• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.493-498
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• 2008

The aim of this work was to analyze the effects of salt and $NaNO_2$ on weight loss, proximate compositions. chemical parameters and texture characteristics of dry-cured ham processed using Korean methods. Four different treatments were considered: The HS group of 3 hams (11.30 kg) was salted with 9.2 g/kg salt (w/w) (high salt batch), the HS+$NaNO_2$ group of 3 hams (10.65 kg) was salted same as HS group and added 100 ppm $NaNO_2$. The LS group of 3 hams (11.42 kg) was salted with 6.2 g/kg salt (w/w) (Low salt batch), the LS+$NaNO_2$ group of 3 hams (10.62 kg) was salted same as LS group and added 100 ppm $NaNO_2$. The highest weight losses took place at the drying stage (27.46, 28.25, 26.99, and 28.42%). However, there were no significant differences in the weight losses between treatments (p>0.05). The moisture content was significantly affected with addition of $NaNO_2$ (p<0.05), the LS hams had significantly higher moisture content than HS+$NaNO_2$ and LS+$NaNO_2$ (p<0.05). The level of salt and $NaNO_2$ did not affect the fat, protein and ash contents. The hardness and chewiness in biceps femoris muscle from LS hams were significantly lower than in the muscles from HS+$NaNO_2$ hams (p<0.05). The $NaNO_2$ did not affect the texture characteristics of dry-cured hams. The processing conditions significantly affected the chemical parameters of biceps femoris muscle (p<0.05). The water activity in biceps femoris muscle from LS hams was significantly higher than in muscles from HS and HS+$NaNO_2$ hams (p<0.05). The salt content in biceps femoris muscles from LS+$NaNO_2$ hams was significantly lower than in the muscles from HS and HS+$NaNO_2$ hams (p<0.05). The $NaNO_2$ treatment did not affect the $NaNO_2$ content in biceps femoris muscles (p>0.05). The processing conditions did not significantly affect the lightness (L), redness (a), and $h^{\circ}$ of biceps femoris muscles (p>0.05). The yellowness (b) and chroma in biceps femoris muscle from HS+$NaNO_2$ hams were significantly higher than in the muscles from HS and LS hams.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.51-57
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• 2012

This study was carried out to analyze chemical compositions of the fog water of a forest area, Jinju and to provide basic information for establishing measures on the acid fog water of forest area. The results are as follows: The pH of fog water was 4.3 in 2010, whereas the pH in 2011 was 4.0. The electrical conductivity of the fog water was $477.2{\mu}s$ in 2010, and $562.7{\mu}s$ in 2011. Among the anions, the concentration of $NO^{3-}$ was the highest, which recorded 267.1 mg/L in spring season and 279.1 mg/L in summer season, followed by $SO{_4}^{2-}$ at the concentration of 177.2 mg/L in spring season and 198.6mg/L in summer season. In autumn and winter, the concentration of $NO^{3-}$ was highest as 217.7 mg/L and 237.9 mg/L, respectively and followed by $SO{_4}^{2-}$, which concentration was 164.2 mg/L in autumn season and 190.1 mg/L in winter season (p<0.05). Among the cations, the concentration of $Ca^{2+}$ was 221.3 mg/L in spring and 233.7mg/L in summer, followed by $Na^+$ at 125.1 mg/L in spring season and 131.7 mg/L in summer In autumn and winter, the concentration of $Ca^{2+}$ was highest at 196.8 mg/L and 198.8 mg/L, followed by $Na^+$ at the concentration of 97.1 mg/L in autumn and 117.2 mg/L in winter (p<0.05). The pH of the fog rain that causes acid mist showed the correlation with $Ca^{++}$ (1% of level), $EC(r=-0.9861^{**})$, $NO^{3-}$ ($r=-0.9677^{**}$), and $SO{_4}^{2-}$ ($r=-0.9510^{**}$). The regression equation on the factors affecting the generation of acidic fog rain was estimated to be a $Y(pH)=6.4627+0.9723X_2(EC)+0.9364X_4(NO_3{^-})+0.9044X_5(SO{_4}^{2-})+0.8049X_{10}(Ca^{2+})+0.6709X_8(K^+)\;(r^2=0.8787)$.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.128-137
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• 2019

A lithium is the lightest metal on the earth. It has some attractive characteristics as a negative electrode material such as a low reduction potential (-3.04 V vs. SHE) and a high theoretical capacity ($3,860mAh\;g^{-1}$). Therefore, it has been studied as a next generation anode material for high energy lithium batteries. The thin lithium electrode is required to maximize the efficiency and energy density of the battery, but the physical roll-press method has a limitation in manufacturing thin lithium. In this study, thin lithium electrode was fabricated by electrodeposition under various conditions such as compositions of electrolytes and the current density. Deposited lithium showed strong relationship between process condition and its characteristics. The concentration of electrolyte affects to the shape of deposited lithium particle. As the concentration increases, the shape of particle changes from a sharp edged long one to a rounded lump. The former shape is favorable for suppressing dendrite formation and the elec-trode shows good stripping efficiency of 92.68% (3M LiFSI in DME, $0.4mA\;cm^{-2}$). The shape of deposited particle also affected by the applied current density. When the amount of current applied gets larger the shape changes to the sharp edged long one like the case of the low concentration electrolyte. The combination of salts and solvents, 1.5M LiFSI + 1.5M LiTFSI in DME : DOL [1 : 1 vol%] (Du-Co), was applied to the electrolyte for the lithium deposition. The lithium electrode obtained from this electrolyte composition shows the best stripping efficiency (97.26%) and the stable reversibility. This is presumed to be due to the stability of the surface film induced by the Li-F component and the DOL effect of providing film flexibility.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.248-257
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• 2019

This study aimed to determine the chemical components of different cultivars (Gabjubaekmok, Sangjudungsi, and Godongsi) of persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) and the effects of maturity. The detected free sugars were fructose and glucose, and glucose levels tended to increase with maturity. Palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and stearic acid, and potassium were major components. In the amino acid component analysis, the following were usually present in the following month: glutamic acid in Gabjubaekmok in July, lysine in Sangjudungsi in August, and threonine in Godongsi in October. Vitamin C tended to increase with aging, and fruit harvested in July had the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents. In the metabolite analysis, there were significant differences among cultivars and with maturity. The major physiological compounds were analyzed using ultra performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass ($UPLC/Q-TOF/MS^2$) and were citric acid and gallic aicd. As maturity progressed, citric acid increased but gallic acid decreased.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.255-272
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• 2011

This work studied the growth and yield of green crops, changes of mineral composition in greenhouse soil and green crops, and infection with wintering green crops cultivation in greenhouse field. At 74 days after seeding of wintering green crops, dry matter was 710kg/10a in rye, 530kg/10a in barley, 230kg/10a in hairy vetch, and 240kg/10a in bean or weeds. Total nitrogen content in green crops was 4.5% in pea and hairy vetch, and 3~4% in barley and rye. $P_2O_5$, CaO, and MgO contents in all green crops were about 1.0%, and $K_2O$ content was the highest level by 4~5% among macro elements. Total nitrogen fixing content in shoot green crops uptaken from soil was 22.1kg/10a in rye, 20.6kg/10a in barley, 10.6kg/10a in hairy vetch, and 9.6kg/10a in pea and giant chickweed. $P_2O_5$ fixing content in shoot green crops uptaken from soil was 8.4kg/10a in rye, 6.3kg/10a in barley, and 2.3 kg/10a in hairy vetch and pea. $K_2O$ fixing content in shoot green crops uptaken from soil was 28kg/10a in rye, 24.7kg/10a in barley, and 11kg/10a in hairy vetch and pea. CaO fixing content in shoot green crops uptaken from soil was 2~3kg/ 10a in all green crops, and MgO fixing content was 1.7~2.6kg/10a in all green crops. Pepper growth in no-tillage was not a significant difference at all green manure crops. The number of fruit and fruit weight were higher in control, pea, hairy vetch and harvest barley than rye and barley. Soil mineral compositions in wintering green crops increased at pH, organic matter, CEC compared with control. Soil chemical compositions were stable level at green crops cultivation according as decreases of EC, available phosphoric acid, Ca, and Mg contents. After no-tillage by green manure crops, pH in soils was higher in green manure crops than control. EC content in soils was lower in green manure crops than control, and was remarkably low level in barley harvest. Organic matter content in soils increased in hairy vetch and barley green manure but decreased by 35% in barley harvest. Total nitrogen and avaliable $P_2O_4$ content in soils remarkably increased but was not a significant difference at all green manure crops. Cation (K, Ca, and Mg) content in soils decreased by 15~20% in K, 2~11% in Ca, and 3~6% in Mg at rye, barley and pea compared with control.

• The Korean Journal of Ceramics
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.100-102
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• 2000

Co fine particles were dispersed in Au metal and $AlO_x$ amorphous matrices by vacuum evaporation and rf-sputtering, respectively, thus forming granular composite films having chemical compositions of $Co_{0.59}-Au_{0.41}$ and $Co_{0.52}/(AlO_x$)_{0.48}$. The films were annealed at 200~$500^{\circ}C$ to increase the size of the Co particles, from 30$\AA$ to 180$\AA$ in the Au matrix and 40$\AA$ to 180$\AA$ in the $AlO_x$ matrix, as revealed by X-ray diffraction analysis. The Co metal in as-deposited films have saturation magnetization equivalent to that of bulk Co, which is unchanged by the annealing, showing that the Co metal is not oxidized by the annealing. Magneto-optical Kerr rotation measured at $\lambda$=400-900nm for the $Co_{0.59}-Au_{0.41}$ film as deposited is larger than that calculated for the composition. The rotation increases as the film is annealed at $200^{\circ}C$ and $300^{\circ}C$, approaching to that of bulk Co. The Kerr rotation for the $Co_{0.52}-(AlO_x)_{0.48}$ film as deposited is smaller than that calculated for the composition based on Bruggeman effective medium theory. However, the rotation increases much, exceeding the rotation of the bulk Co as annealed at $300^{\circ}C$ and $400^{\circ}C$. As a possible origin of the marked magneto-optical enhancement a weak localization of light in granular structure is suggested.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.266-273
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• 1983

In a series of studies on the chemical compositions and properties of organic matter from peats, volcanic ash soils and paddy rice soils, a comparative study on the composition and the fractional distribution of nitrogenous organic matters were undertaken for the elucidation on their characteristics. The results obtained are summerized as follows. 1. Gimpo and Peongtaeg peats showed higher content of organic matter, more than 60%, than Gimje and Yeongdong peats, and there is a great difference between the two groups in total-N, CEC and ash content. 2. The content of Lignin, Hollocellulose and Hemicellulose in organic matter was 12-25%, 15-31% and 7-14% respectively, and Gimpo peats were lots of Lignin content compared to others. 3. Sixty seven to eighty eight percent of the total-N in the soil was hydrolysable by 6 N-HCl and they were decreased in the order of volcanic ash soils (86.4%), mineral paddy soils (77.2%) and peats (72.3%). 4. The fractionations of acid hydrolysable organic-N were ${\alpha}$-amino acid-N(25-45%), unidentified-N (12-50%), amino sugar-N (1-7%) and ammonium-N (12-25%). 5. Almost same pattern in the amino acid composition of the acid hydrolysates of peat and soil organic matter was showed in the thin-layer chromatogram.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.277-289
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• 1992

Kyeonggi Bay, a macrotidal coastal embayment in the Yellow Sea coast of central korea, is fringed by vastly developed tidal flats. About 400 surface sediment samples were collected from the intertidal and subtidal zones of Kyeonggi Bay for a study of the sediment distribution pattern and the surface sediment characteristics of this environment. The kyeonggi Bay surface sediment becomes progressively finer in the shoreward direction, from offshore sand to shoreward silty sand and sandy silt. This shoreward-fining trend is repeated again on the tidal flat and, as a consequence, a grain-size break occurs near the low-water line which separates the intertidal area from the subtidal one. The intertidal and subtidal sediments differ from each other in textural characteristics such as mean grain size and skewness and this can be interpreted to result from differences in hydraulic energy and morphology between the two environments. The mineral and chemical compositions of the Kyeonggi Bay sediments are largely controlled by the sediment grain size. Smectite was nearly absent in the clay mineral assemblage of Kyeonggi Bay sediment. The contents of Co, Cu and Ni were high in the Banweol tidal flat, which suggests a continuous process of accumulation of these metals. the intertidal environment appears to respond rapidly to artificial coastal modifications, the effects of which should be taken into consideration when planning a dam construction or coastal reclamation.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.192-196
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• 2003

Objective of this study was to investigate the influences of harvest index and percolation water quality as irrigated the discharge waters from an industrial and a municipal wastewater treatment plants and seawater (1:5 seawater: tap water) as alternative water resources during tillering stage for drought stress. There were four different treatments such as the discharge water from an industrial (textile dyeing manufacture plant) wastewater treatment plant (DIWT), discharge water from the municipal wastewater treatment plant (DMWT), seawater (1:5) and groundwater as a control. For the initial chemical compositions of alternative waters, it appeared that higher concentrations of COD, $Mn^{2+}$, and $Ni^+$ in DIWT were observed than reused criteria of other country for irrigation, and concentrations of $EC_i$, Cl, and $SO_4$ in seawater were higher than that for irrigation. Harvest index was not significantly different between DIWT and DMWT with different irrigation periods in two soil types, but that of seawater (1:5) is decreased with irrigation periods in clay loam soil and not different between 10 days and 20 days of irrigation periods in sandy loam soil. For percolation water qualities, values of sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) are increased with prolonging the irrigation periods of seawater (1:5) and DIWT, but those of DMWT were almost constant through the cultivation periods regardless of the irrigation period in both soil types. EG of percolation waters is eventually increased with prolonging days after irrigation regardless of irrigation periods in both soil types. Therefore, it might be concluded that there was potentially safe to irrigate the discharge water from municipal wastewater treatment plant relative to harvest index, SAR and $EC_i$ values of the ground water through the rice cultivation period at tillering stage for drought period.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.105-110
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• 2015

BACKGROUND: Soy isoflavones, structurally similar to endogenous estrogens, may affect human body through both hormonally mediated and non-hormonally related mechanisms. Heat processing could change chemical compositions. The effects of different thermal processes, boiling and HTHP(high temperature and high pressure) on the composition of isoflavone compounds and total amount of domestic soybeans were investigated in this study. METHOD AND RESULTS: Three different kinds of soybean samples were collected from RDA-Genebank. The samples were extracted using methanol, distilled water, and formic acid based solvent. Also the same solvents were used for mobile phase in UPLC/ToF/MS. All of the isoflavone compounds were analyzed based on the aglycone type of external standard for quantification. The standard calibration curve presented linearity with the correlation coefficient R2 > 0.98, analysed from 1 to 50 ppm concentration. The total isoflavone contents does not change by treatment within the same breed. While "boiling" and "HTHP" processes tend to increase the contents of aglycone and ${beta}$-glucosides, "fresh" soybeans retained the high concentration of malonylglucosides. CONCLUSION: These results have to be considered while developing an effective functional food, from the health while point of view using soybeans.