• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Toxicology Conference
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• 2002.11b
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• pp.146-146
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• 2002

The alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay was used to clarify in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity of 2-bromopropane (2-BP). For in vitro studies, fresh medium containing 2-BP (2.50, 1.00, 0.50, 0.25, 0.10, 0.05, 0.01 mM, and vehicle control) were added in human lymphocytes.(omitted)

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Toxicology Conference
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• 2003.10b
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• pp.116-116
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• 2003

2-Bromopropane (2-BP), a halogenated propane analogue, is a substitute for chlorofluorocarbones (CFCs) which have a great potential to destroy the ozone layer and to warm the earth's environment. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the potential adverse effects of 2-BP on pregnant dams and embryo-fetal development after maternal exposure during the gestational days (GO) 6 through 17 in ICR mice.(omitted)

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.188.1-188.1
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• 2003

2-Bromopropane (2-BP) is a major component of the mixture of SPG-6AR and Solvent 5200 that is a substitute of chlorofluorocarbon. Many female workers exposed to 2-bromopropane in a Korean electronic company were found to have amenorrhea and male workers were diagnosed with oligospermia. In the present studies, immunotoxic effects of 2-BP and an analog, 1,2-dibromopropane (1 ,2-DBP), were investigated in female BALB/c mice. (omitted)

• Proceedings of the Korea Environmental Mutagen Society Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.116-116
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• 2003

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Life Science Conference
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• 2008.10a
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• pp.70.2-70.2
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• 2008

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.272-288
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute(4 hrs) and repeated-dose(6 hrs a day, 5 days a week, 8 weeks) toxic effects of 1-bromopropane(1-BP) on Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats which were treated by inhalation. The results were as follows ; 1. The median lethal concentration($LC_{50}$) was estimated 14,374 ppm(confidence limit 95% ; 13,624~15,596 ppm) in acute inhalation. Abnormal clinical signs related to the 1-BP were not observed with the acute inhalation dose. Gross findings of necropsy revealed no evidence of specific toxicity related to the 1-BP. 2. By sub-acute inhalation the body weights of male and female were significantly reduced(p<0.001) by the dose of 1,800 ppm compared with control group, while the relative weights of liver were significantly increased(p<0.001) in both sexes. However there were no significant variation in food consumption, urine biochemistry, hematology and blood biochemistry for the exposed rats compared with the control rats. Abnormal clinical signs and gross findings of necropsy related to the 1-BP were not shown. No toxicologic lesions were observed by the histopathological test.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.127-133
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• 2006

Recently, we have reported that the environmental pollutant 2-bromopropane (2-BP) induces a significant embryo-fetal developmental toxicity in rats. However, the cause of developmental toxicity and the relationship between maternal and developmental toxicities could not be elucidated because the developmental toxicity of 2-BP was observed only in the presence of maternal toxicity The in vitro teratogenicity study using whole embryo culture was carried out to understand the teratogenic properties and the possible mechanism of teratogenicity induced by 2-BP in rats. Rat embryos aged 9.5 days were cultured in vitro for 48 hrs at medium concentrations of 0, 1, 3, or 10 mg/ml of 2-BP. Embryos were evaluated for growth, differentiation, and morphological alterations at the end of the culture period. At 10 mg/ml, 2-BP caused a delay in the growth and differentiation of embryos and an increase in the incidence of morphological alterations, including altered yolk sac circulation, abnormal axial rotation, craniofacial hypoplasia, open neuropore, absent optic vesicle and kinked somites. At 3 mg/ml, only a delay in the growth and differentiation of embryos was observed. There were no adverse effects on embryonic growth and development at the concentration of 1 mg/ml. The results showed that the exposure of 2-BP to rat embryos results in a developmental delay and morphological alterations at dose levels of 3 mg/ml culture media or higher and that 2-BP can induce a direct developmental toxicity in rat embryos.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.279-288
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• 1997

The penetrating speeds of organic solvents into the nude mouse skin were measured by in vitro methods(diffusion cell methods) and in vivo methods(measuring internal residues of the organic solvents). The results were as follows: 1. The penetrating speeds of toluene, m-xylene, MEK, MIBK, ethanol, IPA and 2-bromopropane into the skin were $0.4832mg/cm^2/h$, $0.1738mg/cm^2/h$, $1.124mg/cm^2/h$, $0.6627mg/cm^2/h$, $1.747mg/cm^2/h$, $1.359mg/cm^2/h$, and 2-bromopropane $4.165mg/cm^2/h$ respectively. 2. The penetrating speeds of the mixtures of two, toluene and m-xylene, the mixture of three, IPA, ethyl acetate, and MIBK, the mixture of five, toluene, m-xylene, IPA, ethyl acetate, and MIBK were $0.172mg/cm^2/h$, $1.431mg/cm^2/h$, and $2.983mg/cm^2/h$ respectively. 3. The absorption speeds of 2-bromopropane and styrene which were measured by in vivo processes were $3.12mg/cm^2/h$ and $1.44mg/cm^2/h$ respectively. The absorption speed of 2-bromopropane mesured in vivo was 74.9% of that measured by in vitro methods, $4.165mg/cm^2/h$.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.30 no.10
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• pp.2309-2317
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• 2009

Depurination, the release of purine bases from nucleic acids by hydrolysis of the N-glycosidic bond, gives rise to alterations of the cell genome. Though cells have evolved mechanisms to repair these lesions, unrepaired apurinic sites have been shown to have two biological consequences: lethality and base substitution errors. 2-Bromopropane (2-BP) is used as an intermediate in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, dyes, and other organics. In addition, 2-BP has been used as a replacement for chloroflurocarbons and 1,1,1-trichloroethane as a cleaning solvent in electronics industry. However, 2-BP was found to cause reproductive and hematopoietic disorders in local workers exposed to it. Owing to the toxicity of 2-BP, there has been a tendency to use 1-BP as an alternative cleaning solvent to 2-BP. However, 1-BP has also been reported to be neurotoxic in rats. Though $N^7$-guanine adduct of 2-BP has been reported previously, massive depurination of the nucleosides and calf thymus DNA was observed in this study. We incubated the nucleosides (ddG, dG, guanosine, ddA, dA and adenosine) with excess amount 2-BP at the physiological condition (pH 7.4, $37\;{^{\circ}C}$), which were analyzed by HPLC and LC-MS/MS. In addition, the time and dose response relationship of depurination in nucleosides induced by 2-bromopropane at the physiological condition was investigated. Similarly, incubation of calf-thymus DNA with the excess amount 2-BP at the physiological condition was also performed. In addition, the time and dose response relationship of depurination in calf-thymus DNA induced by 2-BP at the physiological condition was investigated. Those results suggest that the toxic effect of 2-BP could be both from the depurination of nucleosides and DNA adduct formation.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.241-248
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• 2001

Exposure to 2-Bromopropane has been known to cause degeneration of male germ cells. However the mechanism underlying this process is poorly understood. The objective of this study was to determine whether or not the exposure of male Sprague-Dawley rats to 2-BP induces apoptosis in male germ cells. Male rats(N=3 or 4 in each group) were orally administered either with the corn oil vehicle (10 ml/kg body weight) or with 2-BP (3,500 mg/kg) once a day for 3 days. The presence of apoptosis was determined by TUNEL detection in situ and by an increase in DNA fragmentation. A low spontaneous incidence of apoptosis was observed in vehicle control animals, especially in pre-meiotic germ cells of stages I-VI and stages XII-XIV the seminiferous tubules. In 2-BP exposure rats, the incidence of apoptosis markedly increased at 4 h, reached a peak at 8 h (about 7-fold over control), and then decreased rapidly to control level by 48 h after the last administration. Although apoptosis induced by 2-BP occurred in all stages of germ cells, it was most pronounced in spermatogonia and early spermatocytes in stages I-VI and stages XII-XIV. Taken together, our results suggest that apoptosis is involved in the toxicity of testicular germ cells resulting in oligospermia or azoospermia after exposure to 2-BP.