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Effects of Bisphenol A on the Placental Function and Reproduction in Rats (Bisphenol A가 흰쥐의 태반 기능과 출산에 미치는 영향)

  • Lee, Chae-Kwan;Kim, Seog-Hyun;Moon, Deog-Hwan;Kim, Jeong-Ho;Son, Byung-Chul;Kim, Dae-Hwan;Lee, Chang-Hee;Kim, Hwi-Dong;Kim, Jung-Won;Kim, Jong-Eun;Lee, Chae-Un
    • Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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    • v.38 no.3
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    • pp.330-336
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    • 2005
  • Objectives : The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of bisphenol A (BPA), an estrogen-like environmental endocrine disrupter, on the placental function and reproduction in rats. The mRNA levels of the placental prolactin-growth hormone(PRL-GH) gene family, placental trophoblast cell frequency and reproductive data were analyzed. Methods : The pregnancies of F344 Fisher rats ($160g{\pm}20g$) were detected by the presence of the copulatory plug or sperm in the vaginal smear, which marked Day 0 of pregnancy. Pregnant rats were divided into three groups. The control group was intraperitoneally injected with a sesame oil vehicle. The two remaining groups were injected with 50 or 500 mg/kg B.W/day of BPA, resuspended in sesame oil, on either days 7 to 11 or 16 to 20 of pregnancy, with the rats sacrificed on either day 11 or 20, respectively. The mRNA levels of PRL-GH and Pit-1a and b isotype genes were analyzed by Northern blot hybridization and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The hormone concentrations were analyzed by radioimmunoassay, and the frequency of the placental trophoblast cells observed by a histochemical study. Reproductive data, such as the placental weight and litter size, were surveyed on day 20. The fetal weight was surveyed for 4 weeks after birth. A statistical analysis was carried out using the SAS program (version 8.1). Results : The mRNA levels of the PRL-GH gene family, such as placental lactogen I, Iv and II, prolactin like protein A, C and Cv, and decidual prolactin-related protein were significantly reduced due to BPA exposure. The mRNA levels of the Pit-1a and b isotype genes, which induce the expression of the PRL-GH gene family in the rat placenta, were also reduced due to BPA exposure. The PL-Iv and PL-II concentrations were reduced in the BPA exposed group. During the middle to last stage of pregnancy (Days 11-20), a high dose of BPA exposure reduced the frequency of spongiotrophoblast cells, which are responsible for the secretion of the PRL-GH hormones. Reproductive data, such as the placental and fetal weights and the litter size, were reduced, but that of the pregnancy period was extended in the BPA exposed compared to the control group. Conclusions : BPA disrupts the placental functions in rats, which leads to reproductive disorders.

The Study on Acute and Subacute Toxicity and Sarcoma-180 Anti-cancer Effects of Triglii Semen Herbal-acupuncture (파두약침(巴豆藥鍼)의 급성(急性) 아급성(亞急性) 독성실험(毒性實驗) 및 Sarcoma-180 항암효과(抗癌效果)에 관(關)한 실험적(實驗的) 연구(硏究))

  • Yoo, Chang-Kil;Kwon, Ki-Rok;Yu, Byeong-Gil
    • Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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    • v.5 no.1 s.8
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    • pp.27-42
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    • 2002
  • Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute and subacute toxicity and sarcoma- 180 anti-cancer effects of Herbal acupuncture with Triglii Semen in mice and rats. Method: Balble mice were injected intraperitoneally with Triglii semen Herbal acupuncture for $LD_{50}$ and acute toxicity test. Sprague Dawley rats were injected intraperitoneally with Triglii semen Herbal acupuncture for subacute toxicity test. The Triglii semen Herbal acupuncture was injected on Chung-wan(CV12) of mice with S-180 cancer cell line. Results: 1. In acute toxicity test, the $LD_{50}$ value was $7.49{\times}10^3$ml, 0.30ml/kg.2. The body weights of mice treated with Triglii semen Herbal acupuncture increased during the acute toxicity test. 3. In acute toxicity test of serum biochenrical values of mice, total protein was decreased in treatment groups I, 2 and 3, albunrin was decreased in treatment groups 2 and 3 compared to the control group. GOT was increased in treatment group I and Alk. Phosphatase was increased in treatment groups 1,2 and 3 compared to the normal group(p<0.05). 4.ln subacute toxicity test, severe tissue injury was found in lung and liver. 5. In subacute toxicity test, the body weight was decreased in treatment groups I and 2 compared to the normal group and the weight of liver. lung and kidney were increased in treatment groups 1, 2 and 3 compared to the normal group.(p<0.05) 6. In subacute toxicity test, RBC, HGB and HCT were decreased in treatment groups 1 and 2 compared to the normal group. MCV was increased in treatment group1 compared to the normal group, MCH was increased in treatment groups 1 and 2 compared to the control group in complete blood count test.(p<0.05) 7. In subacute toxicity test, total protein was decreased in treatment groups 1 and 2 compared to the nonnal group, BUN was increased in treatment groups 1 and 2 compared to the nonnal group, creatinine and uric acid were decreased in treatment groups 1 and 2 compared to the normal group, glucose was increased in treatment group 2 compared to the nonnal group, triglycelide was decreased in treatment groups I and 2 compared to the normal group, total cholesterol was increased in treatment groups 1 and 2 compared to the control group. GOT was decreased in treatment group 2 compared to the normal and control group, AIk. Phosphatase was increased in treatment group 1 compared to the normal and control group.(p<0.05) 8. Median survival time was 17days in treatment group 2 for S- 180 cancer cell treated with Triglii semen Herbal acupuncture. 9. Natural killer cell activity was insignificant for S-180 cell treated with Triglii semen Herbal acupuncture.(p<0.05) 10. lnterieukin-2 productivity was decreased for S-180 cell treated with Triglii semen Herbal acupuncture compared to the normal and control group.(p<0.05) Conclusion: According to the results, we can conclude Herbal-acupuncture with Triglii semen caused toxicity, and caused no effects in S-180 cancer cell.

Strategic Direction and Road Map of Expanding Prevention of Winter Disease in the Summer (동병하치 확산을 위한 전략적 방향과 이행방안)

  • Song, Ho-Sueb
    • Journal of Acupuncture Research
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    • v.27 no.3
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    • pp.147-157
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    • 2010
  • Objectives : The purpose of this study was to propose appropriate strategic directions and road maps for successful achievement of programs preventing winter disease in the summer. Methods : Details on programs preventing winter disease in the summer such as clear concept, theoretical basis, current status, intervention or available prescriptions and indication/contraindication/caution were prepared through the related journal review, upon which an observational study was devised and done for simulation to find out even a trivial problem and to guarantee the safety beforehand. The experimental group was divided into 5 groups by the size of pill and the way ginger is treated; 1cm pill with ginger group, 3cm pill group without ginger, 3cm pill group dipped into ginger, 3cm pill group applying ginger to acupoints and 3cm pill group with ginger Results 1. program preventing winter disease in the summer was defined as representative winter diseases such as common cold, influenza, chronic asthma, chronic bronchitis, allergic rhinitis, emphysema, chronic gastritis and rheumatoid arthritis, and preventive care in the summer, reinforcing deficient yang qi of five viscera by using exuberant yang qi from summer heat. 2. It was based upon historically established theories which is 'nourishing yang qi in the spring and summer', 'long summer, namely rainy spell in the summer overwhelms the winter, because of earth winning water according to the five phases theory' and 'To replenish yang qi is major principle to treat winter diseases, which can be most appropriately and timely applied to the patient with deficient yang qi of five viscera inherently, especially in the three dog days of the summer, because of exuberant exterior yang qi and deficient interior yang qi in the five viscera'. 3. In the adjacent China and Taiwan, acupoint applying method in the three dog days named 'San Fu Tie' have been stirring a boom throughout the nation, in which Xiaochuan Gao was used as a basic prescription and it mainly was applied at bilateral $BL_{13}$, $_{15}$ and $_{17}$ for about 4 hours. As far as domestic current status, the necessity of adopting the above method prior to Herbal formula was also recognised, because not a few koreans have apprehension for the safety of it including medicinal herbs and are reluctant to take it any more due to negative advertisement of narrow minded doctors' association. 4. Indication of acupoint applying method in the three dog days included most of winter diseases such as common cold, influenza, chronic asthma, chronic bronchitis, allergic rhinitis, emphysema, chronic gastritis. contraindication was pregnant woman and the weak such as infants and the old. More attention was paid to grasp firmly the normal reaction following the treatment for preventing side effect and teasing blister. recommendation was also given to abstain from food inducing phlegm and dampness such as meat, shrimp and crab as well as cold drinks and foods 5. In the simulation observational study based upon the above findings following review the related articles, no blister was shown on the acupoints icluding bilateral $BL_{13}$, $_{15}$ and $_{17}$ in every experimental group during 24hr observation following the acupoint applying treatment with pills made by modified and devised prescription. At 4 hr, the effectiveness of it reached a peak showing redness and mild tenderness and there is little difference between groups 3cm pills groups regardless of the way ginger was treated. abdominal distention and growling was found in all the volunteers during the treatment at CV 8. Strategic directions and road maps : Through successful fulfillment of the program preventing winter disease in the summer, Korean traditional medicine should be integrated into mainstream national health care services. Cultural access was thought to be as important as Scientific EBM approach. First of all, To evoke potential cultural homogeneity from campaigns and press advertisement was needed for promoting public awareness about preventing winter disease in the summer by enhancing immunity via acupoint applying treatment in the three dog days, and then indigenous name as Sambokcheop, protocol, Clinical Research Form for data collection of it should be developed and prepared. Once the first step was taken this summer, through a thorough data collection and scrutinized scientific evaluation, drawbacks should be compensted for and the efficacy and safety should be substantiated.

Interactions between Oxidative Pentose Phosphate Pathway and Enzymes of Nitrate Assimilation "Nitrate Reductase, Nitrite Reductase, Glutamine Synthetase$_1$" and Ammonium Reassimilation "Glutamine Synthetase$_2$" as affected by $No_3$-Concentration ($No_3$-수준이 Oxidative Pentose Phosphate Pathway와 질산동화작용 효소"Nitrate Reductase, Nitrite Reductase, Glutamine Synthetase$_1$" 및 암모늄재동화작용 주요효소"Glutamine Synthetase$_2$"활성도의 상호관계에 미치는 영향)

  • Sohn, Sang-Mok;Michael James Emes
    • KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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    • v.37 no.5
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    • pp.468-475
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    • 1992
  • In order to understand more clearly the integration between N-assmilation and C-metabolism in relation to N fertilization, a pot experiment with 5 different level of N fertilization(0, 5, 10, 25, 50 mM NO$_3$$_{[-10]}$ ) was conducted in Manchester, U.K. The peas (Pisum sativum L., cv. Early Onward) were sown in vermiculate (5 cm depth) and cultivated for 6 days under temperature controlled dark room conditions ($25^{\circ}C$). The plants received frequent irrigation with a nutrient solution: it was fertilized every 2 days, 3 times a day at 10h, 13h, 16h respectively. Elevated NO$_3$$^{[-10]}$ concentration, the activity levels of NR, NiR, total GS(crude extract), GS$_2$(plastid) in both root and shoot were increased and reached the peak in 5~25 mM, except NiR specific activity which increased its activity continually until 50 mM NO$_3$$^{[-10]}$ treatment. Total activities of GS (crude extract) in both root and shoot became higher than those of GS$_2$(Plastid), and the activity ratios of total GS in the crude extract and GS$_2$ in the plastids were 3.0 to 4.3 in root, but 3.2 to 10.6 in shoot. It was concluded that the reductants and A TP from OPPP itself should be enough to achieve the high rate of NR, NiR, GS$_1$, GS$_2$ in plant root and shoot for reduction or assimilation of nitrogen, but these enzyme activities might be inhibited by an excess of NO$_3$$^{[-10]}$ influx over the reduction capacity.

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Nitrification of the Soil Applied Urea for Winter Barley as Basal Dressing and Following Nitrate Release to the Environment (추파대맥(秋播大麥) 재배시 기비(基肥)로 시용(施用)한 요소(尿素)의 질산화(窒酸化)및 그에 따른 질산태질소(窒酸態窒素)의 환경(環境)에의 방출(放出))

  • Kim, Sok-Dong;Soh, Chang-Ho;Kwon, Yong-Woong;Lim, Ung-Kyu
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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    • v.12 no.2
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    • pp.112-120
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    • 1993
  • The use of fertilizer N is essential for maximum economic yield of crops. Meanwhile, enrichment of $NO_3^-$in the environment has to be avoided. Winter barley crop has a short duration of growth before winter, but is used to receive N greater than 60 kg/ha at seeding. Experiments were performed to determine the quantitative aspect of the fate of soil applied urea N among the residual, leached, and uptaken by winter barley (cv. Olbori), and to evaluate the effect of soil temperature on nitrification. Four levels of urea (0, 40, 80, and 120 kg N/ha) was basal-dressed to Olbori. $NH_4^+$ appeared dominant in the soil until 40 days after seeding, whereas $NO_3^-$ did thereafter. Nitrification rate at $5^{\circ}C$ of soil temperature was 40 to 50% of that at $15^{\circ}C. Linear increases in the number of ammonia oxidizing and nitrite oxidizing bacteria of the soil was present as the level of urea fertilization was higher. Less than 60% of N applied at seeding was uptaken by winter barley until mid-March but 50% was lost from death of older barley leaves during overwintering. Thereby only 10% of the applied N remained in the barley in spring. Only 15% of the applied N was present in the rhizosphere. The 17 to 20% of the soil applied N leached out as $NO_3^-$ the rhizosphere. Nitrogen leaching during winter was estimated to be 16 and 20 kg/ha when the basal application level of urea fertilization was 80 and 120 kg/ha, respectively.

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Comparison of Climatic Conditions of Sweet Pepper's Greenhouse between Korea and the Netherlands (한국과 네덜란드의 파프리카 재배온실의 시설 내.외부 기상환경 비교)

  • Jeong, Won-Ju;Myoung, Dong-Ju;Lee, Jeong-Hyun
    • Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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    • v.18 no.3
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    • pp.244-252
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    • 2009
  • This research aims at comparison of climatic conditions of sweet pepper's greenhouse between Korea (KOR) and the Netherlands (NL) to find out the reason of much lower yield in KOR than NL focus-ing on greenhouse climatic conditions. Hence, greenhouse climate data were obtained from each one commercial glasshouse in both countries. The crops (cv. 'Derby') were grown on rockwool slab with two stems per plant with 3.75plants/$m^2$ in KOR and three stems per plant with 2.5plants/$m^2$ or four stems per plant with 1.875plants/$m^2$ in NL. Even though plant density was differed but stem density was on the same to 7.5stems/$m^2$. There was no significantly difference on weekly growth of sweet pepper plant both countries, whereas harvested nodes to whole nodes of NL's plant was more than two times higher compared to KOR. The averaged daily global radiation during the whole growing periods was 14.5MJ/$m^2$/day in KOR and l2.1MJ/$m^2$/day in NL. Averaged 24h temperature was similar to both glasshouse as $21.6^{\circ}C$ in KOR and $21.2^{\circ}C$ in NL during the whole growing periods, however the variance was higher in KOR than NL. Humidity deficit (HD) was observed higher in KOR during the whole growing periods. Averaged day $CO_2$ concentration was measured contrary pattern in both countries because of heating to greenhouse on NL winter season. Averaged 24h temperature and day $CO_2$ concentration to daily global radiation was regular pattern in NL, whereas there are large scatter in KOR. Consequently, more irregular greenhouse climate condition in KOR could be induced irregularly crop growth.

Modeling and Validation of Population Dynamics of the American Serpentine Leafminer (Liriomyza trifolii) Using Leaf Surface Temperatures of Greenhouses Cherry Tomatoes (방울토마토에서 잎 표면온도를 적용한 아메리카잎굴파리(Liriomyza trifolii) 개체군 밀도변동 모형작성 및 평가)

  • Park, Jung-Joon;Mo, Hyoung-Ho;Lee, Doo-Hyung;Shin, Key-Il;Cho, Ki-Jong
    • Korean journal of applied entomology
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    • v.51 no.3
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    • pp.235-243
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    • 2012
  • Population dynamics of the American serpentine leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess), were observed and modeled in order to compare the effects of air and tomato leaf temperatures inside a greenhouse using DYMEX model builder and simulator (pre-programed module based simulation programs developed by CSIRO, Australia). The DYMEX model simulator consisted of a series of modules with the parameters of temperature dependent development and oviposition models of L. trifolii were incorporated from pre-published data. Leaf surface temperatures of cherry tomato leaves (cv. 'Koko') were monitored according to three tomato plant positions (top, > 1.8 m above the ground level; middle, 0.9 - 1.2 m; bottom, 0.3 - 0.5 m) using an infrared temperature gun. Air temperature was monitored at the same three positions using a self-contained temperature logger. Data sets for the observed air temperature and average leaf surface temperatures were collected (top and bottom surfaces), and incorporated into the DYMEX simulator in order to compare the effects of air and leaf surface temperature on the population dynamics of L. trifolii. The initial population consisted of 50 eggs, which were laid by five female L. trifolii in early June. The number of L. trifolii larvae was counted by visual inspection of the tomato plants in order to verify the performance of DYMEX simulation. The egg, pupa, and adult stage of L. trifolii could not be counted due to its infeasible of visual inspection. A significant positive correlation between the observed and the predicted numbers of larvae was found when the leaf surface temperatures were incorporated into the DYMEX simulation (r = 0.97, p < 0.01), but no significant positive correlation was observed with air temperatures(r = 0.40, p = 0.18). This study demonstrated that the population dynamics of L. trifolii was affected greatly by the leaf temperatures, though to little discernible degree by the air temperatures, and thus the leaf surface temperature should be for a consideration in the management of L. trifolii within cherry tomato greenhouses.

Development of a Method for Analyzing the Nicotine Content in Synthetic Flavoring Substances as Unauthorized E-cigarette Liquid by Using HPLC (전자담배 액상 충진제와 유사한 합성착향료 중 니코틴의 HPLC 분석법 개발)

  • Kim, Jae-Young;Lee, Sang-Mok;Chang, Moon-Ik;Cho, Yoon-Jae;Lee, Han-Jin;Chae, Young-Sik;Rhee, Gyu-Sik
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.45 no.6
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    • pp.693-699
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    • 2013
  • A simple, sensitive, and specific method for quantifying the nicotine content of synthetic favoring substances (SFS) was developed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a photo-diode array detector (PDA). Nicotine was extracted from SFS samples by using an acid-base liquid-liquid extraction method with dichloromethane and distilled water. The nicotine content was quantified by HPLC/PDA (261.9 nm) with a $C_{18}$ column under a gradient of 10% acetonitrile with 20 mM ammonium formate (ammonia solution adjusted to pH 8.7) to 100% acetonitrile. The calibration curve, analyzed from concentration standards between 0.1 to 2 mg/L, presented linearity with a correlation coefficient ($r^2$)>0.9999. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) of nicotine in SFS was 0.4 mg/kg, and the average recoveries ranged from 76.4% to 96.3%. The repeatability of measurements, expressed as the coefficient of variation (CV%), ranged from 1.74 to 5.12%. This newly developed method for nicotine quantification in SFS can be considered an analytical method with an acceptable level of sensitivity and repeatability.

Physicochemical Characteristics of the Sorghum(Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) Powder following Low Temperature-Microparticulation (저온초미분쇄에 따른 수수가루의 이화학적 특성)

  • Kim, Hyun-Young;Seo, Hye-In;Ko, Jee-Yeon;Kim, Jung-In;Lee, Jae-Saeng;Song, Seuk-Bo;Jung, Tae-Wook;Kim, Ki-Young;Kwak, Do-Yeon;Oh, In-Seok;Jeong, Heon-Sang;Woo, Koan-Sik
    • The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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    • v.25 no.3
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    • pp.656-663
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    • 2012
  • Two sorghum(Sorghum bicolor L. Moench cv. Hwanggeumchal-susu and Miryang 3) samples were milled using different milling methods, and their physicochemical properties were tested. Particle size was classified into five groups such as pin mill and low temperature-microparticulation(LTM; 10,000, 20,000, 30,000, and 40,000 rpm). The water absorption index (WAI), water solubility index(WSI), and a rapid Visco analyzer(RVA) were used to examine particle size distribution and color differences. Particle size of sorghum flour prepared using LTM was lower than that prepared using a pin mill. Particle size was further reduced by successive dry milling of the LTM flour. Lightness of colored pigments increased when particle size decreased. The WAI of Miryang 3 pin milling(M1) flour was the lowest after LTM, and WSI was higher in the order of M2, M3, M4, and M5. LTM sorghum flour had significantly higher pasting viscosity, as determined using a rapid Visco analyzer. LTM Miryang 3 sorghum flour(M2~M5) flour showed lower breakdown viscosity and higher final viscosity compared to those of M1 flour, resulting in an increased setback value.

Modified QuEChERS Multi-Residue Analysis Method for 61 pesticides in Fruits using with HPLC and GC-ECD/NPD (HPLC 및 GC-ECD/NPD를 이용한 과일 중 61종 농약의 QuEChERS 전처리 다성분 분석법 개발)

  • Lee, Ju-Young;Hong, Su-Myeong;Kim, Taek-Kyum;Min, Zaw Win;Kim, Yang-Hyeon;Song, Kyung-Ae;Kwon, Hye-Yong;Lee, Hee-Dong;Im, Geon-Jae;Kim, Doo-Ho;Kim, Jang-Eok
    • The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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    • v.16 no.3
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    • pp.242-256
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    • 2012
  • QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) method has been a lot of research for pesticide analysis, because it is very simple and fast. However, this method requires high sensitivity instrument such as LC-MS/MS because of the use of small sample volume and many impurities compared to the conventional method. So, QuEChERS method needs to be modified for using with HPLC and GC-ECD/NPD. The aim of this work was to study the application of the QuEChERS method as well as its modification for the extraction and preconcentration of 5 groups of 61 pesticides from 4 fruits prior to their determination by HPLC-PDA, GC-ECD/NPD, and LC-MS/MS. The method was validated using spiking levels at 0.1 mg/kg (or 0.01 mg/kg) in apple, grapes, pear and persimmon. The average recovery by QuEChERS AOAC Official 2007. 01 version using the LC-MS/MS varied from 71.1127.4% for 61 pesticides. The average recovery rates using modified QuEChERS varied from 70.9~126% for 61 pesticides by HPLC-PDA and GC-ECD/NPD. The results satisfied the criteria of multiple pesticide residue analysis, setting 70~130% for recovery rates and below 30% for CV.