secured. A novel method for measuring eco-efficiency by utilizing Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), which is able to combine multiple environmental and economic performances, is proposed in this report. Based on the eco-efficiencies, the environmental competitiveness is analyzed and the optimal combination of inputs and outputs are recommended for improving the eco-efficiencies of inefficient firms. Furthermore, the panel analysis is applied to the causal relationship between eco-efficiency and economic performance, and the pooled regression model is used to investigate the relationship between eco-efficiency and economic performance. The four-year eco-efficiencies between 2010 and 2013 of 23 companies are obtained from the DEA analysis; a comparison of efficiencies among 23 companies is carried out in terms of technical efficiency(TE), pure technical efficiency(PTE) and scale efficiency(SE), and then a set of recommendations for optimal combination of inputs and outputs are suggested for the inefficient companies. Furthermore, the experimental results with the panel analysis have demonstrated the causality from eco-efficiency to economic performance. The results of the pooled regression have shown that eco-efficiency positively affect financial perform ances(ROA and ROS) of the companies, as well as firm values(Tobin Q, stock price, and stock returns). This report proposes a novel approach for generating standardized performance indicators obtained from multiple environmental and economic performances, so that it is able to enhance the generality of relevant researches and provide a deep insight into the sustainability of environmental management. Furthermore, using efficiency indicators obtained from the DEA model, the cause of change in eco-efficiency can be investigated and an effective strategy for environmental management can be suggested. Finally, this report can be a motive for environmental management by providing empirical evidence that environmental investments can improve economic performance.

• Journal of Venture Innovation
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.41-62
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• 2023

Given that SME workers are the driving force of national competitiveness and the basis and cornerstone of the industry, it is meaningful to study workers' job satisfaction and the factors that affect job satisfaction. In addition to variables related to corporate competitiveness and organizational justice, this study introduced variables such as environmental(E) activities, social(S) activities, and governance(G) activities, which th national government uses as major management evaluation indicators. Therefore, a literature study and empirical analysis were conducted on how self-efficacy affects job satisfaction when workers are faced with a changed work environment. To conduct this study, 300 copies of data were collected from workers in small and medium-sized enterprises and used for analysis. For data analysis, the SPSS statistical program (Ver. 25.0) was used. The study finds, first, that product or service quality and employee competency among corporate competitiveness had a significant positive(+) effect on job satisfaction. Secondly, among ESG management activities, social(S) activities and governance(G) activities were found to have a significant positive(+) effect on job satisfaction. Third, among organizational justice, distribution justice and procedural justice were found to have a positive(+) effect on job satisfaction. Fourth, self-efficacy was found to mediate the effect of product or service quality, employee competency, social(S) and governance(G) activities among ESG management activities, and procedural justice among organizational justice on job satisfaction. The academic value of this study is that it empirically analyzed the factors that ESG management activities affect workers' jobs,. As a result, it was confirmed that workers were satisfied with their jobs by actively showing interest in social(S) activities and governance(G) activities among ESG management activities and participating in corporate management. In addition, workers sensitive to changes in the external environment can become satisfied with their jobs through self-efficacy when SMEs actively enhance corporate competitiveness, execute ESG management activities, and provide a fair organizational culture. Finally, this study suggests that there's a possibility of improving the competitiveness of SMEs through a virtuous cycle created by a change in perception of job conversion and a decrease in turnover.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.25-39
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• 2013

This study is to analyze Gwangju's trade structures with China, Japan and the United Sates, and to contribute, through clarification of product competitiveness, to minimizing free-trade-induced costs as well as maximizing profits from free trade. To obtain this study purpose, two export competitiveness indicators are used; they are Trade Specialization Index (TSI) and Grubel & Lloyd(GL) Index. Intra-industry trade is examined to see if there exists a technological gap between nations. Intra-industry trade is divided into two; Low Quality Vertical Intra-Industry Trade (LQVIIT) and High Quality Vertical Intra-Industry Trade (HQVIIT). Gwangju's trade with China is HQVIIT; Gwangju exports high-quality and high-priced items to China, and imports low-quality and low-priced ones. On the other hand, Gwangu's trade with Japan is mainly LQVIIT; Gwangju exports low-quality and low-priced processed stuffs to Japan, and imports high-quality and high-priced ones from Japan. While Korea-US is mainly of both high-quality and low-quality Vertical Intra-Industry Trade; Gwangju exports low-quality and low-priced items as well as high-quality and high-priced items to the USA. Based on the analysis result, export marketing strategies are presented as follows: the transition to high value-added export system, the local entry networking, government support for trade exhibition, offer of special program on local small businesses.