Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment (생태와환경)

The Korean Society of Limnology (한국수생태학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Characterizing Development of Endangered Gold-spotted Pond Frog (Pelophylax chosenicus) Focused on Egg Development and Growth and Survival Rates of Tadpoles with Different Feed

멸종위기 야생생물 금개구리 (Pelophylax chosenicus)의 난 발생 및 먹이 종류에 따른 올챙이의 성장 및 생존율 분석

  • Kim, Keun-Sik (Research Center for Endangered Species, National Institute of Ecology) ;
  • Song, Yebin (Department of Bio & Environmental Technology, Seoul Women's University) ;
  • Park, Chang-Deuk (Research Center for Endangered Species, National Institute of Ecology) ;
  • Kang, Dong Won (Research Center for Endangered Species, National Institute of Ecology) ;
  • Yoon, Ju-Duk (Research Center for Endangered Species, National Institute of Ecology)
  • 김근식 (국립생태원 멸종위기종복원센터) ;
  • 송예빈 (서울여자대학교 생명환경공학과) ;
  • 박창득 (국립생태원 멸종위기종복원센터) ;
  • 강동원 (국립생태원 멸종위기종복원센터) ;
  • 윤주덕 (국립생태원 멸종위기종복원센터)
  • Received : 2020.08.13
  • Accepted : 2020.09.07
  • Published : 2020.09.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

We studied the development of the endangered gold-spotted pond frog, Pelophylax chosenicus eggs and analyzed growth and survival rate of the tadpoles while feeding different feed to obtain the basic data on the its biological traits and reproduction. We observed the fertilized eggs of gold-spotted pond frog that naturally spawned in a breeding tank using a microscope. Fertilized eggs were sphere shape surrounded by colloid layers, clearly distinct with animal and plant poles. The fertilized eggs hatched 31 hours after fertilization and operculum complete at 175 hours after fertilization at water temperature of 27.0±1.0℃. As a result of growth and survival rate by different feed from 35 days after mouth open stage, vegetable feed (VF) group and tetra-min (T) group were significantly higher average weight gain rate (WG)(5843.9% and 5736.3%, respectively) and average specific growth rate (SGR) (11.67% and 11.62, respectively) compared with other groups (WG: 641.8~4625.2%, SGR: 5.72~11.01%). The vegetable (V) group showed the lowest growth rate (P<0.05). The average feed efficiency was 177.83% in the VF group, about 17 times higher than the V group. In addition, the average survival rate of the VF and T groups were the high at 97.5% and 100%, respectively, and the V group was the lowest at 32.5%. Therefore, the more efficient feeds for successful breeding is singly with VF or T.

멸종위기 양서류 금개구리의 생물학적 특성 및 증식을 위한 기초자료 확보를 위해 난 발생 및 올챙이 초기 먹이 종류에 따른 영향에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 사육수조 내에서 자연산란한 금개구리의 수정란을 현미경 하에서 관찰하였다. 수정란은 교질층에 둘러싸인 구형으로, 동물극과 식물극이 명확하게 구분되었다. 수온 27.0±1.0℃에서 수정 후 31시간 뒤에 부화하였으며, 수정 후 175시간 뒤에 아가미 뚜껑을 완성하였다. 개구 이후 단계부터 35일간 먹이종류별 성장 및 생존율을 분석한 결과 식물성 사료와 테트라민 단독 공급군의 평균 증체율(각각 5843.9%, 5736.3%), 평균 일일성장률 (각각 11.67%, 11.62%)이 다른 공급군들 (증체율: 641.8~4625.2%, 일일성장률: 5.72~11.01%)에 비해 가장 높았고(P<0.05), 야채 공급군이 가장 낮았다(P<0.05). 평균 사료 효율은 식물성 사료공급군이 177.83%로 야채 공급군 10.29%에 비해 약 17배 높았다. 또한 식물성 사료와 테트라민 단독 공급군의 평균생존율은 각각 97.5%, 100%로 가장 높았으며, 야채 공급군은 32.5%로 가장 낮았다. 따라서 금개구리의 성공적인 증식을 위한 올챙이 먹이는 식물성 사료 또는 테트라민을 단일로 공급하는 것이 가장 효율적인 것으로 판단된다.

Keywords

References

  1. Altig, R. and J.P. Kelly. 1974. Indices of feeding in anuran tadpoles as indicated by gut characteristics. Herpetologica 30(2): 200-203.
  2. Altig, R. and R.W. McDiarmid. 1999. Tadpoles: the biology of anuran larvae (ed.). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, USA.
  3. Altig, R., M.R. Whiles and C.L. Taylor. 2007. What do tadpoles really eat? Assessing the trophic status of an understudied and imperiled group of consumers in freshwater habitats. Freshwater Biology 52(2): 386-395. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2006.01694.x
  4. Amin, N.M., M. Womble, C. Ledon-Rettig, M. Hull, A. Dickinson and N. Nascone-Yoder. 2015. Budgett's frog (Lepidobatrachus laevis): A new amphibian embryo for developmental biology. Developmental Biology 405(2): 291-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.06.007
  5. Bellakhal, M., A. Neveu, M. Fartouna-Bellakhal, H. Missaoui and L. Aleya. 2014. Effects of temperature, density and food quality on larval growth and metamorphosis in the North African green frog Pelophylax saharicus. Journal Thermal Biology 45: 81-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2014.08.006
  6. Borzee, A., C.N. Kyong, H.K. Kil and Y. Jang. 2018. Impact of water quality on the occurrence of two endangered Korean anurans Dryophytes suweonensis and Pelophylax chosenicus. Herpetologica 74(1): 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1655/Herpetologica-D-17-00011
  7. Crump, M.L. 1990. Possible enhancement of growth in tadpoles through cannibalism. Copeia 1990(2): 560-564. https://doi.org/10.2307/1446361
  8. Denver, R.J. 1997. Proximate mechanisms of phenotypic plasticity in amphibian metamorphosis. American Zoologist 37(2): 172-184. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/37.2.172
  9. Gang, Y.S. and I.B. Yoon. 1975. Illustrated guide book of Korean animal and plant animal edition (Amphibian and Reptile). Ministry of Education, Seoul, 190 pp. (in Korean)
  10. Gosner, K.L. 1960. A simplified table for staging anuran embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica 16(3): 183-190.
  11. Harkey, G.A. and R.D. Semlitsch. 1988. Effects of temperature on growth, development, and color polymorphism in the ornate chorus frog Pseudacris ornata. Copeia 1988(4): 1001-1007. https://doi.org/10.2307/1445724
  12. Howard, R.D. 1978. The influence of male-defended oviposition sites on early embryo mortality in bullfrogs. Ecology 59(4): 789-798. https://doi.org/10.2307/1938783
  13. IUCN. 2020. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: http://www.iucnredlist.org/
  14. Kim, J.I., I.B. Yoon and S.Y. Yang. 1998. Study on the food hatibs of Rana nigromaculata Hallowell and Rana plancyi chosenica Okada (Salientia; Ranidae) in Korea. Korean Journal of Environmental Biology 16(2): 69-76. (in Korean)
  15. Kupferberg, S.J. 1997. The role of larval diet in anuran metamorphosis. American Zoologist 37: 146-159. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/37.2.146
  16. Lee, J.H. and D.S. Park. 2016. The encyclopedia of Korean amphibians. Nature and Ecology, Seoul, 248pp. (in Korean)
  17. Lofts, B., J.J. Wellen and T.S. Benraad. 1972. Seasonal changes in endocrine organs of the male Common Frog, Rana temporaria III. The gonads and cholesterol cycle. General and Comparative Endocrinology 18: 344-363. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-6480(72)90221-3
  18. Minister of Environment (MOE). 2012. Protection and Management of Wildlife Act Enforcement.
  19. Nagai, Y., S. Nagai and T. Nishikawa. 1971. The nutritional efficiency of cannibalism and an artificial feed for the growth of tadpoles of Japanese toad (Bufo vulgaris sp.). Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 35: 697-703. https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb1961.35.697
  20. Nathan, J.M. and V.G. James. 1972. The role of protozoa in the nutrition of tadpoles. Copeia 1972(4): 669-679. https://doi.org/10.2307/1442727
  21. National Institue of Biological Resources (NIBR). 2018. Korean endangered species. National Institue of Biological Resources, Incheon, 593pp. (in Korean)
  22. Pandian, T.J. and M.P. Marian. 1985. Predicting anuran meta-morphosis and energetics. Physiological Zoology 58: 538-552. https://doi.org/10.1086/physzool.58.5.30158581
  23. Park, S.G., N.Y. Ra, J.D. Yoon and M.H. Chang. 2018. Maximum travel distance of Pelophylax chosenicus. Korean Journal of Herpetology 9(1): 12-16. (in Korean)
  24. Park, S.K., D.S. Park, H. Lee and M.S. Min. 2009. A study of genetic diversity for conservation among local populations of the gold-spotted pond frog, Rana plancyi chosenica (Amphibia: Ranidae). Korean Journal of Herpetology 1(1): 21-33. (in Korean)
  25. Pfennig, D.W. 1990. The adaptive significance of an environmentally-cued developmental switch in an anuran tadpole. Oecologia 85: 101-107. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00317349
  26. Pryor, G.S. 2014. Tadpole nutritional ecology and digestive physiology: implications for captive rearing of larval anurans. Zoo Biology 33(6): 502-507. https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.21152
  27. Ra, N.Y., J.H. Lee and D.S. Park. 2007. Growth of golden frog larvae, Rana plancyi chosenica by different food types. Korean Journal of Environmental Biology 25(1): 8-15. (in Korean)
  28. Ra, N.Y., H.C. Sung, S. Cheong, J.H. Lee, J. Eom and D. Park. 2008. Habitat use and home range of the endangered gold-spotted pond frog (Rana chosenica). Zoological Science 25(9): 894-904. https://doi.org/10.2108/zsj.25.894
  29. Smith, D.C. 1987. Adult recruitment in chorus frogs effects of size and date at metamorphosis. Ecology 68(2): 344-350. https://doi.org/10.2307/1939265
  30. Smith-Gill, S.J. and K.A. Berven. 1979. Predicting amphibian metamorphosis. The American Naturalist 113(4): 563-585. https://doi.org/10.1086/283413
  31. Steinwascher, K. 1978. The effect of coprophagy on the growth of Rana catesbeiana tadpoles. Copeia 1978(1): 130-134. https://doi.org/10.2307/1443833
  32. Sung, H.C., N.Y. Ra, S.W. Cheong, S.K. Kim, S.M. Cha and D.S. Park. 2009. Reproductive dynamics of the Gold-spotted pond frog (Rana plancyi chosenica) population located at Cheongwon, Korea. Korean Journal of Environmental Biology 27(1): 20-30. (in Korean)
  33. Taylor, C.L., R. Altig and C.R. Boyle. 1995. Can anuran tadpoles choose among foods that vary in quality? Alytes 13: 81-86.
  34. Yoon, I.B., J.I. Kim and S.Y. Yang. 1998. Study on the food habits of Rana nigromaculata Hallowell and Rana plancyi chosenica Okada (Salientia; Ranidae) in Korea. Korean Journal of Environmental Biology 16: 69-76. (in Korean)