• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.351-362
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• 2002

Newcastle disease (ND) is a highly contagious infection of poultry, Two pathology-based techniques, in situ RT-PCR and in situ hybridization (ISH) were applied to formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from chickens naturally infected with velogenic ND virus (VNDV). Two pairs of primers and a probe for ISH and in situ RT-PCR, respectively, were selected from highly conserved region of matrix gene of NDV. The ISH experiment was carried out using MicroProbe$^{TM}$ capillary action system within 2 hours. In situ RT-PCR was performed using MicroProbe$^{TM}$ capillary action system and GeneAmp In Situ PCR system. With ISH and in situ RT-PCR, viral nucleic acid was detected in the central nervous system of chickens from infected with neurotropic velogenic Newcastle disease virus (NVNDV), whereas viral nucleic acid was detected in various organs or tissues of chickens from infected with viscerotropic velogenic Newcastle disease virus (VVNDV). In the NVND group, positive signals were characteristically defined in the cytoplasm of neuron, vascular endothelial cells, and perivascular mononuclear macrophages in the central nervous system. One of NVND group, chicken from one farm exhibited positive signals in the bronchial epithelium. The VVND group chickens showed positive reaction in the macrophages, vascular endothelium, and bronchiolar epithelium. Markedly, viral nucleic acid was detected in the macrophages of morphologically normal tissues which were peripheral or located in distant areas from lesions. The central nervous system of chickens infected with VVND virus had positive signals in the vascular endothelial cell, perivascular mononuclear macrophages and some neuron. The number and intensity of the positive cells by in situ RT-PCR were more and stronger, respectively, in comparison with those by ISH. Particularly, positive reaction was detected in macrophages infiltrating in cardiac muscle by in situ RT-PCR, but not obtained by ISH. Therefore, these results demonstrated that ISH is a rapid diagnostic method for detection of NDV and in situ RT-PCR can be used as an efficient method for detection of low viral load infection or subclinical viral infection of NDV.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.205-211
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• 2019

Over the past several decades, the polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) has received particular attention as a material for developing smart window due to their electro-optical switchable properties. In this study, PDLC cells were fabricated using acrylate monomers, namely 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (2-HEA) and ethylene glycol phenyl ether acrylate (EGPA), and the effect of the monomer composition on their electro-optical properties was investigated. The monomer mixture with a low viscosity (~10 cps) was easily filled between indium tin oxide (ITO) glasses by capillary action at room temperature. PDLC cells prepared using the mixture ratio of 1 : 9 (2-HEA : EGPA) did not show a complete opaque state at a 0 V condition but exhibited unstable electro-optical properties under an electric field. As the LC composition increased in the reaction mixture for PDLC cell preparation, the $V_{th}$ (threshold voltage) and $V_{sat}$ (saturation voltage) values as well as contrast ratio (CR) increased. $V_{th}$ and $V_{sat}$ values also increased with the cell gap thickness. PDLC cells with a $20{\mu}m$ cell gap thickness exhibited higher CR than those with 10 and $40{\mu}m$ cell gap thicknesses. Particularly, PDLC cells prepared using the mixture ratio of 7 : 3 (2-HEA : EGPA) showed excellent electro-optical properties such as a low driving voltage and high contrast ratio.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2002.08a
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• pp.9-10
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• 2002

Human circulatory system between heart and tissue is not directly connected in normal condition but mandatory to go through the capillary system in order to fulfill its physiologic aim to deliver oxygen and nutrients, etc. to the tissue and retrieve used blood together with waste products from the tissue properly. When abnormal connection between arterial and venous system (AV fistula), these two circulatory systems respond differently to the hemodynamic impact of this abnormal connection between high pressure (artery) and low pressure (vein) system. Depending upon the location and/or degree (e.g. size and flow) of fistulous condition, each circulatory system exerts different compensatory hemodynamic response to this newly developed abnormal inter-relationship between two systems in order to minimize its hemodynamic impact to own system of different hemodynamic characteristics. Pump action of the heart can assist the failing arterial system directly to maintain arterial circulation against newly established low peripheral resistance by the AV fistula during the compensation period, while it affects venous system in negative way with increased venous loading. However, the negative impact of increased heart action to the venous system is partly compensated by the lymphatic system which is the third circulatory system to assist venous system independently with different hemodynamics. The lymphatic system with own unique Iymphodynamics based on peristaltic circulation from low resistance to high resistance condition, also increases its circulation to assist the compensation of overloaded venous system. Once these compensation mechanisms should fail to fight to newly established hemodynamic condition due to this abnormal AV connection, each system start to show different physiologic ${\underline{de}compensation}$ including heart and lymphatic system. The vicious cycle of decompensation between arterial and vein, two circulatory system affecting each other by mutually negative way steadily progresses to show series of hemodynamic change throughout entire circulation system altogether including heart. Clinical outcome of AV fistula from the compensated status to decompensated status is closely affected by various biological and mechanical factors to make the hemodynmic status more complicated. Proper understanding of these crucial biomechanical factors iii particular on hemodyanmic point of view is mandatory for the advanced assessment of biomechanical impact of AV fistula, since this new advanced concept of AY fistula based on blomechanical information will be able to improve clinical control of the complicated AV fistula, either congenital or acquired.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.140-150
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• 1996

To develop a home-version assay system for plasma lipoprotein cholesterol, variables that can control the assay performance were optimized. The system was constructcd by using two major components: nitrocellulose membrane strip with immobilized enzymes (cholesterol esterase, cholesterol oxidase, and horseradish peroxidase); and sample carrier solution containing non-ionic detergent (Triton X-100) and chromogen (3,3'-diaminobenzidine). Once a sample combined with the carrier was absorbed from the bottom of the strip, cholesterol was delivered by capillary action to the immobilized enzymes and a sequential reactions took place. In the final reaction, the chromogen was oxidized and then generated a color as signal that was proportional to the concentration of cholesterol. The signal intensity was enhanced by optimizing conditions for the immobilization of enzymes and the chemical composition of carriel. Under these conditions, a dose-response curve was obtained and revealed a high sensitivity enough to measure the cholesterol in blood.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.809-816
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• 1997

In this presented study, we established a method for diagnosis of porcine epidemic diarrhea(PED) by in situ hybridization(ISH), which made distinct progress in diagnostic pathology. We also carried out the retrospective diagnosis through ISH to assume the exact time of the first outbreak and incidence of PED in Korea. The outbreak of PED in Korea reported in 1992. However, since the end of 1980's, some researches of pig-industry have already suspected the outbreak of PED, not transmissible gastroenteritis(TGE). In this experiment, we performed the ISH using 80 formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues of porcine intestine which were requests for pathological diagnosis from 63 farms whose primary sign was diarrhea from 1984 to 1991. We prepared biotinylated cDNA probe(492base pairs) for ISH by nick translation method and carried out the ISH, using $Microprobe^{TM}$ capillary action system(Fisher $Biotech^R$). We detected PED virus in intestinal mucosa of 2 cases in 1992, 1 case in 1988, and 1 case in 1987. As a result, we assume that the outbreak of PED in Korea have already started since 1987.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.124-129
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• 2011

A simple process of fabricating micropillar structure and its influence upon enhancing electrochemical biosensor response were studied in this work. Conducting polymer PEDOT was used as a base material in formulating a composite with PVA. Micro porous PC membrane filter was used as a template for the micropillar of the composite on ITO electrode. This structure could provide plenty of encapsulating space for enzyme species. After dosing enzyme solution into this space, Nafion film tent was cast over the pillar structure to complete the micropillar cavity structure. In this way, the encapsulation of enzyme could be accomplished without any chemical modification. The amount of enzyme species was easily controllable by varying the concentration of the dosing solution. The more amount of enzyme is stored in the sensor, the higher the electrochemical response is produced. One more reason for the sensitivity improvement comes from the large surface area of the micropillar structure. Application of 0.7 V produced the best current response under the condition of pH 7.4. This biosensor showed linear response to the glucose in 0.1~1 mM range with the average sensitivity of $14.06{\mu}A/mMcm^2$. Detection limit was 0.01 mM based on S/N = 3.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.103-108
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• 2010

Single crystals of $ZnWO_4$ with [100], [010] and [001] directions were successfully grown by the Czochralski method. The seed crystals for the single crystal growth of $ZnWO_4$ could be induced by the crystal growth using platinum wires applied by the capillary action from the melt. The growth conditions in each direction were investigated in terms of the variations of rotation speed, pulling rate and diameter of the grown crystals. The formation of cracking in the grown crystals during the cooling process could be prevented by annealing effect. The growth directions of the grown crystals were determined using Laue back reflection. The microscopic characteristics of the grown crystals in each direction were discussed, and their physical properties were evaluated for hardness, thermal expansion coefficients and dielectric constants.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Pathology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.57-62
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• 2001

Recently various molecular diagnostic techniques have been used to identify rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV), a causative agent responsible for acute hepatitis and disseminated intravascular coagulation in rabbit. But they were hard to perform and time consuming. To detect RHDV in a rapid and easy way, we developed biotinylated oligonucleotide probe within ORF 1 region encoding the polyprotein of RHDV in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues from various tissues of 20 rabbits naturally infected with RHDV, Our in situ hybridization (ISH) was quickly carried out within two hours by MicroProbe capillary action system. The ISH produced a positive reaction in liver, kidney and lung. In conclusion, ISH with a biotintlated oligonucleotide probe provided a useful diagnostic method for detecting RHDV.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.772-781
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• 2012

This study was conducted to examine the development of a new anti-inflammatory substance with potent anti-inflammatory activities that was derived from the Platycodi Radix butanol fraction. To accomplish this, the chemical structures and anti-inflammatory activities of the components were elucidated. Upon column chromatography of the tertiary subfraction, fractions 8-4-1 and 8-4-2 were identified as platycodin D and D3, respectively, following recrystallization, based on melting point (MP), infrared (IR), and positive fast atom bombardment (FAB)-mass and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectral data. Platycodin D and D3 exhibited strong anti-inflammatory activities in rats when administerd at oral doses of 12 mg/kg and 36 mg/kg, p.o., respectively. Platycodin D and D3 induced inhibitory effects on capillary vascular permeability in rats at oral doses of 16 mg/kg and 24 mg/kg, p.o., respectively, and potent inhibition of leukocyte emigration in a carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-pouch when administered at doses of 3 mg/rat and 7 mg/rat, s.c., respectively. These results verified the high antiinflammatory potency of the platycodin D and D3 components in Platycodi Radix.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.63-71
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the standard models for rural housing and wooden housing model have performance for hygrothermal and to propose a way of improvement relevant to hygrothermal performance for those models. All of the models to be analyzed were found to have some parts that were absent of stability in terms of performance for hygrothermal. In the process of analyzing the causes and proposing improvement measures, the following conclusions were derived. Fist, The exterior surface of the structure should be composed of a structure with good moisture permeability, and for the interior surface, a variable vapor retarder paper should be applied in consideration of the reverse condensation phenomenon in summer. Second, in terms of performance for hygrothermal, applications of external insulation plaster finish to the exterior wall or of ventilation method using a rafter vent on the roof should be avoided. Third, a rain screen method with a ventilation layer should be applied to the exterior wall, and a method of constructing ventilation layer separated from the insulation layer with a vapor retarder paper should be applied to the roof. Fourth, the application of insulation materials having capillary action, such as wood fiber insulation board or cellulose insulation board, contributes to more stable performance for hygrothermal.