• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.188-201
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• 2016

The aim of this descriptive correlation research was to identify the factors influencing stress in caregivers of stroke patients in rehabilitation centers. The data were collected from 200 caregivers at three rehabilitation centers in B City from September 1 to 30, 2015. The data were also collected utilizing the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, the Caregiving Mastery Scale, the Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) Scale, and Burden Interview (BI) Scale. The data were analyzed using the SPSS Win 18.0 program. The factor with the greatest impact on stress was social support, which accounted for 9.3% of stress, followed by the duration of giving care to the patient, religious status, economic conditions, caregiver's age, resilience, caregiver's health status, patient's conscious status, and patient's age, all of which accounted for 30% of the stress for caregivers. Therefore, it is essential to develop social support programs that can reduce the stress for caregivers of patients in rehabilitation centers and to develop stress intervention programs, taking all the factors affecting stress into consideration.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.159-167
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• 2016

Purpose: This article provides an overview of current knowledge on the impact of caregiving on the psychological and physical health of family caregivers of intensive care unit (ICU) survivors and suggestions for future research. Methods: Review of selected papers published in English between January 2000 and October 2015 reporting psychological and physical health outcomes in family caregivers of ICU survivors. Results: In family caregivers of ICU survivors followed up to five years after patients' discharge from an ICU, psychological symptoms, manifested as depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder, were highly prevalent. Poor self-care, sleep disturbances and fatigue were identified as common physical health problems in family caregivers. Studies to date are mainly descriptive; few interventions have targeted family caregivers. Further, studies that elicit unique needs of families from diverse cultures are lacking. Conclusion: Studies to date have described the impact of caregiving on the psychological and physical health in family caregivers of ICU survivors. Few studies have tested interventions to support unique needs in this population. Therefore, evidence for best strategies is lacking. Future research is needed to identify ICU caregivers at greatest risk for distress, time points to target interventions with maximal efficacy, needs of those from diverse cultures and test interventions to mitigate family caregivers' burden.

• Asian Journal for Public Opinion Research
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.228-249
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• 2018

In 2015, the population of elderly people in Thailand was 16% of the total population and is predicted to be over 20% by 2021 and nearly 28% by 2031. The increase of the elderly population in Thailand has also increased the proportion of dependent elderly people, and caring for them poses many challenges for both families and the government. This descriptive method research aimed to survey the health status of dependent older people in the rural community of Lampang province in northern Thailand. The participants consisted of 62 older people and 62 primary family caregivers from Hong Ha Health Promoting Hospital, Lampang, Thailand (totaling 124 people). The researchers assessed the health status of older people and their activities of daily living (ADL). In addition, researchers assessed the health status and stress of caregivers. All the participants were interviewed about their experiences with caregiving. The results showed that most of the older respondents were female with an average age of 78.15 years. Based on the ADL assessment, 50 of the 62 older persons were homebound while the rest were bedridden. The majority of older people had chronic or long-term conditions that required hospitalization from time to time. Their frequent health problems included oral disorders such as tooth decay or caries/gum disease/no teeth, reduced sight, psychological disorders, knee pain and risk of falling, low BMI, risk of malnutrition, and urinary leakage and incontinence (58.06%, 66.13%, 62.90%, 70.97%, 38.71%, 66.13%, and 37.10%, respectively). Usual care provided by the family members included personal hygiene care, food preparation and feeding, medication management, housekeeping and organizing necessary equipment, supply of needed equipment, prevention of falls, helping with travel for medical checkups and treatment, and providing companionship. Families experienced shortages of medical supplies, daily use equipment, lack of employment, inadequate income, and difficulty accessing health care services due to lack of transportation. Some caregivers experienced caregiving stress related to a lack of social interactions as well as routine caregiving activities. Families need different types of support in order to promote the well-being of older people and caregivers. This highlights the need for a community participation model for the care of older people in order to reflect sustainable long-term outcomes.

• 한국노년학
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.831-848
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to analyse the family caregivers' stress pathways by types of long term care services for the elderly, and then to discuss the findings of analysis. For this research, primary caregivers that provide care the elderly requiring long term care services sanctioned by National Health Insurance Corporation were drawn and surveyed. Among collected data, data for 258 primary caregivers by type of long term care services were used for this study. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. First, on average, the elders that utilize care service in institutions for the elderly were higher proportion of women, older, higher rate of bereavement, more children than the elders that utilize in-home care service, but some cases were vice-versa. Second, the elders that utilize care service in institutions more ADL dependency, higher proportion of severe dementia or severe stroke, higher care rank by National Health Insurance Corporation than the elders that utilize in-home care service on average. Third, primary caregivers with elders that utilize in-home care service were higher proportion of women, older, lower education level, higher rate of spouse and daughter-in-law in relationship with care recipient, less health, lower income than primary caregivers with elders that utilize care service in institutions. Fourth, subjective indicators representing caregivers' reactions to caregiving for the elderly significantly impact on caregivers' stress(ie, depression), and pathway of caregivers' stress are differentiated by type of long term care services. Fifth, stressors that have direct impacts on depression as caregiving family are differentiated by type of long term care services. Therefore, policies or programs to reduce negative mental health or stress of caregivig families should be designed differently by reflecting pathway of various stressors and stress by use types of long term care services for the elderly.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.713-721
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• 2003

Purpose: This study was to determine the mediator or moderator role of social support in the relationship between stress and depression among family caregivers of older adults with dementia. Method: Sixty nine family caregivers were randomly selected from health care centers in P city and a face-to-face interview was conducted using questionnaires from January to May of 2002. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and hierarchical multiple regression using SPSS program. Result: Family caregivers of older adults with higher dependency in ADLs and higher problematic behaviors, provided care to the older adults for a longer period of time, and perceived less social support reported higher depression. Social support showed mediating effects between stress and depression, while did not show moderating effects. Elderly dependency on ADLs and caregiving duration decreased perceived social support and decreased social support increased depression. Conclusion: To increase family and social support to the caregivers of more functionally impaired elderly, family education to increase emotional support and physical assistance to the caregivers and broader and flexible application of social support such as increasing accessibility to the elderly daycare service with lower price may prove beneficial.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.9 no.12
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• pp.331-336
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to help female office workers in relieving their stress in rapidly changing modern society and maintaining a healthy and beautiful life by analyzing the complex effects of alternative beauty therapy on stress relaxation targeting 50 female office workers in their 30s to 40s, usually showing a high stress index due to their work. Aroma therapy and dry relax massage were carried out for 15 minutes as a beauty therapy, and stress index of the subjects was confirmed through survey before performing the beauty therapy. The experiment was conducted once a week for four weeks, and the cortisol concentration in saliva was analyzed for the outcome measurement. As a result, average stress index was 3.97 which showed a high value, and the cortisol concentration of the subjects after the experiment decreased significantly (p<0.05), and especially subjects who were married and had caregiving responsibility showed more changes in their cortisol concentration. The above result shows that dry relax massage using aroma is highly effective for mind and body relaxation of women in their 30s to 40s who are significantly stressed. If such beauty measures are applied properly, it is judged to be helpful for managing the stress.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.382-393
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• 2018

Patients with dementia are increasing steadily and becoming a social problem. Care workers in hospitals are increasingly interested in emotional labor. Therefore, this study examines the caregiving experience of dementia patients in the nursing home. The effects of emotional labor and exhaustion of nursing home workers on job stress and satisfaction were analyzed and the moderating effect of care experience was analyzed. The results of the study are as follows. First, the caregiver experience of the nursing hospital workers showed the initial mind, the perception of the early dementia patients, the difficulties, the physical and mental limitations, the satisfaction, the experience through nursing practice, and the change of mind about life. Second, emotional labor and burnout have positive effects on job stress. Care experience reduced the impact of emotional labor and exhaustion on job stress. Finally, the relationship between job stress and job satisfaction showed positive influence.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.114-119
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• 2015

Background: There has been considerable interest in Japanese society in the problem of work-related stress leading to depressive symptoms, and an increasing number of primary houseworkers maintain paid employment. The purpose of this study was to examine the differential impact of multiple roles associated with psychological distress among Japanese workers. Methods: We studied 722 men and women aged 18-83 years in a cross-sectional study. The K10 questionnaire was used to examine psychological distress. Results: The proportion of participants with psychological distress was higher in women (17.8%) compared with men (11.5%). Having three roles significantly decreased the risk of psychological distress [women: odds ratio (OR), 0.37-fold; men: OR, 0.41] compared with only one role. In working married women, there was significantly less psychological distress (OR, 0.27), and those with childrearing or caregiving responsibilities for elderly parents had significantly less psychological distress (OR, 0.38) than those with only an employment role. Similarly, working married men who had childrearing or caregiving responsibilities for elderly parents had significantly less psychological distress (OR, 0.41) than those who had only an employment role. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that participants who had only an employment role had an increased risk of psychological distress. The degree of psychological distress was not determined solely by the number of roles. It is important to have balance between work and family life to reduce role conflict and/or role submersion, which in turn may reduce the risk of psychological distress.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.71-84
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• 2014

Background: Informal care is increasingly recognized as placing a significant burden on the lives of family caregivers. The purpose of this study is to investigate factors related to family caregivers' burden with the community-dwelling disabled elderly under the long-term care insurance system, using the Stress Process Model developed by Pearlin (1990). Methods: Total 1,233 family caregivers with the disabled elderly, using the long-term care services in their home from May to June 2009, completed questionnaires finally. The questionnaire of this study consists of a total of 32 questions, including 11 questions related to background and context, 17 questions related to objective stressors, and 4 questions related to coping resourses. Family caregivers' burden is measured by the Korean Revised Caregiving Appraisal Scale (K-RCAS, Cronbach's alpha=0.86). To investigate factors related to family caregivers' burden, multiple regression analysis was conducted. Results: The average score of caregivers' burden was 22.0 (${\pm}6.12$). In multiple regression analysis, there were statistically significant factors affecting on the family caregivers' burden, that are related to background and context (region, living status, education level, relationship with beneficiary), objective stressors (duration of caregiving), coping resourses (caregiver's health status). Conclusion: This study found that family caregivers experience a considerable burden. The findings suggest that policies must be taken to relieve family caregivers of their duties temporarily, and to support them with counselling and education.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2023

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the influencing effects of job stress, professional autonomy, and reciprocity on the job embeddedness among comprehensive nursing care unit nurses. Methods: The participants in this study were 147 nurses who have worked for over 6 months in Comprehensive Nursing Care Unit. Data were collected from January 3 to January 31, 2022 from six general hospitals with more than 300 beds in three cities in G, G and P. Results: As the results of hierarchical regression analysis, job embeddedness was lower when nurses had clinical experiences for 1 to under 5 years (β=-.49, p<.001), 5 to under 10 years (β=-.27, p=.035), 10 to under 20 years (β=-.54, p<.001) compared to those who had clinical experiences for more than 20 years. Also, job embeddedness was higher when there was greater balance within team caregiving of reciprocality (β=.27, p<.001) and intrinsic reward (β=.22, p=.003), and lower role conflict (β =-.27, p<.001). Conclusion: The results of the study showed that job embededness would increase if the role conflict of comprehensive nursing care unit nurses reduces, if there was a culture that the members can make cooperative relationship with other health care professionals and, if there was an appropriate intrinsic reward depending on their work experience.