• 생태와환경
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• 제35권3호통권99호
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• pp.160-171
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• 2002

본 연구는 낙동강 하류에서 장마 기간의 강우가 수질 변화에 미치는 영향을 평가하였다. 1997년 하절기 장마기간 주요 집수역의 강우상황을 분석하고 낙동강 하류역 (물금)에서 $1{\sim}3$일 간격으로 수질항목(수소이온농도,　탁도, 투명도, 엽록소-a, 용존산소, 전기전도도, 수온)과　영양염류 등(총질소, 총인, 질산성 질소, 암모니아성 질소, 인산 인, 규산)을 측정하였다. 또한 갈수기 이후 큰 강에서 최초 집중강우가 수질 변화에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위하여 수질 자동측정장비(Hydrolab $Recorder^{TM}$)를　이용하여 장마 초기강우 전후에 1시간 간격으로 수질　및 수위변화를 모니터링하였다. 우리나라는 연간 강우의약 50%이상이 하절기 ($6{\sim}8$월)에 집중되며,　특히 장마는6월 하순경에 시작하여 7월 중순까지 약 한 달간 하천수환경에 크게 영향을 미친다. 1997년 장마기간동안 낙동강의 주요 집수역에서 50mm 이상의 강우가 내린 횟수는 총 5회였고,　여름기간 중 물금 지역에서 물리${\cdot}$화학적 환경요인에 급격한 변화가 일어난 시기는 장마 초기를 전후해서였다. 초기강우로 기초수질항목 중 수온, 수소이온농도, 전기전도도, 용존산소는 큰 폭으로 감소하였고 탁도, 영양염류 및 규산 등과 같은 항목은 증가하는 양상을 보였다. 하절기 엽록소-a 농도는 총인, 총질소의 높은 농도에도 불구하고 연중 최저치를 나타냈는데, 이는 장마 강우로 인한 탁도 증가와 수체의 체류시간감소 영향 등이 크게 작용한 것으로 사료된다. 장마 초기 강우 동안 영양염류의 농도는 크게 증가하는 양상을　보였으나 항목에 따라 그 패턴은 다소 상이했다. 장마는　몬순기후에 의해 발생하는 기상 현상으로,　연중 가장 두드러진 집중된 강우 및 급격한 유량변화를 유발함으로써 하천생태계에 큰 영향을 미치게 된다. 특히, 이 기간동안 강우의 빈도 및 강도는 하천의 육수학적 현상 변화와 패턴에 중요한 요소로서 작용하며, 이는 동아시아몬순기후대에 속하는 하천들에서 유사하게 발생하는 하천의 중요한 특성으로 사료된다.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2020년도 학술발표회
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• pp.118-118
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• 2020

This study investigates the change of flow characteristics over 10 Asian river basins in the past 30 years (1976-2005). The variation is estimated from The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model outputs based on reanalysis data which was bias-corrected for Asian monsoon reagion. The model was firstly calibrated and validated using observed data for daily streamflow. Four statistical criteria were applied to evaluate the model performance, including Coefficient of determination (R2), Nash - Sutcliffe model efficiency coeffi cient (NSE), Root mean square error-observations standard deviation ratio (RSR), and Percentage Bias (PBIAS). Then parameters of the model were applied for the historical period 1976-2005. The estimates show a temporal non-considerable increasing rate of daily streamflow in most of the basins over the past 30 years. The difference of monthly discharge becomes more significant during the months in the wet season (June to September) in all basins. The seasonal runoff shows significant difference in Summer and Autumn, when the rainfall intensity is higher. The line showing averaged runoff/rainfall ratio in all basins is sharp, presenting high variation of seasonal runoff/rainfall ratio from season to season.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.45-59
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 인도양 해수면 온도의 변동성과 1970년 중 후반 이후 동아시아 여름 몬순의 변화의 상관성을 분석하였다. 전반기의 인도양 해수면 온도는 동아시아 여름강수편차(EASRA), 북서태평양 몬순지수(WNPMI)와 상관관계가 거의 없었지만 후반부에서는 인도양 전 부분에 걸쳐 상관관계가 크게 증가하였다. 인도양 해수면 온도와 동아시아 몬순과의 상관성 관계는 봄철과 여름철 각각 지역적으로 차이를 보였다. 봄철의 경우에는 적도 인도양을 중심으로 높은 상관성을 보인 반면 여름철의 경우에는 벵갈만 근처의 인도양에서 높은 상관성을 보였다. 인도양 해수면 온도의 수십년 주기의 변동성은 ENSO의 변동성보다 동아시아 여름 강수편차에 상관성이 높게 나타나고 있으며 따라서 ENSO보다도 인도양 해수면 온도의 변동성이 동아시아 여름몬순에 더 큰 영향을 줄 수 있다. 이러한 인도양 해수면 온도의 수십년주기의 변동성 차이(후반기 해수면 온도와 전반기 해수면 온도의 차이)를 모델의 강제력으로 주고 AGCM실험을 수행하여 그 결과를 비교하였다. 모델 실험 결과 실제 전 후반기 강수량의 차이 패턴인 동아시아 북부의 강수 감소, 한반도와 일본 남부의 강수 증가, 중국 남부의 강수 증가의 패턴이 보였다. 특히 8월의 북서태평양고기압의 확장으로 인한 강수의 증가는 실제 기후변화 차이를 나타낸다. 인도양 해수면 증가로 인한 모델상에서의 대기 순환은 벵갈만-인도양과 북서태평양의 상승기류 중심을 더욱 강화시키는 역할을 해주며 북서태평양에는 고기압성 기류를 강화시키고 동아시아 지역에서는 저기압성 기류를 강화시키는 역할을 한다. 또한 상승기류 중심을 북쪽으로 이동시킨다. 따라서 인도양 해수면 온도의 증가 효과는 동아시아 지역과 북서태평양 지역의 반대위상의 변화를 강화시키는 역할을 하고 있다. 인도양지역별 해수면 온도의 민감성 실험에서는 적도인도양의 강제력의 경우에 북서태평양 상승기류을 강화하여 동아시아 여름몬순에 영향을 주었다.

• 생태와환경
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• 제37권2호통권107호
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• pp.205-212
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• 2004

아시아 몬순지역에서 대형댐의 인순환(phosphorus cycle)과정의 특징을 파악하기 위하여 소양호를 대상으로 인순환 과정을 조사하였다. 또한, 이를 모의하기 위해 2차원 수질모델인 CE-QUAL-W2를 적용하여 수중생태계의 물질순환과정을 모의하였다. 소양호는 수심이 깊고성층이 강하여 수직적인 변이가 뚜렷한 인의 분포를 보였다. 인의 부하량은 유역면적의 90%를 차지하는 주유입하천인 소양강의 인농도를 측정하여 산정하였다. 소양강의 인농도는 강우시 유량 증가에 따라 크게 증가하는 변동을 보였으므로 인의 부하량은 간헐적으로 발생하는 폭우 유출에 집중되었다. 폭우시 유출수는 수온이 낮아지기 때문에 호수의 중층으로 잠류하여 중층 탁수대를 형성하는 것으로 관측되었다. 여름 우기가 끝난 후 중층에는 두께 20${\sim}$30m의 인함량이 높은 탁수층이 형성되었으며 이탁수층은 댐 중간수심에 만들어진 발전방류구를 통하여 서서히 방류되었다. CE-QUAL-W2 모델은 호우시 탁수의 잠류현상과 인함량이 높은 중층의 형성, 인의 수평수직분포 등의 인순환 과정이 잘 모의 하여,아시아 몬순지역의 댐에서 수질모델로서 육수학적 현상을 잘 모의하는 것으로 평가된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.814-819
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• 2004

An investigation was carried out to study the effect of two housing systems on feed intake and nutrient utilization of sheep in a semi-arid region of India. Two types of housing managements were adopted. The first was a shed- 20'${\times}$10' structure with all the four sides of 6' chain link fencing with central height of 10'. The roof was covered with asbestos sheets, with mud floorings. The second was an open corral- 20'${\times}$10' open space with all the four sides covered with 6' chain link fencing. Thirty-four (32 ewes and 2 rams) sheep were grazed together on a 35 ha plot of native range. All the sheep were grazed as a flock from 08:00 to 17:00 h during the yearlong study. The flock was divided into two groups (16 ewes+1 ram) in the evening and housed according to two housing systems (Shed and Open Corral). Three digestion trials were conducted during three defined seasons of monsoon, winter and summer seasons to determine the effect of housing on nutrient intake and utilization. Blood samples were collected in three seasons for the estimation of hemoglobin and glucose. Dry and wet bulb temperatures were recorded at 06:00 A.M. and 09:00 P.M. using suitable thermometers both inside the shed and in the open corral and temperature humidity index (THI) was calculated. There was significant (p<0.05) difference in the THI between shed and open corral in all the seasons, indicating that the shed was always warmer compared to open corral. The daily dry matter intake (DMI, g/d) was 965, 615 and 982 in sheep housed under shed and 971, 625 and 1,001 in those housed in open corral during monsoon, winter and summer season, respectively. These differences were however non-significant (p>0.05). The digestibility of DM was 45.92, 45.13 and 50.30 in sheep housed under shed and 43.64, 45.02 and 55.02 in sheep housed in open corral during monsoon, winter and summer seasons, respectively. There was no significant (p>0.05) difference in the digestibility of nutrients in sheep maintained under shed and in open corral. Blood Hb concentration was 13.97, 14.13 and 13.15 in sheep housed under shed and 15.27, 13.63 and 14.82 in those kept in open corral, whereas blood glucose concentration was 59.67, 59.70 and 52.33 in sheep under shed and 61.00, 61.00 and 57.83 in open corral, during monsoon, winter and summer, respectively. There was also no significant effect of housing on the body weight changes, wool yield and survivability in ewes. Although housing had no significant effect on nutrient intake, their utilization and blood parameters, there was significant effect on the physiological responses and energy expenditure of sheep maintained under the two housing systems (Bhatta et al., 2004). It can be concluded from this study that the housing systems didn't have any significant effect on the nutrient intake and utilization of native breed like Malpura, which were well adapted to the hot semi-arid conditions of India. However, while deciding provisions for housing of different breeds of sheep (both crossbred and native) parameters like physiological responses, energy expenditure, health conditions and overall economics of the systems should be taken into consideration.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences
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• 제54권4호
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• pp.545-561
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• 2018

Over the North East Asia, extreme anomalous precipitation were observed in 2013 and 2014. During 2013 summer the precipitation was found to be higher (two standard deviation) than the climatological mean of the region; whereas during 2014, which was a borderline El Ni?o year, precipitation was found to be lower (one standard deviation). To understand the differences of these two anomalous years the Global/Regional Integrated Model system (GRIMs) has been used. The study found that low landsurface temperature and high sea-surface temperature over ocean caused a smaller land-sea contrast of surface temperature between East Asia and North West Pacific Ocean in 2014, which could have caused an eastward shift of mean monsoon circulation in that year compared to the circulation in 2013. Due to a change in the lower level circulation and wind field over East Asia the evaporation and moisture transport patterns became very different in those two years. In 2013, this study found high latent heat flux over Eastern China, which implies an increased surface evaporation over that region, and the moisture transported to the north by the mean monsoon circulation; whereas, there was no correlated transport of moisture to the North East Asia during 2014. The precipitable water over North East Asia has a stronger correlation with the latent heat flux over southern land region than that from Ocean region in the eastern side in both the years. A new approach is proposed to estimate the sub-grid scale hydrometeors from GRIMs, overestimated in the existing model.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제26권11호
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• pp.639-648
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• 2023

The sea surface temperature (SST) and ocean heat content in the Korea Waters are gradually increased. Especially the increasing trend of annual mean SST in the Korea Water is higher about 2.6 times than the global mean during past 55 years (1968-2022). Before 2010s, the increasing trend of SST was led by winter season in the Korea Waters. However, this pattern was clearly changed after 2010s. The increasing trend of SST during summer is higher about 3.9 times than during winter after 2010s. We examine the long-term variations of several ocean and climate factors to understand the reasons for the long-term pattern changes of SST between summer and winter in recent. Tsushima warm current was significantly strengthened in summer compare to winter during past 33 years (1986-2018). The long-term patterns of Siberian High and East Asian Winter Monsoon were definitely changed before and after early- or mid-2000s. The intensities of those two climate factors was changed to the increasing trend or weakened decreasing trend from the distinctive decreasing trend. In addition, the extreme weather condition like the heatwave days and cold spell days in the Korea significantly increased since mid- or late-2000s. From these results, we can consider that the occurrences of frequent and intensified marine heatwaves during summer and marine cold spells during winter in the Korea Waters might be related with the long-term pattern change of SST, which should be caused by the long-term change of climate factors and advection heat, in a few decade.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.314-320
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• 2008

During the summer season, more than half of the annual precipitation in Korea occurs during the summer season due to the geographical location in the Asian monsoon belt. So, this causes severe soil erosion from croplands, which is directly linked to the deterioration of crop/land productivity and surface water quality. Therefore, much attention has been given to develop accurate estimation tools of soil erosion. The aim of this study is to assess the performance of using the empirical Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and the physical-based model of the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) to quantify eroded amount of soil from agricultural fields. Input data files, including climate, soil, slope, and cropping management, were modified to fit into Korean conditions. Chuncheon (forest) and Jeonju (level-plain) were selected as two Korean cities with different topographic characteristics for model analysis. The results of this current study indicated that better soil erosion prediction can be achieved using the WEPP model since it has better power to illustrate a higher degree of spatial variability than USLE in topography, precipitation, soils, and crop management practices. These present findings are expected to contribute to the development of the environmental assessment program as well as the conservation of the agricultural environment in Korea.

• 해양환경안전학회:학술대회논문집
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• 해양환경안전학회 2003년도 추계학술발표회
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• pp.163-166
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• 2003

The seasonal mean wind direction and wind speed in a greater coasting area are investigated using the ECMWF(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) data for 11 years from 1985 to 1995. In winter, the main wind direction in Korea and vicinity, Taiwan and vicinity, and the North Pacific Ocean of middle latitudes is a northwesterly wind, northeasterly wind, and westerly wind respectively. The wind speed is strongest in the East China Sea, the South China Sea, and the North Pacific Ocean of low latitudes(Beaufort wind scale 5-6). A distribution pattern of wind direction in spring and fall is similar to that in winter. Seasonal mean wind speed is strongest in winter and the next is fall. The wind speed in summer is generally weak. However, that in the Indochina and vicinity is strong by the influence of Asian monsoon.

• 대기
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.6-12
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• 2001

The East Asian monsoon is generally accompanied with the quasi-stationary front along the northern and northwestern periphery of the subtropical anticyclone in the boundary zone of the polar cold air mass and the tropical warm air mass. The rainy season in Korea has been called as Changma since the middle of 1500s. In meteorology, the rainy season with the quasi-stationary front, the Changma front, during the early summer has been defined as the Changma since 1905. The difference of meaning on Changma between meteorologists and the general public sometime does give a confusion. For example, the heavy rainfall event after the retreat of Changma is recognized as Changma by the general public, but not by most of meteorologists. The decision of the onset and retreat dates of Changma among the meteorologists is also ambiguous because of different viewpoints on the definition of Changma. In this study we survey the etymology and definition of Changma.