• Journal of architectural history
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• v.8 no.4 s.21
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• pp.9-24
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• 1999

This study is on architectural characteristics of the existing ㅁ-shaped Yo-Sa with two stories in Buddhist temple. The Yo-Sa has had the function of space for not only monasticism but also living of buddhist priests and been one of the important spaces in Buddhist temple from the beginning of it. The Yo-Sa with two stories appeared mostly in the later Chosun Dynasty, so the origin of the Yo-Sa with two stories is thought that it might relate to the circumstances of temples in the later Chosun Dynasty. Having got in the period of Chosun Dynasty, Buddhism lost the power that he has enjoyed since Korea Dynasty was established and the economic power of temples as well. Because of a change for the worse, the Buddhist priests should manage with reduced income and combine many buildings with various functions into a singular to overcome their circumstances. Therefore a waekened economic power might be a primary factor which urged to change form of Yo-Sa from one-storied to two-storied. The ㅁ-shaped Yo-Sa with two stories have the Dae-Bang-Chae for worship, Seung-Bang for Buddhist's living room in the bottom floor and garnering spaces to store up the agricultural produce, miscellaneous article, etc in the top floor. The composition methods depend on the condition of the lay of land, intentional design, and so on. Therefore, the ㅁ-shped Yo-Sa with two stories shows the diversity of space composition and architectural characteristics.

• Hwankyungkyoyuk
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.135-148
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• 2012

This research was aimed at developing the program using the natural circumstances in Jeju Oreum as the basis of environmental education. The students were inquired about how these activities influence the environmental literacy of elementary students. The result of this study were as follows; First, the experimental group applied experience activities to the developed program to contribute to the improvement of environmental literacy. This was then compared to the control group to which theoretical classes were conducted. Second, Jeju Oreum Experience learning program has evenly influenced the elements of environmental literacy divided by the four goal levels of environmental education. As a result of the research, the Natural Experience Activities on the basis of natural circumstance is considered to affect the elementary students' environmental literacy in positive, effective manner. Consequently, the Environmental Education in a school or society should develop programs that apply to natural circumstances as a field of Environmental Education.

• Journal of the Korean BIBLIA Society for library and Information Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.171-187
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• 2013

The purpose of this study for coming up with vitalization methods of small libraries by attracting corporate donations, in order to overcome inferior financial circumstances of small libraries in daily life that play a role community centers in regional communities. For this, a frequency analysis was conducted in order to examine various circumstances and cognitions regarding library donations from 100 corporations that made donations during the past year. Also, a cross-tabulation analysis was studied to identify factors that influence donations.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.1-11
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• 2004

This study has been performed to review pre-school children's needs for privacy within normal residential space. In this study, there were three circumstances in which children need to stay alone without being interrupted by their parents; First, they strongly want to be stay quiet until relieving their anger or fear, shortly after disciplined and impugned by their parents. Second, infant children need to obtain their own territory in order to demonstrate ownership and dignity in their sley space. Third, there are also special circumstances of privacy needs among families with intrusive parents such as alcoholics and heavy smokers, or for the children of disability. In Korea, it is presumed that more than 60 percent the pre-school children aging three to six are in deficit of privacy for relieving their emotional disturbance, but no research has been documented for the case of disabled or interrupted children. Therefore in this study, it was primarily proposed that empirical studies need to be peformed among Korean preschoolers, in order to evaluate privacy needs in the perspectives of ordinary family lives, individual household behaviors, and special conditions of disability or offensive family members.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.47-67
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• 2010

These days, librarians working at university libraries have been suffering from uncertainty about their professional identity and their position stability by ever-changing circumstances. Therefore, librarians at university libraries have to adapt quickly to the informational and educational environment which are constantly changing. They have to alter their role to meet information needs of users and only then can boost their value to maintain their longstanding identity as an expert on information storage and access. The purpose of this study is to find factors which threaten the professional identity of librarians working at university libraries by analyzing the literature and phenomena and to research an effective counterplan to create conditions for librarians to take pride as professionals in stable circumstances.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.69-74
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• 2010

It is the law that injured workers must be paid compensation through occupational health and safety insurance. But sometimes, construction companies cover the compensation for an accident by themselves in order to conceal the fact of an accident. The reason for this concealment is that they wish to get a high mark in PQ. From the point of view of a subcontractor, another reason is to avoid any negative consequences in bids. According to interviewees, some workers, knowing the vulnerability of their employers in this area, demand unreasonable levels of compensation. This study examined the circumstances, influences and participants' perception of accidents on construction sites.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.313-319
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• 2009

A complex maritime resort combined marina and with course of Korea is required to improve international tourism competitiveness by taking advantage of her environmental favorable circumstances. The development of tourism, however, is focused on land-oriented that incurred lower tourism efficiency and international tourism competitiveness. In addition, the regulation of "Preliminary environmental assessment for golf courses" by the Ministry of Environment is emphasized on land geography and geology that can cause damage of tourist attractions in an island region. In particular, the development of 6th or 7th ridges in mountainous island region within 2km from the sea, that holds scenic and academic value, can go against environment-friendly by geographical and geological damage. According to the regulation for consultation for golf courses and forestry is to preserve regional ecosystem over 6th ridge, but it cannot be applicable to island region because that can form excessive slopes where marine ecosystem is required to be maintained. It, therefore, can be desirable that the development of over 6th ridge in an island region. It is suggested that continuous comparative studies of geographical and geological characteristics between land and island region will be carried on to establish feasible and reasonable development model so that balanced development of land and island, and versatile international environment-friendly maritime resort can be achieved and developed.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.7 no.11
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• pp.239-247
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• 2007

Recently, the development of an evaluation method with operational rules have become issues for efficient planning and operations of container terminals. Container terminals are required to have enough berths and container yards as well as various equipments and facilities, but in reality there are many differences in their resources owing to the circumstances of each terminal. This study introduces a simulation model to evaluate various operation rules for teaching and training in class. This paper can analyze various factors (e.g. throughputs, yard and berth occupancies, etc.) and shows operational alternatives considering design factors of a container terminal with the related circumstances of each terminal.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.140-148
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• 2017

This paper focused on finding a cost-effective LTE mobile network design methodology, suitable for socio-economic circumstances of developing countries. Developing countries have different requirements and circumstances compared with those of developed countries that had deployed LTE networks in advance, thus a differentiated way of design and deployment methods are necessary. This paper analyzed LTE design-related attributes of developing countries, identified relevant technological requirements and appropriate technologies, and suggested design methodologies. These suggestions were verified through the case studies of several developing countries that a Korean telecommunication company (Korean telecom company A) had participated in the LTE design and deployment for future reference by other developing countries.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.15
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• pp.104-127
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• 1994

Traditional architecture has structural limits after some terms because it almost made by wood elements. So in the name of 'Restoration', by anatural process, repair works are accomplished. But the repair works of traditional buildings have some problems in spite of best men power and technology. To overcome this problems, we need more detailed studies for examine the reasons of destruction in elements of wooden buildings. The life limits of wooden buildings are caused by natural circumstances and humanic circumstances, the former has bad effect on the damage in wooden buildings. There are various elements of damage in the wooden buildings, earthquake, the falling of a thunderbolt, fire, and rain, microorganism, insect, and so on. Moreover pollutions-sulfurous acid gas, acidorganic matters -are important reason of shortening the life of wooden buildings. From 1981 till now we investigated important traditional buildings under repair works by the way scientific analysis to catch the sample - seramics, woods, insects, metals, etc. In this reports we suggest various method of investigation with two samples of tradional house made by wood, one is Kim Joo Tea House, the order is Simgum-dang of Magok-Sa(dwelling of monk).