• Journal of Radiopharmaceuticals and Molecular Probes
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.123-131
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• 2016

Increasing clinical demand for carbon-11 labeled radiopharmaceuticals has triggered technological advances in fields of radiochemistry and automated modules. Even though carbon-11 has a short half-life ($t_{1/2}=20.4min$), the consecutive second production of carbon-11 labeled radiopharmaceutical in one $^{11}C$-synthetic module should be delayed at least over 4 h to avoid the high radiation exposure. We herein aimed to produce two different carbon-11 labeled radiopharmaceuticals ([$^{11}C$]PIB and [$^{11}C$]methionine) by sharing of [$^{11}C$]methylation source in one $^{11}C$-synthetic module. The synthesis of $^{11}C$-labeling reagents ($[^{11}C]CH_3I$ or $[^{11}C]CH_3OTf$) is fully automated using the commercial TRACERlab $FX_{C-pro}$ module and is readily adaptable to $^{11}C$-labeling reactor for [$^{11}C$]PIB as well as another $^{11}C$-labeling apparatus for [$^{11}C$]methionine via the three-way valve. After completing the [$^{11}C$]PIB production, the re-synthesized $[^{11}C]CH_3I$ was passed through the three-way valve connected the polyetheretherketone (PEEK) line and loaded into the C18 Sep-Pak cartridge including the methionine precursor. The labeled product [^${11}C$]methionine was purified by a simple cartridge separation and reformulated into saline. The radiochemical yield of [$^{11}C$]PIB and [$^{11}C$]methionine were $5.3{\pm}0.6%$ and $18.7{\pm}0.8%$ (n.d.c.), respectively, with over 97% of radiochemical purity. The specific activity of [$^{11}C$]PIB was over $110GBq/{\mu}mol$. Total production time of two radiopharmaceuticals needs about 2 h from $1^{st}$ beam irradiation including quality control tests. Final [$^{11}C$]PIB and [$^{11}C$]methionine were satisfied all quality control test standards.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.1431-1434
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• 2015

Background: Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers among women worldwide and the HER2 receptor plays an important role in its development and progression. This systematic review aimed to summarize the role of HER2 in brain metastasis in patients with breast cancer. Materials and Methods: We conducted a literature search by advanced search in title field using the Scopus, Pubmed, and Google scholar databases until the end of June 2014. With metastasis, metastatic, HER2, brain, and breast cancer, as terms of search we selected 31 articles, which were reviewed by two independent and blinded expert reviewers. The studies were first selected according to their titles and abstracts. Quality of the studies were then assessed using the STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) protocol for observational studies and CONSORT(Consolidation of Standards for Reporting Trials) protocol for clinical trials. For statistical analyses, we used STATA, version 11.0 software. Forest and funnel diagrams were drawn and for heterogeneity, index was also considered. Also we used meta regression analysis. Results: Finally, we reviewed 10 studies. The prevalence of brain metastasis in HER2-positive breast cancer patients was 24.9%. There was publication bias in the reviewed studies. Meta regression analysis showed that follow up time had no significant effect (p=0.396) on the prevalence of brain metastasis. Conclusions: The results showed a high prevalence of brain metastasis in HER2 positive breast cancer patients.

• The Journal of Churna Manual Medicine for Spine and Nerves
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.53-64
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• 2016

Objectives : The aim of this study is to assess the usage of diagnosis codes for somatic dysfunctions and the general characteristics of patients diagnosed with the code, by analyzing health insurance data provided by the Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service(HIRA) of Korea. This investigation is intended to outline future and willing to contribute to further use of diagnosis code and the approach of Oriental Medicine to somatic dysfunction. Materials and Methods : By analyzing HIRA data, those diagnosed with M99 codes, a code attributed to somatic dysfunction, were selected for analysis. Patients included were assessed for the relevant general characteristics, and the specific diagnostic criteria. The current usage rates and noteworthy characteristics of diagnostic codes of somatic dysfunctions were assessed. A comparative analysis between clinical departments and subcategories, and a comparative analysis to data of 2014 was conducted. Results : Patients given M99 codes constituted a small minority of all patients diagnosed in 2011 as shown by HIRA data. The codes were more frequently to older patients, females, outpatients, and those who filed for Health Insurance compensation. Medical institutions participating in the diagnosis were mostly primary care facilities, usually specializing in orthopedic(Western medicine sector) and internal medicine (Oriental Medicine sector). The most registered code in 2011 and 2014 was M995. The same trend can be observed in Oriental/Western medicine institutions and Public health center, on the other hand, between them, have some different patterns both 2nd and 3rd. Conclusions : This investigation is that of current usage of diagnostic codes of somatic dysfunction. HIRA insurance claim data was analyzed. Based on the current results, more precise diagnostic standards of somatic dysfunction are warranted. This study will provide a foundation for future Oriental Medicine approach to somatic dysfunctions.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.307-315
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• 2005

In the ubiquitous computing environments, ICT industries of current society are developed in enormous growth. Medicine or patients with mobile devices can access at any time, any place. The medical procedures at the patient bedside are out of the scope of current systems, which means that patient record and image data access during the medical visit or the execution, recording and confirmation of the medicine prescriptions, still do not enjoy computerized support. Today, the exchange of medical images and clinical information is well defined by DICOM and HL7 standards. The DICOM independent terminal equipment image access system was developed in which a DICOM Engine acts as the gateway between a PACS DB and user's terminal. Implementation system is compatible with most currently available Integration system models. This paper presents a software technology where the medical and nursing staff will be equipped with any device connected by wire and wireless to a central server that provides access to the electronic patient records and that will actively inform about tasks pending distribution. The prototype described in this article implements a medical images and structured reports server that makes the search and recovery of data stored in the DICOM standard possible.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.169-178
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• 2020

The number of CT scans is increasing every year due to the improvement of the medical standards of the public, and thus the annual dose of medical radiation is also increasing. In this study, we evaluated the effective dose of the human body exposed to CT scans and estimated LAR. First, five region were selected from the CT diagnostic reference level guideline, and the effective dose of human body exposed to each examination was evaluated by clinical CT device. Second, the human organs and effective dose were calculated using the ALARA-CT program under the same conditions. Third, lifetime attributable risk (LAR) estimated by the effective dose exposed through the previous CT scan was estimated. As a result, the most effective dose was 21.18 mSv during the abdomen 4 phase scan, and the dose level was below DRL for all other tests except for the abdominal examination. As a result of evaluating effective dose using a dose calculation program under the same conditions, the results showed about 1.1 to 1.9 times higher results for each examination. In the case of organ dose, the closer the organ to the scan site, the higher the scattering ray. The lifetime attributable risk to CT radiation dose in adults was gradually decreased with age, and the results were somewhat different according to gender.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.39 no.1 s.258
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• pp.56-59
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• 2006

Background: Spontaneous pneumomediastinum (SPM) is a relatively rare and benign condition that generally occurs in young adults without any precipitating factor or disease. The purpose of this study was to assess whether more uncomforting diagnostic procedures are necessary and to establish standards in the diagnosis and treatment of spontaneous pneumomediastinum. Material and Method: A retrospective study was done on 18 patients from the hospitals of Hanyang University Seoul Hospital and Hanyang University Guri Hospital between February, 1997 and June, 2004. All patients had presence of mediastinal air without a pneumothorax and no evidence of trauma or barotrauma. Result: Among the 18 patients, the majority were male patients with only two female patients. Their mean age was 20.95 years old with standard deviation of 14.3 years. The most common complaints were chest pain, dyspnea, and coughing. Evaluation included simple chest roentgenogram in all patients, 10 patients had a chest tomographic scan, 10 patients had an esophagoscopic exam, 6 patients had a bronchofiberoscopic exam, and 3 patients had an esophagogram done. The mean hospital stay was 10.9 days. All patients were treated conservatively and in a follow-up of 1 $\∼$ 8 years only one recurrence was found. Conclusion: SPM is caused by alveolar rupture in the pulmonary interstitium leading to dissection of air towards the hilum and mediastinum. Although SPM is a self-limiting condition, evaluation should include chest roentgenogram and chest tomographic scans to rule out any other secondary condition. More aggressive evaluation seems unnecessary.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 1974

The literature on the hematology of dairy cattle contains very important information of physiological and clinical field, but a comprehensive survey on the blood picture of Holstein cows has not been made yet in Korea. The object of the present investigation was to make good this deficiency, and to suggest standards for the blood picture of Holstein cows kept under average farming condition in this country. Observations were made on the blood picture of 30 healthy non-pregnant Holstein cows aging from 6 to 10 years. All of them were selected at random from 15 livestock farms of Deajeon area in order to determine the hematological values from January to Feburary, 1974. The ranges and mean values of erythrocyte count, hemoglobin in blood, hematocrit value, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, and total and differential leukocyte count were determined. The result obtained in this work were summerized as follows: 1. Ranges and mean values(with standard error) of erythrocyte count, hemoglobin in blood and hematocrit values were 4.90~7.82 and $5.83{\pm}0.12{\times}10^6/mm^3$, 7.8~10.3 and $8.7{\pm}0.11g/100ml$, and 26~38 and $30.2{\pm}0.53$ mI/100 ml, respectively. 2. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration showed ranges and mean values(with standard error) of 13.2~17.4 and $14.8{\pm}0.22$ pg, 46.0~71.8 and $52.3{\pm}0.31{\mu}m^3$, and 21.6~32.7 and $28.6{\pm}0.47$ g/100 ml, respectively. 3. Total leukocyte count showed a range of 6,300~13,600 and a mean value(with standard error) of $10,035{\pm}346/mm^3$. 4. Ranges and mean values(with standard error) of differential leukocyte counts of total neutrophil were 21~40 and $36.4{\pm}0.7%$, 1,638~4,080 and $3,233{\pm}111/mm^3$, of band neutrophil 0~9 and $3.9{\pm}0.5%$, 0~1,028 and $390{\pm}54/mm^3$, of segmented neutrophil 18~35 and $28.4{\pm}0.7%$, 1,386~3,672 and $2,842{\pm}103/mm^3$, of lymphocyte 46~69 and $55.3{\pm}1.1%$, 3,380~8,976 and $5,535{\pm}263/mm^3$, of monocyte 0~4 and $1.7{\pm}0.2%$, 0~324 and $116{\pm}21/mm^3$, of eosinophil 4~15 and $10.8{\pm}0.6%$, 540~1,725 and $1,082{\pm}72/mm^3$. No basophil was observed in this work.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.128-133
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• 2010

Purpose: All-terrain vehicle (ATV)-related injuries have increased since the introduction of ATVs to Korea. The purpose of this study is to compare patients with ATV-related injuries (PATV) to patients with motorcycle (MC)-related injuries (PMC). Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical records of PATV and PMC who visited an emergency center in 2008. The cases of PMC were 164, and those of PATV were 52. Results: While PMC are seen evenly in the first half year and the second half year, PATV are seen mainly the first half year (from March to June: 73%). For PMC the most frequent injury mechanism was collision with another vehicle, while for PATV, it was side overturn/roll over. The injury severity score (ISS), the revised trauma score (RTS), the trauma score and the injury severity score (TRISS) were $5.6{\pm}5.6$, $7.7{\pm}0.7$, $5.0{\pm}2.1$ for PMC and $7.1{\pm}7.5$, $7.7{\pm}1.1$, $5.5{\pm}1.5$ for PATV, respectively. The most common injury sites were the lower extremities for PMC and the face for PATV. The rates of admission, surgery and the length of hospital stay were similar between PMC and PATV. Conclusion: This study shows that the risk of ATV accidents is similar to that of MC accidents. We recommend that the same safety standards and regulations that are applied to MCs should be used for ATVs. Safe and enjoyable paths have to be sought for drivers of ATVs.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.158-162
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• 2014

Purpose: Reference material (RM) is defined as material that is safe and homogeneous enough about specified characteristic that is made with a purpose of using test of measurement or nominal characteristic. Certified reference material (CRM), which is issued by authorized organization, is defined as reference material that provides characteristic value, link uncertainty and retroactivity. The purpose of this paper was to evaluate recovery of radioimmunoassay by Certified Reference Material enclosed with a certificate and therefore to enhance reliability of test. Materials and Methods: WHO certified reference material is purchased from NIBSC (National Institute for Biological Standard and Control, United Kingdom) and made of 3 levels that are C-1 (low concentration), C-2 (medium concentration) and C-3 (high concentration) and measured for kit at the Seoul National University Hospital. Recovery rate is evaluated after measurement at four different days. Results: Recovery rate results using WHO certified reference material are T4 90%, Ferritin 88%, PSA 94%, Prolactin 99%, AFP 94% and TSH 93%. Conclusion: A procedure that appropriate accuracy, precision, specificity, sensitivity, reproducibility, and validate on the subject of kit for radioimmunoassay is essential. Recovery rate assay as extraction efficiency of analysis process is percent about already measuring results of analysis result after all measuring process. This is very important assessment standards of performance evaluation of immunoassay kit. Recovery rate results of 6 type used WHO CRM are satisfactory to 88~99%. This demonstrates that the radioimmunoassay is a very accurate measurement, which is very effectively utilized in clinical practice.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.147-156
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• 2008

Purpose: All acts which are enforced from the radioactive iodine therapeutic team is a in its own way principle and provision. Therefore unification of all acts can not be appropriately. We will make the standard coherence. Materials & Methods: From 5 November, 2007 to 17 November 2007, we conducted a questionnaire survey of the nuclear medicine manager of 30 hospitals. The contents of a questionnaire is medical treatment section, patient management, prosecuting attorney section, waste management and safety supervision in about the patient and a questionnaire was drawn up in the method which selects an item. Results: 30 hospital agencies are operating purely for I-131 high dose ablation therapy. Diagnostic study and daily schedule had the difference of some. The most of education for the patients took charge of doctor and nurse. The satisfaction of education was evaluated as the high thing. The safety supervision of waste management accomplishment and Safety supervision the patient and the worker observed on the basis of atomic energy law. Conclusion: Specific standards with sufficient amount of information and practical contents should have been presented through the following data. However, it seems to be lacking in many aspects. Nevertheless, respondents rated 70.9%, which is relatively high, on the value of clinical utilization, and I am very thankful for the evaluation. For many years from now, it may seem necessary for a lot of research on the specific matters based on these data to be conducted.