• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.110-122
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between food behavior and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) score in elementary students in Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do. Two hundreds and thirty two students (113 male and 119 female) in grades 4~6 participated. We assessed food behavior by using Nutrition Quotient (NQ). NQ was examined by an NQ questionnaire, which consisted of 19 food behavior checklist items. Their items were grouped into five categories: balance, diversity, moderation, regularity, and practice. All data were statistically analyzed by SPSS 18.0. Among the five factors, NQ for food behavior and balance factor showed the lowest score, whereas that of diversity factor showed the highest score. The final Nutrition Quotient (NQ) score weighted on such five factors was 62.59 points. The average level of ADHD by Conners-Wells Adolescent Self-Report Scale (Short Form) [CASS(S)] was 17.02 points out of a total of 81 points. Six students (2.2%) who scored more than 41 points were classified as ADHD risk. By gender, male students (19.76 points) showed a higher CASS(S) score than female students (14.41 points) did. There was a significant negative correlation between NQ and CASS(S) score (r=-0.445, P<0.001). Multiple regression determined the effects of moderation ($Exp({\beta})=-0.193$, P<0.01) and practice ($Exp({\beta})=-0.345$, P<0.001) on CASS(S) score. In conclusion, distinctive nutritional education is needed for students with a high level of ADHD to help their understanding considering their different levels of attention.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.23-29
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• 2009

Objectives : This research is to figure out the neurofeedback treatment for the inattentive children is effective in improving attention deficit and furthermore, in relieving hyperactivity and impulsivity. Methods : 20 children subjects participated for this study. C3-A1 protocol neurofeedback was given 15 to 20 times to each child, it is carried out to compare the degree of attention in each case every 5 times of neurofeedback by using ADHD Rating Scale-IV : Parent Version(ARS) and Attention Deficit Disorder Evaluation Scale-Home Version(ADDES-HV). Results : The subscale of mean inattention score of ARS was reduced from 14.2 to 8.8 significantly(p<0.05) after 20 sessions of neurofeedback treatment, also the subscale of mean impulsivity/hyperactivity score of ARS from 13.3 to 7.1. The subscales of mean inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity score of ADDES-HV was also reduced significantly(p<0.05) after 20 sessions of neurofeedback treatment. The changes of scores appeared significantly(p<0.05) from 10-15 sessions of neurofeedback treatment. Conclusion : The results of this study suggest that neurofeedback can improve children's attention deficit, hyperactivity and impulsivity, there exists the possibility of being a method to treat ADHD.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.14-24
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• 2018

Objective : The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of Interactive Metronome (IM) training on postural control and hand writing performance of children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Methods : Participant was a third grade elementary school student diagnosed with ADHD. ABA design was used and a total of 30 sessions were held for 3 sessions every week for a total of 10 weeks. In the intervention period, IM training was conducted for 40~50 minutes before intervention for writing, and the writing task was carried out. We evaluated the handwriting legibility and speed. Before baseline A and within a month after A' phase, Clinical Observation of Motor and Postural Skills (COMPS) was evaluated to examine the changes in postural control of the student. Results : After the IM intervention, the postural control of the student improved in the score of slow movement, finger-nose touching, and asymmetrical tonic neck reflex. The handwriting legibility and speed has also tended to increase during the intervention period, but it has not significantly changed. Conclusion : This study could be used as an evidence that the IM training aimed at postural control and handwriting ability could enhance the ability to improve postural control and thereby provide fundamental knowledge for future studies.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.160-172
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• 2005

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD) is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder in child psychiatry. The etiology or ADHD is not completely understood, but involved in genetical and/or neurocognitive deficits. This article reviews the current state of the literature pertaining to the neurodevelopmental aspects of ADHD. Although the neurodevelopment of ADHD remains unclear, emerging evidence documents its genetic and neurobiologic underpinnings. A pathophysiology of ADHD has not been fully characterized, although genetic, neurobiologic, neuroimaging, and neuropsychological studies of ADHD consistently implicates dysfunction in the fronto-subcortical network and abnormality in the dopaminergic and noradnergic systems. Furthermore some suggests that the timing of aberrant brain development in ADHD could be in early gestation and genetic and/or early environmental influences on brain development in ADHD are fixed, nonprogressive. Although many studies provide evidences for the important or psychosocial or environmental adversities in ADHD, they may be not specific predictors of ADHD but nonspecific triggers of an underlying predisposition or modifiers of the course of disorder.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.28 no.7
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• pp.644-652
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between sugar intake and behavioral problems in Korean school children. The subjects were 280 school children lived in Soung Nam city. Nutrient and sugar intakes were measured by 24-hour recall method and food frequency method through personal interview. Hyperactivity scores of children were measured by teacher and mother using conners Rating Scale-Revised. The average daily total sugar intake for the total sample was 63.0$\pm$37.4g(Range : 10g-220g). The result of stepwise multiple regression analysis using the sugar intake as dependent variable showed that energy, participation of school lunch program, Vit B2, protein, education of fathers, niacin, calcium are significant explanatory variables, explaining 44.8% of variation. As a result of the Conners scale test by teacher, 4% of children were Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD) children. A result of the Conners scale test by mother, 8% of children were ADHD children. The result of simple regression analysis had not shown significant relationship between sugar intake and ADHD scores. But the result of the Conners test by teacher, sugar intake(69.9$\pm$37.1g) of ADHD children were significantly higher than sugar intake(62.9$\pm$37.7g) of normal children(p<0.01).

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.389-401
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• 2012

This paper derives a benchmark dose(BMD) and its 95% lower confidence limit(BMDL) using a semi-parametric regression model for small lead based changes in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) scores in the first wave of the Children's Health and Environment Research(CHEER) survey data, which have been regularly collected in South Korea since 2005. Ha et al. (2009) showed that the appearance of ADHD symptoms had a borderline trend of increasing with the blood lead concentration. Butdz-J${\o}$rgensen (EFSA, 2010a) derived the BMDL of lead corresponding to a benchmark region of 1 full intelligent quotient (IQ) score using the raw data in Lanphear et al. (2005, EHP). European Food Safety Authority (EFSA, 2010b) determined the BMDL of $1.2{\mu}g/dl$ as a reference point for the characterization of lead when assessing the risk of the intellectual deficit measured by IQ scores. Kim et al. (2011) indicated that an even lower BMDL could be obtained based on the ADHD score; however, the BMDLs depended heavily upon the model assumptions. We show in this paper that a semi-parametric approach resolves the model dependence of BMDLs.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.279-291
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• 2017

Purpose: The aim of this study was to explore how characteristics of ADHD children affect social support for mothers, parenting stress, parenting sense of competence, coping, and quality of life. The conceptual model was based on the Lazarus and Folkman's stress-evaluation-coping theory. Methods: Data were collected 208 mothers of children with ADHD. Data were analysed using SPSS 18.0 and AMOS 18.0 programs. Results: The proposed model was good fit for the data based on the model fit indices. Parenting stress, parenting sense of competence and coping directly affected quality of life but characteristics of the children and social support had only an indirect effect. The explanatory power of these variables was 52.1%. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that nursing strategies to increase social support for mothers with ADHD children, lowers parenting stress, improves parenting sense of competence, and guides the parents to choose appropriate coping. In particular, as social support has the strongest influence on the quality of life, it is necessary to develop nursing intervention programs that utilize social support for parents with ADHD children.

• 대한상한금궤의학회지
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.11-26
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• 2019

Objective: The purpose of this study was to report the improvement of two children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) following herbal treatment according to the provision of Shanghanlun. Methods: We diagnosed patients on methylphenidate for ADHD as no. 26 provision in Taeyangbyung, and analyzed the improvement from the medical records, teachers' statements, The Korean Version of Inattentive/overactive with Aggression-Conners Rating Scale(K-IOWA CRS). Results: We found a change in the symptom after Baekhogainsam-tang administration. In the first case, the K-IOWA-CRS score changed from 12 to 8 during the previous 70 days of treatment, however, surged to 21 without Baekhogainsam-tang treatment. The score stabilized to 8 after 49 days later. In the second case, the score changed from 9 to 3 following Baekhogainsam-tang treatment. Conclusions: These cases show behavioral improvements with Baekhogainsam-tang treatment in ADHD children, who were diagnosed with no. 26 provision according to Shanghanlun.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.90-96
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• 2009

Objectives: This study examined clinical characteristics associated with bullying in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD). Methods.: Children and their parents were asked to fill out a structured self-report form regarding bullying incidents. To evaluate the characteristics of the children, the results of the ADHD Rating Scale, the Korean version of the Child Behavior Checklist, the ADHD Diagnostic system and the Emotional Recognition Test were used. The agreement of bullying data between each child and their mother and father was measured using Cohen's kappa. The association between victim and perpetrator was analyzed by calculating a contingency coefficient based on chi-square. To compare the characteristics of victimized children and didn't, an independent sample T-test was performed. Results: When children were victims of bullying incidents there was significant agreement between children and parents on the information provided on the self-reports. However, more children reported themselves as a perpetrator of bullying than their parents did. Victimization, that is, the tendency towards being a perpetrator, is associated with the higher level of parental reports of aggressiveness. Conclusion: Victimization of bullying is associated with aggression in children with ADHD. This study suggests that victimized children with ADHD warrant careful evaluation, in particular with regard to the credence placed on parental reports of aggressiveness, and management for aggression.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.70-83
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• 2017

The objective of this review is the revision of the Korean practice parameters for the pharmacological treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) based on the change in the diagnostic system from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5 and psychopharmacological developments. For the evidence-based approach, the authors conducted a review of the literature, including controlled clinical trials, studies of the side effects of drugs, toxicology and meta-analyses from the United States and Europe, as well as recent research conducted in Korea. The review committee composed of Korean experts on ADHD reviewed the revised parameters. This revised version reveals how to use central nervous system psychostimulants, non-stimulants such as atomoxetine and alpha2 agonists, and other medication for ADHD, and how to manage the adverse effects of such medication. At the end of this revised version, the authors propose recommendations for the pharmacotherapy of ADHD.