• 대한전기학회논문지:전기물성ㆍ응용부문C
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• 제54권5호
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• pp.224-226
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• 2005

In this paper, the secular changes of buried grounding electrodes was investigated; the electrodes are such facilities as grounding grid, grounding connector, grounding terminal and grounding rod etc.. The corrosiveness of removed substation grounding electrodes after commercial operation more than 50 years was measured and its conductivity deterioration trend was analyzed. The measuring results using three experimental methods were compared, finally the consideration for safe and economic grounding design were shown. As the result, it shows the maintenance necessity of grounding systems.

• 조명전기설비학회논문지
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• 제23권9호
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• pp.67-74
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• 2009

뇌전류와 같이 고주파성분을 함유한 서지전류나 전자통신기기의 전자기장해를 유발하는 고주파 이상전류에 대하여 접지전각은 주파수에 의존적인 상당히 복합적인 입피던스의 특성을 보인다. 접지전극의 접지임피던스는 접지전극의 크기를 증가시켜도 낮아지지 않고, 대지의 특성과 주파수 조건에 따라 접지임피던스가 최소값을 보이는 접지전극의 길이가 존재하며, 이 접지전극의 길이를 대지의 특성과 주파수 조건에 대한 임계길이라 정의한다. 본 논문에서는 분포정수회로모델을 이용하여 수직접지전극과 수평접지전극의 임계길이를 산정하였으며, 실험결과와의 비교를 통해 타당성을 확인하였다.

• 조명전기설비학회논문지
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• 제26권9호
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• pp.57-63
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• 2012

The basic purpose of grounding is for human safety and normal operation of system related to electrical shock hazard by faults of electrical equipments. A grounding electrode is defined as a conducting element that connects electrical systems and/or equipment to the earth. The lowest possible resistance connection to the earth is sought from the grounding electrode. The grounding electrode is the foundation of the electrical safety system. The resistance to ground of vertical electrodes buried in the two deference soil structures has been analyzed for a length of electrodes and soil parameters. The equation of ground resistance of vertical electrodes are Tagg's equation for uniform soil models, and modified equation of Dwight equation for two-layer soil model. In this paper, compared with results of two equations are calculated values of vertical electrode in uniform and two-layer soil models.

• 조명전기설비학회논문지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.76-83
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• 2014

This paper deals with the numerical method of calculating the frequency-dependent impedances of grounding electrodes. The proposed electromagnetic field approach is based on the solutions to Maxwell's equations obtained from the method of moment in the frequency domain. In order to evaluate the quality of the proposed simulation method, the frequency-dependent impedances of horizontally-buried ground electrodes were presented. The program for calculating the current distributions and impedances of grounding electrodes was implemented in MATLAB. The grounding impedances of two 10m and 50m long horizontal ground electrodes were measured and simulated in the frequency range from 100Hz to 10MHz for easy analysis and comparison. Also the simulated results were compared with those calculated from a sophisticated computer program CDEGS (HIFREQ module). As a result, the resultant results of frequency-dependent impedances obtained by using the numerical simulation method proposed in this work are in good agreement with experimental data. The validity of the approach techniques was confirmed.

• 조명전기설비학회논문지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.108-114
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• 2011

In order to mitigate the possible hazards from electric shock due to the touch and step voltages, the high resistivity material such as gravel is often spread on the earth's surface in substations. When the grounding electrode is installed in two-layer soil structures, the surface layer soil resistivity is different with the resistivity of the soil contacted with the grounding electrodes. The design of large-sized grounding systems is fundamentally based on assuring safety from dangerous voltages within a grounding grid area. The performance of the grounding system is evaluated by tolerable touch and step voltages. Since the floor surface conditions near equipment to be grounded are changed after a grounding system has been constructed, it may be difficult to determine the tolerable touch and step voltage criteria. In this paper, to propose an accurate and convenient method for evaluating the protective performance of grounding systems, the propriety of the method for evaluating the current flowing through the human body around on a counterpoise buried in two-layer soils is presented. As a result, it is reasonable that the grounding system performance would be evaluated by measuring and analyzing the current flowing through the human body based on dangerous voltages such as the touch or step voltages and the contact resistance between the ground surface and feet.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2001년도 하계학술대회 논문집 C
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• pp.1741-1743
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• 2001

This paper presents the induced ground potential rise distributions on several ground electrodes buried nearby. These experiments were conducted with the impulse currents as a function of the ground electrodes types and distances from the current injection point. The ground potential is significantly induced in the vicinity of ground electrodes, and the induced ground potential rises can caused unwanted erratic operation of electronic device.

• 조명전기설비학회논문지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.35-41
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• 2011

In order to design effectively the grounding system, it is very important to determine the optimum soil resistivity at the desired location of the connection to earth. This paper deals with the reasonable methods of measuring the soil resistivity where grounding electrodes are buried. The soil resistivity at three test sites with different resistivity of soil were measured as functions of the spacing between the test probes in the Wenner's four-point method and the length of test ground rod in the three-point method. In the case of the three-point method, the length of test ground rod of 2-10[m] in length was appropriate in two-layered soil structure. In the length range of 2-10[m], the results measured by the three-point method using the test ground rod with the length corresponding to the spacing between the test probes of the Wenner's four-point method are in good agreement with the data obtained from the Wenner's four-point method.

• 조명전기설비학회논문지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.36-40
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• 2009

콘크리트 전주는 배전선로 지지물로서 널리 사용되고 있다. 전주의 접지저항을 규정치 이내로 유지하기 위하여 동피복 접지봉을 포함한 여러 종류의 접지전극들이 사용되어 왔다. 전주 내부에는 철근이 들어있기 때문에 지중에 매설되는 전주 하단은 어느 정도 구조체접지극으로서 작용을 하게 된다. 본 논문에서는 전주 접지선으로 시험전류를 주입하면서 주입되는 전류와 금속 접지극으로 분류되는 전류를 각각 측정하였다. 이로써 전주 구조체로 분류되는 전류의 간접측정이 가능하였다. 측정결과에 근거하여 금속 접지극의 접지저항과 전주 구조체로 분류되는 전류크기 간의 상관관계를 분석하였다.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제65권5호
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• pp.745-752
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• 2016

The parameters of Debye's equation were applied to analyze the frequency-dependent ground impedance of horizontally-buried wires. We present a new method, based on Debye's equation, of analyzing the effect of polarization on frequency-dependent ground impedance. The frequency-dependent ground impedances of a horizontally-buried wire are directly measured and calculated by applying sinusoidal current in the frequency range of 100 Hz to 10 MHz. Also, the results obtained in this work were compared with the data calculated from empirical equations and commercial programs. A new methodology using the delta-gap source model is proposed in order to calculate frequency-dependent ground impedance when the ground current is injected at the middle-point of the horizontal ground electrode. The high frequency ground impedance of horizontal electrodes longer than 30 m is larger or equal to its low frequency ground resistance. Consequently, the frequency-dependent ground impedance simulated with the proposed method is in agreement with the experimental data, and the validity of the computational simulation approach is confirmed.

• 조명전기설비학회논문지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.68-74
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• 2011

The touch or step voltages which exist in the vicinity of a grounding electrode are closely related to the earth structure and resistivity and the ground current. The grounding design approach is required to determine the grounding electrode location where the hazardous voltages are minimized. In this paper, in order to propose a method of mitigating the electric shock hazards caused by the ground surface potential rise in the vicinity of a counterpoise, the hazards relevant to touch voltage were evaluated as a function of the soil resistivity ratio $\rho_2/\rho_1$ for several practical values of two-layer earth structures. The touch voltage and current on the ground surface just above the test electrode are calculated with CDEGS program. As a consequence, it was found that burying a grounding electrode in the soil with low resistivity is effective to reduce the electric shock hazards. In the case that the bottom layer soil where a counterpoise is buried has lower resistivity than the upper layer soil, when the upper layer soil resistivity is increased, the surface potential is slightly raised, but the current through the human body is reduced with increasing the upper layer soil resistivity because of the greater contact resistance between the earth surface and the feet. The electric shock hazard in the vicinity of grounding electrodes is closely related to soil structure and resistivity and are reduced with increasing the ration of the upper layer resistivity to the bottom layer resistivity in two-layer soil.