• The Korean Journal of Ecology
• /
• v.18 no.3
• /
• pp.299-305
• /
• 1995

Feeding activites during nestling period of Coal tit (Parus ater) were studied at breeding sites in Mt. Chiri. The average feeding frequency per hour of female Coal tit exceeded that of the male. The average excrement-cleaning frequency per hour of female exceeded that of male, with a longer feed duration. The feeding frequency per hour was generally higher in the morning, and the female exceeded the male in the frquency. It is shown that male of the Coal tit in nestling period played a major role in territorial defense compared with female.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.251-258
• /
• 1997

Few attempts have been made to discover the ecological function of coarse woody debris (CWD) despite its importance to small mammal population. Twenty-five pitfall traps and a hundred live traps were placed in three sites with high amounts of CWD and three sites with low amounts of CWD. Eleven species were caught, and Peromyscus maniculatus was the most abundant (45.6%, n=605). Among 11 speices, abundance of Tamias townsendii and Clethronomys gapperi were higher in sites with high amounts of CWD than in sites with low amounts of CWD. Home range size was larger in breeding season than in non-breeding season indicating mating search. Resident time of Peromyscus maniculatus was longer in sites with high amounts of CWD implying better stability in population. The increasing amount of coarse woody debris (CWD) enhanced the habitat use by small mammals, and animals in high amounts of CWD were more abundant and stable in population fluctuation. This study, therefore, concludes that CWD is a critical habitat element for small mammals in forest ecosystem.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
• /
• v.25 no.6
• /
• pp.365-369
• /
• 2002

We had 18 eggs artificially hatched in a mass breeding place of black-tailed gulls and examined the individual recognition between young siblings in a laboratory environment. The results of the experiment showed that the young gulls selectively responded to their siblings and non-siblings at an early stage after hatching. It was shown that they began to recognize the begging call among the voice signals of siblings and non-siblings 15-16 days after hatching, and the chirirah call 11-12 days after hatching. Also, more significant results were shown with the chirirah call than with the begging call. In an experiment of visual recognition between siblings and non-siblings, the young black-tailed gulls approached their siblings significantly 9-10 days after hatching. The recognition between young siblings in a mass breeding place provides an important evolutionary indicator in terms of their social behaviors.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.47 no.3
• /
• pp.194-201
• /
• 2014

To elucidate which climate factors and what periods affect the time of breeding migration of Gori salamanders (Hynobius yangi), we have investigated relationships between the 5-years breeding monitoring data from 2006 to 2010 which had obtained in both natural and translocated breeding sites at Bongdae mountain, Gijang-gun, Busan-si and the matched climate data obtained from the weather station, approximately 25 km apart from the sites. Mean average and mean lowest temperatures during one month before the first breeding migration were related with the time of first female migration in the translocated site. Mean temperature variation and mean precipitation during 60~120 days before the first breeding migration affected the time of 30% male appearance at the natural site and the time of 30% female appearance at both natural and translocated sites. Climate factors were more closely related with female appearance than male and at the translocated site than at the natural site. Our results show that changes in mean temperature variation and mean precipitation rather than mean average temperature might more significantly affect the breeding migration of salamanders, female breeding migration is more closely related with climate factors, and the salamanders translocated could be more affected by climate changes than those in natural populations.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.53 no.3
• /
• pp.221-228
• /
• 2020

We studied the development of the endangered gold-spotted pond frog, Pelophylax chosenicus eggs and analyzed growth and survival rate of the tadpoles while feeding different feed to obtain the basic data on the its biological traits and reproduction. We observed the fertilized eggs of gold-spotted pond frog that naturally spawned in a breeding tank using a microscope. Fertilized eggs were sphere shape surrounded by colloid layers, clearly distinct with animal and plant poles. The fertilized eggs hatched 31 hours after fertilization and operculum complete at 175 hours after fertilization at water temperature of 27.0±1.0℃. As a result of growth and survival rate by different feed from 35 days after mouth open stage, vegetable feed (VF) group and tetra-min (T) group were significantly higher average weight gain rate (WG)(5843.9% and 5736.3%, respectively) and average specific growth rate (SGR) (11.67% and 11.62, respectively) compared with other groups (WG: 641.8~4625.2%, SGR: 5.72~11.01%). The vegetable (V) group showed the lowest growth rate (P<0.05). The average feed efficiency was 177.83% in the VF group, about 17 times higher than the V group. In addition, the average survival rate of the VF and T groups were the high at 97.5% and 100%, respectively, and the V group was the lowest at 32.5%. Therefore, the more efficient feeds for successful breeding is singly with VF or T.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.32 no.6
• /
• pp.582-590
• /
• 2018

Although there are many studies of the effect of climate change on the breeding phenology and community diversity of amphibians, the studies of variations in reproductive population size of individual species according to climate change are still lacking. We examined the effect of climate change on the reproductive population size of Rana huanrenensis and Hynobius leechii, which bred in mountain valleys, by surveying the reproductive population of the two species between 2005 and 2012 and analyzing the correlation between the variation of the outdoor population and the surrounding climate change factors, obtained from a meteorological observatory located at 5.6 km from the study site. The size of the reproductive population of the two species commonly fluctuated with aan pproximately 3.5-year cycle. That of H. leechii, in particular, decreased significantly over eight years. The air temperature tended to more closely relate with the reproductive population size of R. huanrenensis as was the case of the precipitation with that of H. leechii. The yearly mean highest temperature and spring mean temperature variation consistently decreased over the eight years, and the latter was related with the significantly decreased size of H. leechii reproductive population. These results showed that recent climate change directly could affect the reproductive population size of amphibians, particularly H. leechii, which breeds in mountain valleys.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.23 no.6
• /
• pp.528-534
• /
• 2009

Styan's Grasshopper Warblers (Locustella pleskei) are vulnerable species distributed in East-Asia only. Its known breeding sites in Korea are remote islets including Hongdo Islet, Chilbal Islet, Mara Islet, and Chuja Islets, and, therefore, the breeding biology of this species is still poorly known. This study was conducted on Mara Islet (N $33^{\circ}$ 06', E $126^{\circ}$ 16') from May to September 2008 to investigate the breeding status and breeding site characteristics of the grasshopper warblers. A total of 11 breeding pairs and their nests were found on trees and shrubs at artificially planted forests and hedges of Pinus thunbergii. The grasshopper warblers preferentially utilized the shrub trees for nesting places, and major nesting trees were Camellia japonica, Pittosporum tobira and Pinus thunbergii as nesting trees. Average heights of nesting trees and nests were $2.77{\pm}1.10m$ and $1.75{\pm}0.56m$, respectively. The grasshopper warblers selected lower shrubs and trees for nesting than randomly selected ones around them, probably to avoid strong and prevailed winds in flat and un vegetated environments on Mara Islet. The shape of nests was a round bowl-type, and measurements of nests were $11.9{\pm}0.5cm$ in exterior nest diameter, $11.1{\pm}1.1cm$ in height of exterior nest, $5.8{\pm}0.4cm$ in interior nest depth, and 6.0cm in interior nest diameter. It incubated eggs until the early August on Mara islet, and incubation periods of Mara Islet was possibly later than that of other areas. Furthermore, the clutch size in the study area was three, and they laid smaller number of eggs than normal clutch size (4~5 eggs) reported in other areas. Although we could not observe any nest predator on this species in the study area, selective cutting and pruning of trees will diminish dense shrub layer of forests. Therefore, it may affect the breeding of this threatened species which prefers dense shrubs of artificially planted forest of Pinus thunbergii. This study suggests that detailed and consistent further research on breeding biology and habitats of the grasshopper warblers are needed to conserve and manage of Pinus thunbergii forests on Mara Islet as an important breeding site of Styan's Grasshopper Warblers.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Environment and Ecology Conference
• /
• 2008.10a
• /
• pp.43-45
• /
• 2008

본 연구는 천연기념물로 지정된 백로 왜가리 집단번식지의 보호 및 관리에 대한 기초자료 확보 및 DB구축마련을 위해 무안, 양양, 통영, 횡성, 여주, 진천의 6개의 지정지역을 대상으로 2008년 6월$\sim$9월까지 번식지 현 실태, 개체수, 수목훼손율을 파악하였다. 현지 조사결과 백로류의 집단 도래지는 주변 개발로 인하여 채식지 부족 현상, 백로류의 배설물로 인한 고사목의 증가, 천연기념물지정 후 관리미흡 등 많은 위협을 받고 있었다. 천연기념물 백로류 번식지 중 통영의 경우 현재 백로와 왜가리가 도래하지 않았으며, 다른 지역의 번식지는 도래 개체수가 급격히 감소하였다. 백로류 번식지의 고사목이 늘어나면서 둥지목의 그루수는 감소하였고, 둥지목당 번식둥지가 증가하는 현상을 보여주었다.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.31 no.3
• /
• pp.249-253
• /
• 2008

We conducted field and laboratory observations of the life histories and fungal hosts of the darkling beetle, Platydema nigroaeneum Motschulsky. P. nigroaeneum, a fungivorous tenebrionid beetle, was a widespread inhabitant of fungi on deciduous trees (Quercus, Salix, Alnus and Carpinus etc.) in Korea. Development from egg to adulthood took $4\sim11$ months in nature and about 66 days in the laboratory at $25.5{\sim}26.1^{\circ}C$ and $63.5\sim64.5%$ relative humidity. Both larvae and adults overwintered in their host fungi or beneath the bark of the host tree near the host fungi. Sporophores of Coriolus $Qu{\acute{e}}let$, Bjerkandera Karst., Daedaleopsis Schroet. and Merulius were common feeding and breeding sites in Korea.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.96 no.2
• /
• pp.125-130
• /
• 2007

The principal morphological characters used for identification of hydrangea cultivars are often dependent on agroclimatic conditions. Furthermore, information on the selection or the genetic background of the hydrangea breeding is so rare that a molecular marker system for cultivar identification is needed. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers were employed for fingerprinting Hydrangea macrophylla cultivars and candidate cultivars of H. macrophylla selected in Korea. One AFLP primer combination was sufficient to distinguish 17 H. macrophylla cultivars and 4 candidate cultivars. The profile of 19 loci that can minimize the error of amplification peak detection was constructed. AFLP markers were efficient for identification, estimation of genetic distances between cultivars, and cultivar discrimination. Based on the observed AFLP markers, genetic relationship was reconstructed by the UPGMA method. Seventeen H. macrophylla cultivars and H. macrophylla for. normalis formed a major cluster, and candidate cultivars selected in Korea formed another cluster.