• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.203-216
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• 2023

The composite beam connections often encountered fracture failure in the welded bottom flange joint, and a bottom flange bolted connection has been proposed to increase the deformation ability of the bottom flange joint. The seismic performance of the bottom flange bolted composite beam connection was suffered from both the composite action of concrete slab and the asymmetric load transfer mechanisms between top and bottom beam flange joints. Thus, this paper presents a comprehensive numerical study on the working mechanism of the bottom flange bolted composite beam connections. Three available modelling methods and a new modelling method on the flange-stud-slab interactions were compared. The efficient numerical modeling method was selected and then applied to the parametric study. The influence of the composite slab, the bottom flange bolts, the shear composite ratio and the web hole shape on the seismic performance of the bottom flange bolted composite beam connections were investigated. A hogging strength calculation method was then proposed based on numerical results.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.57-70
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• 2016

The predominant type of buckling that I-steel concrete composite beams experience in the negative moment area is distortional buckling. The key factors that affect distortional buckling are the torsional and lateral restraints by the bottom flange. This study thoroughly investigates the equivalent lateral and torsional restraint stiffnesses of the bottom flange of an I-steel concrete composite beam under negative moments. The results show a coupling effect between the applied forces and the lateral and torsional restraint stiffnesses of the bottom flange. A formula is proposed to calculate the critical buckling stress of the I-steel concrete composite beams under negative moments by considering the lateral and torsional restraint stiffnesses of the bottom flange. The proposed method is shown to better predict the critical bending moment of the I-steel composite beams. This article introduces an improved method to calculate the elastic foundation beams, which takes into account the lateral and torsional restraint stiffnesses of the bottom flange and considers the coupling effect between them. The results show a close match in results from the calculation method proposed in this paper and the ANSYS finite element method, which validates the proposed calculation method. The proposed calculation method provides a theoretical basis for further research on distortional buckling and the ultimate resistance of I-steel concrete composite beams under a variable axial force.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.657-670
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• 2021

This paper presents a designing method for enhancing fire resistance of steel box bridge girders (closed steel box bridge girder supporting a thin concrete slab) through taking into account such parameters namely; fire severity, type of longitudinal stiffeners (I, L, and T shaped), and number of longitudinal stiffeners. A validated 3-D finite element model, developed through the computer program ANSYS, is utilized to go over the fire response of a typical steel box bridge girder using the transient thermo-structural analysis method. Results from the numerical analysis show that fire severity and type of longitudinal stiffeners welded on bottom flange have significant influence on fire resistance of steel box bridge girders. T shaped longitudinal stiffeners applied on bottom flange can highly prevent collapse of steel box bridge girders towards the end of fire exposure. Increase of longitudinal stiffeners on bottom flange and web can slightly enhance fire resistance of steel box bridge girders. Rate of deflection-based criterion can be reliable to evaluate fire resistance of steel box bridge girders in most fire exposure cases. Thus, T shaped longitudinal stiffeners on bottom flange incorporated into bridge fire-resistance design can significantly enhance fire resistance of steel box bridge girders.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.145-152
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• 1987

This paper suggests a method for the analysis of box girders which are subject to the membrane and the plate bending actions, Moreover, the method is applied to the box girders under distributed loads which have various geometrical types of cross sections and are made out of different materials. The approach is based on the finite element technique in which the structure is considered to be a spatial assemblage of flat plate elements and the deformations of the plates are to be approximated with 9-noded parabolic isoparametric elements. The results are summarized as follows. 1.In all models, the larger the widths of top flange inside of web are, the larger the vertical deflections are. 2.The maximum transverse and longitudinal moments in the composite box girders are judged to be larger than those in the RC box girders. 3.The transverse and the longitudinal moments in top flange of composite box. girders are larger than those in that of the RC box girders. 4.The transverse and longitudinal moments in web and bottom flange of the composite box girders are estimated to be very small in compare to those in web and bottom flange of the RC box girders.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제16권2호통권69호
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• pp.247-255
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• 2004

본 실험프로그램은 슬래브가 있는 합성보의 내진성능향상을 위해 기존 모멘트접합부의 내진보강 방법을 개발을 목적으로 수행하였다. 반복하중을 통해 5개의 실대형 합성실험체에 대한 실험을 수행하였다. 각형강관기둥과 H형강보로 이루어진 기존의 다이아프램접합부가 RBS 또는 개량수평스티프너를 통해서 하부플랜지에만 내진 보강되었다. 제안한 보강접합부의 효율성을 조사하였다. 실험결과 하부플랜지에만 RBS를 적용한 접합부는 부족한 변형성능을 나타냈지만, 개량스티프너를 적용한 합성보 접합부는 내진성능을 향상시켰다.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.25-31
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• 2010

An experimental investigation of composite beams composed of wide flange steel and precast concrete is presented. The bottom flange of the steel section is encased in precast concrete. The composite beams tested in this study were designed to reduce the depth of the slab and beam. The slabs are constructed on top of the edges of the Structural Composite Hybrid System, instead of on top of the steel flange, decreasing the depth of the beams. When concrete is cast on the metal deck plate located on the edges of the precast concrete, the weight of the concrete slabs and other construction loads must be supported by the contacts between the steel and the precast concrete. This interface must not exhibit bearing failures, shear failures, and failures caused by torque due to the loading of the precast concrete. When the contact area between the concrete and the bottom flange of the steel beam is small, these failures of the concrete are likely and must be prevented. The premature failure of precast concrete must not also be present when the weight of the concrete slabs and other construction loads is loaded. This paper presents a load carrying capacity of Structural Composite Hybrid System in order to observe the failure mode. The symmetrically distributed loading that caused the failure of the composite beam was found. The paper also provides design recommendations of such type of composite structure.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.419-444
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• 2009

Flange and web local buckling in beam plastic hinge regions of steel moment frames can prevent beam-column connections from achieving adequate plastic rotations under earthquake-induced forces. Reducing the flange-web slenderness ratios (FSR/WSR) of beams is the most effective way in mitigating local member buckling as stipulated in the latest seismic design specifications. However, existing steel moment frame buildings with beams that lack the adequate slenderness ratios set forth for new buildings are vulnerable to local member buckling and thereby system-wise instability prior to reaching the required plastic rotation capacities specified for new buildings. This paper presents results from a research study investigating the cyclic behavior of steel I-beams modified by a welded haunch at the bottom flange and reinforced with glass fiber reinforced polymers at the plastic hinge region. Cantilever I-sections with a triangular haunch at the bottom flange and flange slenderness ratios higher then those stipulated in current design specifications were analyzed under reversed cyclic loading. Beam sections with different depth/width and flange/web slenderness ratios (FSR/WSR) were considered. The effect of GFRP thickness, width, and length on stabilizing plastic local buckling was investigated. The FEA results revealed that the contribution of GFRP strips to mitigation of local buckling increases with increasing depth/width ratio and decreasing FSR and WSR. Provided that the interfacial shear strength of the steel/GFRP bond surface is at least 15 MPa, GFRP reinforcement can enable deep beams with FSR of 8-9 and WSR below 55 to maintain plastic rotations in the order of 0.02 radians without experiencing any local buckling.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제28권4A호
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• pp.457-463
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• 2008

종방향 보강재는 압축플랜지를 단순지지함으로써 국부좌굴강도를 증가시키는 역할을 수행한다. 최근 연구에 의하면, 종방향으로 적절한 간격을 두고 점지지 되었을 경우 그 선을 따라서 단순 지지된 경우와 동일한 좌굴강도를 보이는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 이 같은 연구결과로부터, 하부콘크리트에 부착된 전단연결재가 압축플랜지의 좌굴시 점지지 조건을 만족할 수 있다면 전단연결재가 단순지지의 역할도 수행할 수 있을 것이라는 예측이 가능하다. 이와 같은 사실이 입증이 된다면, 강박스거더 제작비에서 매우 큰 부분을 차지하는 종방향보강재를 생략할 수 있기 때문에 보다 경제적인 설계가 가능해 질 것이다. 본 연구에서는 하부압축플랜지에 종방향보강재를 대체할 전단연결재의 종방향 배치 시 최소간격 결정과 동시에 하부 콘크리트와 합성거동을 하기 위해 소요되는 전단연결재 소요 개수와 간격을 결정하기 위한 연구를 수행하였다.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.737-749
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• 2007

LRFD 법을 이용하여 3경간 연속 이중합성 박스거더교의 부모멘트를 받는 내측 교각 위 단면을 설계하였다. 3경간 연속교의 최대경간은 80-120m를 고려하였으며 경간비는 1:1.25:1로 가정하였다. 설계 시에는 최대부모멘트를 받는 이중합성거더 단면의 강도한계상태, 사용성한계상태 및 시공성 검토를 고려하였다. 하부 보강콘크리트가 압축플랜지에 합성되기 전에는 압축플랜지의 좌굴을 검토하였으며 합성 후에는 좌굴이 방지된 것으로 가정하였다. 이중합성 박스거더의 하부플랜지 위에 타설하는 콘크리트의 두께에 따른 단면전체의 휨강성과 휨저항강도를 비롯하여 인장플랜지, 압축플랜지 및 복부판의 휨강도를 비교 분석하였다. 상부플랜지와 하부플랜지 단면적비가 이중합성 박스거더의 연성거동 및 휨응력 분포에 미치는 영향을 검토하고 적절한 단면적비를 분석하였다. 하부 보강콘크리트의 유무에 따른 소요 강재량을 비교한 결과, 이중합성 거더의 경우가 기존 단일합성 거더에 비해 15% 내외의 강재량 절감효과가 있는 것으로 분석되었다.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.93-114
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• 2011

Flange and web local buckling in beam plastic hinge regions of steel moment frames can prevent beam-column connections from achieving adequate plastic rotations under earthquake-induced forces. This threat is especially valid for existing steel moment frame buildings with beams that lack adequate flange/web slenderness ratios. As the use of fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) have increased in strengthening and repair of steel members in recent years, using FRPs in stabilizing local instabilities have also attracted attention. Previous computational studies have shown that longitudinally oriented glass FRP (GFRP) strips may serve to moderately brace beam flanges against the occurrence of local buckling during plastic hinging. An experimental study was conducted at Izmir Institute of Technology investigating the effects of GFRP reinforcement on local buckling behavior of existing steel I-beams with flange slenderness ratios (FSR) exceeding the slenderness limits set forth in current seismic design specifications and modified by a bottom flange triangular welded haunch. Four European HE400AA steel beams with a depth/width ratio of 1.26 and FSR of 11.4 were cyclically loaded up to 4% rotation in a cantilever beam test set-up. Both bare beams and beams with GFRP sheets were tested in order to investigate the contribution of GFRP sheets in mitigating local flange buckling. Different configurations of GFRP sheets were considered. The tests have shown that GFRP reinforcement can moderately mitigate inelastic flange local buckling.