• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.31-39
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• 2022

Objectives : It is very important to know the exact dosage of the Decoctions in 《Treatise on Cold Damage Diseases》. This study identified the characteristics of 15 Medicinal marked in volume and calculated their dosages in weight. Methods : The origin, processing methods, and properties of 15 Medicinal were identified. The shape of the appropriate container that measures the volume of one seung was estimated, and the dosage in volume was converted into weight. These were compared with the dosages indicated by weight or count. Results : The 15 Medicinal were categorized into liquids, powders, and grains. Ten items had only one dosage, of which three items had one seung, and seven items had 0.5 seung. Five items had two different dosages, of which four items had one or 0.5 seung, and only Suis Fel was 0.2 or 0.1 seung. Pinelliae Tuber and Urine were marked as 0.5 seung for convenience of measurement, although 0.4 seung were accurate. There were 20 different dosages in total, and when converted into weight, they matched 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, or 16 Ryang, with none of 5 Ryang. Some exceptions that did not fit in the above were indicated by weight or count. Conclusions : In the Decoctions of 《Treatise on Cold Damage Diseases》, dosages of 15 Medicinal were easy to measure by volume, and when converted into weight, they were consistent with the dosages originally indicated in weight or count.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.9-14
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• 2021

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to clarify the daily dose and uses of Goju-tang in Treatise on Cold Damage Diseases. Methods : We compared major editions of Treatise on Cold Damage Diseases with the original text of Supplement to the Essential Prescriptions Worth a Thousand Gold and chose the most appropriate text. If none of the existing texts seemed reasonable, We compared texts item by item. When there is nothing adequate even item by item, it was newly modified. These results were compared with currently distributed Pinellia Tuber and standards of eggs. Results : Goju-tang consisted of Goju(vinegar), Pinellia Tuber and an eggshell. Generally, a daily dose was extracted at once and taken 3 times a day, but in Goju-tang, 4 pieces of Pinellia Tuber and one-third Sheong of Goju(solvent) were used, which were one third of average volume. Pinellia Tuber was used cut in small pieces. And it was boiled gradually by low heat. Goju was mainly to reduce the pungency of Pinellia Tuber by cutting raphides of calcium oxalate. The Pot preparing medicines was eggshell which was chosen by its small size, because the volume of Pinellia Tuber and Goju was one-third of average volume. Since an egg shell is consisted of protein, it didn't react with vinegar(Goju). Conclusions : The 4 pieces of Pinellia Tuber and one-third Sheong of Goju(Vinegar) in the Goju-tang were one-third of average dose, and the eggshell was Pot preparing medicines.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.17-22
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• 2017

Objectives : Daily Dose of Apricot Kernel in Treatise on Cold Damage Diseases is usually written in the number, sometimes in the volume. The seed coat and acute end of Apricot Kernel must be removed, so author want to know its daily dose and proportion of seed coat and acute end. Methods : Assuming dosage by editions of Treatise on Cold Damage Diseases. And comparing it with measured weight of Apricot Kernel distributed in market. Results : The number of prescriptions including Apricot Kernel is ten, and eight of that are made to decoction, two of that are made to pill prescription. And two of decoction are made by reducing and uniting prescriptions. The daily dose of six decoction are 70, 47 or 35 in numbers. The 70 Apricot Kernel except seed coat and acute end are 1/2 Sheong ($33m{\ell}$) in volume, 3 Ryang (19.5 g) in weight. Weight of Apricot Kernel the most common in market is 0.28 ~ 0.38 g. 70 Apricot Kernel are 23.10 g, seed coats of that are 1.15 g, acute ends of that are 2.43 g, 70 Apricot Kernel except seed coat and acute end is 19.5 g. So, seed coat is 5%, acute end is 10% by proportion, which is the same with it assumed based on writings. Conclusions : 70 Apricot Kernel except seed coat and acute end are 1/2 Sheong, 3 Ryang, and it is 33 mL and 19.5 g respectively. It also correspond with current market goods.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.73-81
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• 2017

In this paper, the periods of cold weather concrete and early frost damage depending on each region in South Korea were studied using the climate data from Korea meteorological administration. The specifications of Korea Concrete Institute(KCI) and Architectural Institute of Japan(AIJ) were applied to provide the periods of cold weather concrete. The periods of early frost damage risk(EFD) were calculated by Hasegawa's suggestion depending on 91 cities in Korea. Climate data for 5 years (2008~2012) were used to obtain both of the periods. Existing data from 1971 to 2000 were also used to compare differences in the periods between past and present study. The periods of cold weather concrete by KCI were calculated about 98 days on average. As the latitude goes up and close to mountain areas, the periods tend to be increased. The periods by present study was shown to be reduced compared to that of previous study by 1~2days. The period of EFD was provided with the level of daily lowest temperature from $-5^{\circ}C$, $-2^{\circ}C$ and $0^{\circ}C$. The beginning day of the period of EFD was earlier than the period of cold weather concrete and the finishing day of the period of EFD was later than the period of cold weather concrete.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Oriental Medical Informatics
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.163-187
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• 2010

The concept of latent-gi(伏氣) was first mentioned in Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine. For example, Elementary Questions states, "Damage by cold in winter necessarily engenders warm disease in the spring." Zhang Zhong-Jing of Han Dynasty in On Cold Damage and Miscellaneous Diseases mentions warm disease, stating, for example, "Greater yang disease with heat effusion and cough and without aversion to cold is warm disease. If sweating is applied, and there is generalized heat, this is wind warmth." However, the concept of warm disease was not central to his systematic presentation of externally contracted disease which placed the emphasis on wind and cold as the major causes of these diseases. Zhang Zhong-Jing's theories centuries after in the Sung Dynasty were to become the focus of the cold damage school, whereas the concept of warm disease was to become the focus of a rival school, the warm disease school. In the Sui-Tang Period, The Origin and Indications of Disease mentions warm diseases, their causes, patterns, and major principles of treatment. Successive generations of doctors wrote about warm disease, and in the Ming Dynasty writings on the subject become more prolific. This development is attributable on the one hand to the opening up of the south of China where febrile diseases tended to be of a different nature than in the north, and on the other to pestilences arising as a result of wars. In this period, Wu You-Xing in On Warm Epidemics explained in detail the laws governing the origin, development and pattern identification of warm epidemics. Notably, he posed the etiological notion of a contagious perverse gi.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.773-784
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• 2020

In order to protect the lives and property of citizens, the central and local governments are responding by enacting municipal ordinances and regulations as the frequency of extreme weather conditions due to climate change increases and intensity increases gradually. Accordingly, the basic contents and strategies of domestic and foreign policies to cope with cold and heat waves were reviewed, referring to measures suitable for application to the Daegu metropolitan area. In addition, it is intended to provide a policy alternative to Daegu metropolitan area to minimize damage from extreme weather by identifying the current status, characteristics, and future prospects of extreme weather in Daegu metropolitan area. Since the damage caused by the cold wave in Daegu area is not as great as that of other regions, it is urgent to come up with cold wave measures for the health and transportation sectors, and to come up with measures against the heat wave as the damage caused by the heat wave is the most serious in the country. Also we will identify spatial characteristics so that the districts and counties with high vulnerability to extreme weather can be identified and implemented first, and present civic life-oriented facilities and civic action guidelines to overcome cold and heat waves.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2001.05a
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• pp.807-812
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• 2001

This study is peformed for checking the limitation and application of each curing/heating methods on cold-weathering mat foundation construction, considering temperature control, early strength security and temperature declination range limit, by means of concrete material properties and thermal analysis technique that were published previously. In the result of this analysis, we checked the open air temperature and mat depth that are possible to apply each curing/heating methods on cold-weathering construction and found curing/heating time of each methods that is able to prevent early aged freezing damage and thermal crack

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2012.11a
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• pp.51-53
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• 2012

This paper is to report the results of mock-up test for concrete during severe cold weather. The temperature is fixed at -20℃. The mock-up specimens were fabricated simulating slab, wall and column. Heating coil with different heat capacity with 5 W and 15 W were embedded at slab specimen. Test results revealed that at -20℃, temperature dropped below 0℃ since around 70 hours. It takes 7 days to gain 45°D·D of maturity for avoiding frost damage at early age.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.7-11
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• 2003

This study investigate the hydration heat history with variation of surface insulating material in cold weather concreting. According to the results, the temperature of concrete lowers below zero in 24hours, so early frost damage occurs in the case of exposure and 1 fold bubble sheet, but the lowest temperature keeps above zero, so a adiabatic effect is very favorable in the case of double bubble sheet and 부직포. Compressive strength of core specimen at 7 and 28 days is highest In the case of double bubble sheet and 부직포. But, considering convenience of construction and economical efficiency, it is thought that the most effective surface insulating material is 1 fold bubble sheet +blanket.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.103-109
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• 2009

It was described in "Somun Jogyeongron" that Eum(Yin)-Yang' deficiency, excess and exuberance. According to "Somun Jogyeongron", It was known that the syndrome of Yang deficiency and exuberance is belong to external contraction, Eum deficiency and exuberance is belong to internal damage. The syndrome of Yang deficiency is belong to Gyejitang[contraction of wind] which constitutional weakness as the main etiological factor of deficiency conditions. The syndrome of Yang exuberance is belong to Mahwangtang[cold damage] which constitutional strong as the main etiological factor of exuberance conditions. Eum deficiency is so dysfunction of the spleen and stomach that Eum fluid and essence is not engender, distributed. So the dysfunction of spleen and stomach makes dampness-heat obstruction and then makes Internal heat at last. The syndrome of Eum deficiency is applicable to bojungikgitang. As contrasted with Eum deficiency, Eum exuberance is occurred cold-dampness obstruction, which we call 'Eum exuberance'. The syndrome of Yang exuberance is applicable to Ijungtang. In the light of "Somun Jogyongron", We explain that the syndrome of Yin deficiency and Yin exuberance, which was caused by dampness-heat, cold-dampness obstruction and internal damage based on disorder of the spleen and stomach.