• 한국양식학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.253-260
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• 2002

To find the optimal rearing conditions for Saxidomus purpuratus juvenile, filtering activity was estimated as functions of algal concentration and temperature by measuring the rates of clearance (CR) and ingestion (IR), when S. purpuratus was feeding. The clams were fed on unialgal diet of Isochrysis galbana at 6 algal concentrations (4.6$\times$$10^4$~2.6$\times$$10^6$ cells/ml) and at 6 temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30^{\circ}C ). Algal concentration significantly affected the CR and the IR at all temperatures. At lower algal concentrations, CR increased, but decreased beyond a particular concentration. The maximum CR ($CR_{max}$) at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30^{\circ}C were 0.30, 1.73, 5.95, 15.17, 21.12, and 0.33 $l/g/h$, respectively. Below the level of 5.6$\times$10$^{5}$ cells/ml, IR increased as algal concentration increased, but was saturated at higher concentrations. To maintain high growth rate of S. purpuratus, I. galbana should be supplied with more than 5.6$\times$10$^{5}$ cells/ml. The maximum IR ($IR_{max}$) at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and30^{\circ}C were $2.2$\times$10^8, $1.5\times$10^9, 3.4$\times$10^9, 4.9$\times$10^9, 5.3$\times$10^9, and 1.0$\times$10^8$ cells/g/h, respectively. As for temperature, both $CR_max$ and $IR_max$ increased remarkably with raising temperature from 5 to 25^{\circ}C, but rapidly decreased at 30^{\circ}C. Between 15 and 25^{\circ}C $CR_{max} and IR_{max}$ were higher and most stable, At this temperature range, the $Q_{10}/s for CR_{max} and IR_{max}$ were 3.5 and 1.6, respectively. Therefore the optimal thermal range for the juvenile is 15~$25^{\circ}C$. The annual variation in IR$_{max}$ predicted by natural seawater temperature shows that inactive period (with lower $IR_max$) lasts for 5 months (from December to April). To ensure higher growth of juvenile during this inactive period at hatcheries, rearing temperature should be elevated to $15^{\circ}C$.>.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.413-420
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• 2015

Dexmedetomidine is a sedative and analgesic agent that exerts its effects by selectively agonizing ${\alpha}2$ adrenoceptor. Histamine is a pathophysiological amine that activates G protein-coupled receptors, to induce $Ca^{2+}$ release and subsequent mediate or progress inflammation. Dexmedetomidine has been reported to exert inhibitory effect on inflammation both in vitro and in vivo studies. However, it is unclear that dexmedetomidine modulates histamine-induced signaling and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. This study was carried out to assess how dexmedetomidine modulates histamine-induced $Ca^{2+}$ signaling and regulates the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes encoding interleukin (IL)-6 and -8. To elucidate the regulatory role of dexmedetomidine on histamine signaling, HeLa cells and human salivary gland cells which are endogenously expressed histamine 1 receptor were used. Dexmedetomidine itself did not trigger $Ca^{2+}$ peak or increase in the presence or absence of external $Ca^{2+}$. When cells were stimulated with histamine after pretreatment with various concentrations of dexmedetomidine, we observed inhibited histamine-induced $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ signal in both cell types. Histamine stimulated IL-6 mRNA expression not IL-8 mRNA within 2 hrs, however this effect was attenuated by dexmedetomidine. Collectively, these findings suggest that dexmedetomidine modulates histamine-induced $Ca^{2+}$ signaling and IL-6 expression and will be useful for understanding the antagonistic properties of dexmedetomidine on histamine-induced signaling beyond its sedative effect.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.185-191
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• 2003

본 연구는 "광안콩"의 20일 묘를 공시하여 $0{\sim}90\;mM$의 염분조건에서 콩의 생리학적 피해정도를 산정하고 내염성 품종선발과 육종계획에 요구되는 기초자료로 활용하고자 수행되었다. 엽록소의 함량은 정상적인 관수를 실시한 대조구에 비해 염분 처리에서 $15{\sim}60%$ 감소하였고 농도증가에 따라 감소정도가 크게 나타났다. 염분 처리에 따른 광합성과 호흡량은 각각 $28{\sim}48%$와 $16{\sim}34%$ 감소하였고 $O_2$ 생산 비율보다 $O_2$ 소모 비율이 높게 나타났다. 수분 potential은 정상 잎(-1.5 MPa)에 비해 염분처리에서는 농도별로 -2.13에서 -2.69 MPa로 직선적으로 감소하였다. 개화기 염처리에서 대조구 $13.3\;{\mu}g$의 약 $17{\sim}22%$로 감소한 $11.8{\sim}10.4\;{\mu}g$이었으며 증산저항은 $1.08{\sim}1.70\;S/m$로 증가하는 경향이었다. 콩 잎의 수분증산 저항에 미치는 염분의 영향은 잎 내부의 기층저항이 가장 심한 차이를 보였고 무처리에서 45.9 S/m인 반면 염분처리에서는 $53.5{\sim}56.6\;S/m$로 농도증가에 따라 증가하였으며 기공저항과 잎 경계면의 저항은 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 대부분의 무기물 함량은 뿌리보다 앞에서 축적량이 더 많게 나타났으나 $Na^+$만이 뿌리에 더 많이 축적되었고 N, P, $K^+$, $Ca^{2+}$ 및 $Mg^{2+}$는 무처리에 비해 오히려 그 축적량이 감소하였다. 염분처리에 따른 콩 잎의 유리 proline은 무처리($10.5\;{\mu}g$) 대비 $1.8{\sim}4.2$배 ($184{\sim}434\;{\mu}g$)로 염 농도가 증가함에 따라 축적량이 증가하는 경향이었다. Nitrate reductase의 활성은 염 농도가 증가함에 따라 증가하였으나 농도가 90 mM 염분 처리에서의 증가폭은 다소 둔화되는 경향이었다. 한편 peroxidase 활성 역시 염분농도가 증가함에 다라 증가하는 것으로 나타났다.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.161-170
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• 1989

Toxeplasma의 추출액을 3H-casein을 기질로 반응시켰을 때, pH 6.0과 PH 8.5에서 casein을 분해하였으며, pH 6.0에서는 cysteinyl protease의 억제제 인 iodoacetamide(rAh)에 의해 억제되 었고, 활성제 인 dithiothreitol (DTT)에 의해 환성이 증가하였다. 또 pH 8.5에서는 serine protease의 억제제인 phenylmethylsulfonil fluoride (PMSF)에 의해 활성이 억제되었으며, ATP를 첨가할 때 그 활성이 증가하여 ATP 의존성 효소임을 알 수 있었다. 위의 단백질 분해 효소를 부분 정제하기 위해 여러 chromatography를 실시하였는데, 먼저 DE52 (2.Sfx40 cm)에 통과시켰을 때, 0.05M-0.IM NaCl에 의해 유출되는 분획이 pH 6.0에서 황성을 나타내었으며, 0.25V- 0.3M에서 유출되는 분획이 pH 8.5에서 황성을 나타내었다. 이 분회들을 각각 Sephadex G-200 ($2.50{\phi}{\times}40cm$) 에 통과시켜 pH 6.0에서 활성을 나타내는 분획은 exclusion limit내에서, pH 8.5의 분획은 exclusion limit 외에서 분획을 얻었다. 이들을 각각 hydroxylapatite ($2.50{\phi}{\times}10cm$과 $2.5{\phi}{\times}20cm$)를 통과시켜 각각을 0.05M Phosphate로 유출되는 분회에서 높은 환성을 얻었다. 부분 정제된 분획들의 특성을 검토하기 위하여 억제제를 농도별로 처리하였을 때, pH 0.0에서의 분해 효소는 10-3M IAA에 의해 활성이 반감되어 cysteinyl acid protease임을 알 수 있었다. pH 8.5에서의 분해 효소는 10-5M PMSF에 의해 활성이 반감되었고, ATP에 의해 활성이 증가(ATP의 농도가 2.0mM 이상에서는 억제)하여 ATP-dependent neutral serine protease임을 알 수 있었다.

• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.1-5
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• 1986

In order to improve the net-mouth height of dragged gears, the authors devised models of floatingcollars of nylon cloth instead of floats and experimented with 4 types-A type (length 65em, breadth 3em), B type (length 65em, breadth 4em), C type (length 65em, breadth 5em) and D type (length 65 em, breadth 6em) attached respectively to the front edge of square of a model net after preliminary experimentation. These various types of floating collars were experimented in a circulating water channel to evaluate the characteristics of net-mouth height and hydrodynamic resistance and the effect of the length of bridles were also examined. The results obtained were as follows: 1. In case of attaching floats, the model net-mouth height reduced from 80 em to 20 em when current velocity was increased from 0.25m/see to 1m/sec. 2. In case of attaching floating collars, the model net-mouth heights were maintained 70 em, 71 em, 80 em, 78 em in maximum and 55 em, 63 em, 69 em, 73 em in minimum respectively even the current volocity was increased from 0.25 m/see to 1 m/see. 3. The model net-mouth height was reduced to 10 em maximum according to the current velocity and types of floating collars when the bridles were shortened 3~4 mm in length. 4. Hydrodynamic resistance of D type only was increased to 700 g in maximum and those of A, B, C type were reduced to 460 g in maximum at current velocity beyond 0.5 m/ see when bridles were shortened 3-4 mm in length. 5. But the model net-mouth heights became higher in accordance with breadth of floating coliars, B type was the best for this model net in case that hydrodynamic resistance was taken into account.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권9호
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• pp.1354-1360
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• 2006

Maize-soybean meal diets with 0, 100, 200 and 300 g/kg double zero rapeseed meal ('00' RSM) with and without an enzyme mixture (xylanase, pectinase, cellulase) at a level of 1.6 g/kg were evaluated with 624 day-old broiler chicks for 5 weeks. The birds were randomly allocated to eight dietary treatments with three replicates of 26 birds each. Average daily gain (ADG) and feed intake (FI) were recorded weekly and ileal viscosity, organ weights, serum enzyme activity, hormonal profile and hematological parameters were measured at the end of week 5. Average daily gain during the weekly periods was significantly influenced by the dietary level of '00'RSM (p<0.01). Inclusion of '00' RSM improved the ADG up to day 28 with the increased level; beyond that time no improvement was recorded when compared to control groups. However, ADG from 1-35 days was significantly different between 300 g/kg inclusion level of '00' RSM and the control diet. Inconsistent decline in feed intake and feed conversion ratio was observed up to day 21 and the trend was reversed thereafter. The proportion of '00' RSM in the diet had a significant ($p{\leq}0.05$) influence on thyroid weight but had no effect on the relative weights of liver and heart, serum enzyme activities (${\gamma}$-glutamyl transferase, alanine amino transferase and aspartate amino transferase), thyroid hormones ($T_3$ and $T_4$), hemoglobin level and hematocrit. Significant improvement in ADG was recorded during the 2nd week of age with the addition of enzyme, whereas for all other periods, including the whole period of the trial, higher but non-significant ADG was observed. FI and FCR were not affected by the addition of enzyme but there was a numerical reduction in FCR during the whole period. The addition of enzyme reduced the ileal viscosity at all levels of '00' RSM inclusion. The results suggest that '00' RSM can be included up to 300 g/kg in broiler diets without any adverse effects on health and performance. The addition of commercial enzyme mixture containing xylanase, pectinase, cellulase to broiler diets containing '00'RSM has some effect on growth rate and feed conversion efficiency.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.49-64
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• 1993

규폐증의 신기능 장애 평가를 위한 기초 자료를 제공하기 위하여, 우리나라 일부 지역의 진폐요양기관에서 규폐증으로 치료중인 환자 58명을 실험군으로 하고 폐결핵으로 6 개월이상 치료중인 환자 40명을 결핵 대조군 그리고 일반사무직 근로자 51명을 건강대조군으로하여, 신기능 장애의 예민한 지표로 알려진 요중 N-ncetyl-$\beta$-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) 활성치를 측정하여 얻은 바를 아래와 같이 요약 한다. 1. 조사대상자 전체의 혈중 요소질소와 혈청 크레아티닌은 대상자 모두에서 참고치내에 있어 임상적으로 신장장애의 소견을 보이지 않았으나, 요중 NAG 활성치는 $7.25{\pm}7.31U/g\;creatinine$으로서 신기능 장애 선별기준 이상의 측정치를 보여 보다 민감한 검사 결과를 나타내었다. 2. 규폐증군의 요중 NAG 활성치는 $11.98{\pm}9.05U/g\;creatinine$으로서 결핵대조군($5.71{\pm}4.33U/g\;creatinine$) 및 건강대조군($3.63{\pm}1.67U/g\;creatinine$)에 비하여 통계학적으로 유의하게 증가되어 있었으나(p<0.05), 결핵대조군과 건강대조군에서는 유의한 차이를 나타내지 않았다(p>0.05). 3. 결핵대조군에서 결핵의 병증에 따라 요중 NAG 활성치가 증가되는 양상을 보였으나 통계학적으로 유의 하지않았고(p>0.05), 치료약제중 신장애 유발 항결핵제를 사용한 대상자에서 요중 NAG 활성치는 유의하게 증가되어 있었다(p<0.05). 4. 규폐증군에서 결절의 크기가 클수록 그리고 신장애 유발 항결핵제를 사용한 자 및 발병기간이 짧았던 자의 경우 요중 NAG 활성치가 증가되는 양상을 보였으나, 통계학적으로 유의한 차이는 아니었다(p>0.05). 5. 신독성 항결핵제 사용자를 제외한 요중 NAG 활성치는 건강대조군과 결핵대조군에서 각각 3.63U/g creatinine, 3.60U/g creatinine으로 차이를 보이지 않았으나, 규폐증군에서는 10.90U/g creatinine 으로 현저히 증가되어 있었다. 이상의 결과로 규폐증에서는 일반적인 건강진단 항목상의 신기능 검사에 이상소견을 보이지 않은 경우라도 신장기능의 변화가 동반될 수 있으며, 요중 NAG 활성치를 분진 폭로 근로자에게 적용하면 산업보건학적 측면에서 근로자의 건강관리를 위하여 매우 유익한 자료가 될 것으로 생각한다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제35권7호
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• pp.779-790
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• 2002

Nutritional factors affecting bone mineral density (BMD) in the different age groups of Korean women were investigated to obtain baseline data for maintaining bone health. Information on diet and anthropometry were collected in 80 elementary school children (height 127.2 cm, weight 27.3 kg), 84 high school students (height 161.6 cm, weight 52.4 kg), 100 adults aged 25 to 35 years (height 159.4 cm, weight 52.7 kg) and 120 elderly people over 60 years of age (height 150.9 cm, weight 55.6 kg). Data for nutrient intake were obtained by 24-hour recall method. BMDs of lumbar spine (L$_2$-L$_4$) and femoral neck were measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. The relationship between BMD of femoral neck and nutritional factors were analyzed. The average BMD of femoral neck for females was 0.61 g/$\textrm{cm}^2$ in children, 0.88 g/$\textrm{cm}^2$ in adolescents, 0.90 g/$\textrm{cm}^2$ in adults, 0.64 g/$\textrm{cm}^2$ in elderly people. Among the adult subjects, 11.0% was classified as osteopenia in the femoral neck. For the elderly, the prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis were 34.2% and 47.5% of the subjects. It was shown the intake of energy, protein, plant protein, animal protein, fat, carbohydrate, Ca, P, Fe, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin C, carbohydrate energy percent and fat energy percent influenced bone health status in all age groups. In the MAR on bone health status, children, adult and elderly subjects were significantly different among groups classified by bone health status and the MAR of the groups with good in bone health was higher. The RDA percent of each nutrient was influence factor on BMD. Nutrient intake of energy, protein, P, Fe, thiamin, niacin were lower BMD on below 75% of Korean RDA. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that several dietary factors were influence on BMD. MAR on femoral neck BMD of children and elderly subjects was the highest influence factor. Beyond this, the most influential dietary factors on BMD were the vitamin A, total Ca and vegetable Ca. The above results have confirmed that dietary factors influence BMD in various age groups. Energy, protein, Ca, P, Fe, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin C as well as MAR were important dietary factors influencing BMD. The results of this study revealed that people who received sufficient nutrients intake showed healthy bone status. The MAR mainly influenced the bone health status.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제40권12호
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• pp.1743-1749
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• 2011

본 연구는 절인배추의 저장성을 연장하기 위해 전기분해수를 이용하여 초기 미생물 제어효과를 살펴보았다. 절인배추 공정 중 미생물 제어 가능한 1차 세척, 절임, 2차 세척공정에 전해수를 이용하였으며, 총균, 젖산균, 대장균군, pH, 염도, 비타민 C 및 총당을 분석하였다. 미생물 결과 1차 세척한 처리구의 총 균수는 초기에 비해 2.78 log cfu/g 수준 감소하였으며 대장균군수도 비슷한 수준으로 감소하였다. 탈염과정인 2차 세척공정 후 전해수 처리구가 수도수 처리구에 비해 최대 1.5 log cfu/g 감소하였다. 염수의 경우 배추의 오염에 영향을 받은 것으로 나타났으며, 수도수 처리구에 비해 전해수 처리구의 미생물수가 낮았으며, 저장 6시간째에 비해 15시간째 높게 나타나 절이는 동안 미생물이 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 염도는 절임 동안 증가하는 경향을 나타냈으며 절임 3시간째 증가률이 가장 높았다. 처리구들 간에 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 절임수의 염도는 배추와 비슷한 경향을 보였으며 절임 3시간째까지 급격하게 증가하였으며 그 이후 점진적으로 감소하였다. 절이는 동안 전해수의 차아염소산 농도는 3시간째 90% 이상 감소하여 절임수로 전해수를 이용할 경우 살균효과가 절임시간 동안 지속될 수 없음을 알 수 있었다. 비타민 C는 절임 동안 감소하였으며 총당은 절임에 큰 영향을 받지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 결과적으로 전해수의 사용은 절인배추의 미생물을 효과적으로 제어하여 품질을 향상시킬 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.111-118
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• 1983

To evaluate natural history of ovarian dysgerminoma and role of radiation therapy in treatment of ovarian dysgerminoma, retrospective study was carried out in 5 nonirradiated cases and 20 irradiated cases. Conclusions are as follows: 1. Radiation therapy is essential in treatment of ovarian dysgerminoma. 2. Even in stage 1 a, significant recurrence rate is expected in surgery only group. 3. Even in recurrent cases, if adequate radiotherapy is given in stage 1-3, we can predict near complete curability and in stage 4, we can get considerable benefit. 4. Dysgerminoma beyond stage 2 is highly fatal without radiotherapy. 5. Involved field irradiation including whole abdomen and booster RT on bulky tumor area is sufficient in radiotherapy of stage 1, 2, 3, without paraaortic node involvement. Further mediastinal and supraclavicular irradiation is indicated in stage 4 or stage 1, 2, 3, with paraaortic involvement. 6. If bilateral salphingoophorectomy was done. Elective irradiation is recommended in any condition because preservation of ovarian function is not further needed. 7. In cases of small encapsulated stage 1a, We can delay post op. RT under close observation in order to preserve fertility.