• 제목/요약/키워드: Arbitration Law

검색결과 470건 처리시간 0.035초

언론의 자유와 명예훼손 구제방법에 관한 연구 (A Study on the Freedom of the Press and the Remedy for Defamation)

  • 전찬희;지용수
    • 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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    • 제12권10호
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    • pp.159-168
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    • 2012
  • 본 연구는 언론의 자유는 민주주의 발전에 필수 불가 가결한 것이며, 대표민주주의에 있어서 언론은 국민과 대표자 및 정부사이의 연결고리이고 또 그들에 대한 통제 기관임을 볼 수 있다. 또한 언론매체는 여론의 형성을 담당하는 제도화된 수단으로서 사회에 미치는 영향이 결코 적지 않음을 제시하고 있다. 언론은 우리 일상생활에 자리 잡고 있는 생활매체로서, 매체로서 갖는 기본속성상 광파성과 속보성으로 인해 그 정도를 가늠하기 어려울 정도로 큰 영향을 갖고 있다고 본다. 그러나 정보사회에서 언론은 국민의 알권리에 있어서 언론의 자유는 보고, 듣고, 말하고 비판하는 자유이기 때문에 민주정치의 생명선으로 여겨지기도 한다. 우리헌법도 언론 출판의 자유와 의사표현의 자유, 정보의 자유(알권리), 보도의 자유, 취재의 자유, 편집의 자유를 그 내용으로 하고 있다. 하지만 때로는 언론의 접근과 불필요한 사항까지 보도하여 개인의 명예훼손과 프라이버시를 침해하는 경우가 있을 수 있다. 따라서 언론 보도의 공정성과 인권침해를 최소화하기 위한 헌법적 원칙은 무엇인지를 살펴보면서, 언론의 자유와 알권리에 대해서 찾아보고 언론보도와 명예훼손의 범죄와 언론 출판 등에 의하여 특정인의 사생활이 공표됨으로써 사생활의 비밀을 침해한 경우 침해의 구제방법의 헌법적 근거와 형법적 근거 및 민사법적 근거를 제시해보고 있다. 종래 헌재결정전에는 '명예회복 적당한 처분'으로 가장 널리 이용되었던 것이 사죄광고였으나, 헌법재판소는 양심의 자유 및 인격권의 침해를 이유로 '명예회복의 적당한 처분' 즉 민법 제 764조에 사죄광고를 포함시키는 것은 헌법에 위반된다고 결정한바 있다. 따라서 실무상 대세를 이루고 있는 구제수단은 무엇인지, 민법상 특별구제는 어디에 근거해야 할 것인지, 언론중재법에 의한 방법은 또한 무엇인지를 타국의 예와 함께 예시하고 있다. 한편, 언론이 명예훼손 및 프라이버시 침해의 개연성을 이유로 악의적인 보도로 치부하고 언론, 출판에 대해서 엄중한 처벌과 제재로 대응한다면, 매스컴이 가지는 순기능을 발휘하지 못 할 것으로 우려하는 바도 없지 않다. 결론적으로 언론의 생활매체로서의 진정성과 그로인한 침해의 최소화와 구제문제의 현실적 대안을 모색해보고자 하였다.

최근국제항공보안대책(最近國際航空保安対策)의 제간제(諸間題) -특히 법적측면(法的測面)을 중심(中心)으로- (Some New Problems of International Aviation Security- Considerations Forcused on its Legal Aspects)

  • 최완식
    • 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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    • 제5권
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    • pp.53-75
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    • 1993
  • This article is concerned with the comment on "Some New Problems of International Aviation Security-Considerations Forcused on its Legal Aspects". Ever since 1970, in addition to the problem of failure to accept the Tokyo, Hague and Montreal Conventions, there has been also the problem of parties to them, failing to comply with their obligations under the respective treaties, in the form especially of nominal penalties or the lack of any effort to prosecute after blank refusals to extradite. There have also been cases of prolonged detention of aircraft, passengers and hostages. In this regard, all three conventions contain identical clauses which submit disputes between two or more contracting States concerning the interpretation or application of the respective conventions to arbitration or failing agreement on the organization of the arbitration, to the International Court of Justice. To the extent to which contracting States have not contracted out of this undertaking, as I fear they are expressly allowed to do, this promision can be used by contracting States to ensure compliance. But to date, this avenue does not appear to have been used. From this point of view, it may be worth mentioning that there appears to be an alarming trend towards the view that the defeat of terrorism is such an overriding imperative that all means of doing so become, in international law, automatically lawful. In addition, in as far as aviation security is concerned, as in fact it has long been suggested, what is required is the "application of the strictest security measures by all concerned."In this regard, mention should be made of Annex 17 to the Chicago Convention on Security-Safeguarding International Civil Aviation against Acts of Unlawful Intereference. ICAO has, moreover, compiled, for restricted distribution, a Security Manual for Safeguarding Civil Aviation Against Acts of Unlawful Interference, which is highly useful. In this regard, it may well be argued that, unless States members of ICAO notify the ICAO Council of their inability to comply with opecific standards in Annex 17 or any of the related Annexes in accordance with Article 38 of the 1944 Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation, their failure to do so can involve State responsibility and, if damage were to insure, their liability. The same applies to breaches of any other treaty obligation. I hope to demonstrate that although modes of international violence may change, their underlying characteristics remain broadly similar, necessitating not simply the adoption of an adequate body of domestic legislation, firm in its content and fairly administered, but also an international network of communication, of cooperation and of coordination of policies. Afurther legal instrument is now being developed by the Legal Committee of ICAO with respect to unlawful acts at International airports. These instruments, however, are not very effective, because of the absence of universal acceptance and the deficiency I have already pointed out. Therefore, States, airports and international airlines have to concentrate on prevention. If the development of policies is important at the international level, it is equally important in the domestic setting. For example, the recent experiences of France have prompted many changes in the State's legislation and in its policies towards terrorism, with higher penalties for terrorist offences and incentives which encourage accused terrorists to pass informations to the authorities. And our government has to tighten furthermore security measures. Particularly, in the case an unarmed hijacker who boards having no instrument in his possession with which to promote the hoax, a plaintiff-passenger would be hard-pressed to show that the airline was negligent in screening the hijacker prior to boarding. In light of the airline's duty to exercise a high degree of care to provide for the safety of all the passengers on board, an acquiescence to a hijacker's demands on the part of the air carrier could constitute a breach of duty only when it is clearly shown that the carrier's employees knew or plainly should have known that the hijacker was unarmed. The general opinion is that the legal oystem could be sufficient, provided that the political will is there to use and apply it effectively. All agreed that the main responsibility for security has to be borne by the governments. A state that supports aviation terrorism is responsible for violation of International Aviation Law. Generally speaking, terrorism is a violation of international law. It violates the sovereign rights of states, and the human rights of the individuals. We have to contribute more to the creation of a general consensus amongst all states about the need to combat the threat of aviation terrorism. I think that aviation terrorism as becoming an ever more serious issue, has to be solved by internationally agreed and closely co - ordinated measures.

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우주법상 손해배상책임과 분쟁해결제도 (The Liability for Damage and Dispute Settlement Mechanism under the Space Law)

  • 이강빈
    • 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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    • 제20권2호
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    • pp.173-198
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    • 2010
  • The purpose of this paper is to research on the liability for the space damage and the settlement of the dispute with reference to the space activity under the international space treaty and national space law of Korea. The United Nations has adopted five treaties relating to the space activity as follows: The Outer Space Treaty of 1967, the Rescue and Return Agreement of 1968, the Liability Convention of 1972, the Registration Convention of 1974, and the Moon Treaty of 1979. All five treaties have come into force. Korea has ratified above four treaties except the Moon Treaty. Korea has enacted three national legislations relating to space development as follows: Aerospace Industry Development Promotion Act of 1987, Outer Space Development Promotion Act of 2005, Outer Space Damage Compensation Act of 2008. The Outer Space Treaty of 1967 regulates the international responsibility for national activities in outer space, the national tort liability for damage by space launching object, the national measures for dispute prevention and international consultation in the exploration and use of outer space, the joint resolution of practical questions by international inter-governmental organizations in the exploration and use of outer space. The Liability Convention of 1972 regulates the absolute liability by a launching state, the faulty liability by a launching state, the joint and several liability by a launching state, the person claiming for compensation, the claim method for compensation, the claim period of compensation, the claim for compensation and local remedy, the compensation amount for damage by a launching state, the establishment of the Claims Commission. The Outer Space Damage Compensation Act of 2008 in Korea regulates the definition of space damage, the relation of the Outer Space Damage Compensation Act and the international treaty, the non-faulty liability for damage by a launching person, the concentration of liability and recourse by a launching person, the exclusion of application of the Product Liability Act, the limit amount of the liability for damage by a launching person, the cover of the liability insurance by a launching person, the measures and assistance by the government in case of occurring the space damage, the exercise period of the claim right of compensation for damage. The Liability Convention of 1972 should be improved as follows: the problem in respect of the claimer of compensation for damage, the problem in respect of the efficiency of decision by the Claims Commission. The Outer Space Damage Compensation Act of 2008 in Korea should be improved as follows: the inclusion of indirect damage into the definition of space damage, the change of currency unit of the limit amount of liability for damage, the establishment of joint and several liability and recourse right for damage by space joint launching person, the establishment of the Space Damage Compensation Review Commission. The 1998 Final Draft Convention on the Settlement of Disputes Related to Space Activities of 1998 by ILA regulates the binding procedure and non-binding settlement procedure for the disputes in respect of space activity. The non-binding procedure regulates the negotiation or the peaceful means and compromise for dispute settlement. The binding procedure regulates the choice of a means among the following means: International Space Law Court if it will be established, International Court of Justice, and Arbitration Court. The above final Draft Convention by ILA will be a model for the innovative development in respect of the peaceful settlement of disputes with reference to space activity and will be useful for establishing the frame of practicable dispute settlement. Korea has built the space center at Oinarodo, Goheung Province in June 2009. Korea has launched the first small launch vehicle KSLV-1 at the Naro Space Center in August 2009 and June 2010. In Korea, it will be the possibility to be occurred the problems relating to the international responsibility and dispute settlement, and the liability for space damage in the course of space activity. Accordingly the Korean government and launching organization should make the legal and systematic policy to cope with such problems.

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2005년 해양플랜트 지원선박용 정기용선계약서에 관한 소고 - 분쟁해결약관을 중심으로 - (A Study on Time Charter Party For Offshore Service Vessels 2005 - Focusing the Dispute Resolution Clause -)

  • 이창희;김진권
    • 한국항해항만학회지
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    • 제38권1호
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    • pp.81-87
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    • 2014
  • 국제 유가의 상승과 해양에너지 개발에 필요한 기술이 진보됨에 따라 시추선(drillship), 부유식 원유생산저장설비(FPSO) 등과 같은 해양플랜트의 수요가 꾸준히 증가하고 있는 추세이다. 더불어 이러한 해양에너지 개발사업이 원활하게 이행될 수 있도록 작업을 지원해주는 다양한 종류의 해양플랜트 지원선박과 관련된 건조, 매매, 용선 시장 역시 꾸준한 성장세를 유지하고 있다. 하지만, 국내의 경우 해양플랜트 지원선박과 관련된 정기용선계약 체결 건수가 전무하기 때문에 향후 이와 관련된 선박의 매매 또는 용선계약 시 발생할 수 있는 다양한 법적 분쟁과 준거법 적용에 대한 실무적인 연구가 적극적으로 진행될 필요가 있다. 따라서 이 논문은 "SUPPLYTIME 2005"라고 통칭되고 있는 해양플랜트 지원선박용 정기용선계약서식을 중심으로 기존의 정기용선계약과 다른 특징을 개요적으로 검토함과 동시에 당사자 간에 발생할 수 있는 법적 분쟁에 대한 준거법 지정과 중재의 적용에 대한 실무적인 내용과 절차에 대해 살펴보고자 한다.

신용장거래에서 운송서류 불일치에 대한 지급거절 (Payment Refusal against Discrepancy in Transport Document under L/C Transaction)

  • 이정선
    • 무역학회지
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    • 제42권2호
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    • pp.205-225
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    • 2017
  • 본 연구는 신용장거래에서 불일치서류에 대한 은행의 지급거절통지의 절차를 한·중 판례를 중심으로 고찰한다. 한·중 무역거래 비중이 높은 상황에서 한국 기업과 신용장을 개설하는 우리나라 은행들이 서류심사 결과로서 지급거절을 통지함에 있어 주의해야 하는 사항들과 신용장 관련 분쟁을 해결하기 위한 방안에 대한 제언을 목적으로 한다. 본 연구에서 고찰한 판례는 중국 매도인이 개설은행을 상대로 중국법원에 소를 제기한 것으로, 개설은행의 지급거절통지가 UCP 600 제16조 (c)항 (ii) (iii)의 내용적인 요건을 충족하지 못한다고 판시한 중국법원의 판결이다. 본 판결을 볼 때, 우리나라 기업들과 신용장 개설은행들은 첫째, UCP 600 제16조 (c)항의 규정에 근거하여 하자에 대한 통지의 내용을 자세하게 기재해야 한다. 둘째, 신용장 계약에서도 무역계약 마찬가지로 준거법에 대한 합의를 명확히 하는 것이 필요하다. 셋째, 한·중거래에서 중국법원의 편파적인 판결과 더불어 외국법원의 판결이 중국에서 집행이 어려운 점을 감안해서 분쟁해결 방식으로 중재를 활용하는 것이다. 신용장 개설 시 중재조항을 삽입하여 법적인 효력을 갖도록 하고, 국제신용장중재센터나 DOCDEX 시스템을 활용하는 것을 권고한다.

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항공서비스 소비자 분쟁해결제도의 개선방안 (The Improvement Measurement on Dispute Resolution System for Air Service Customer)

  • 이강빈
    • 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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    • 제33권2호
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    • pp.225-266
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    • 2018
  • 2017년 한국소비자원에 접수된 항공여객운송서비스 관련 피해구제 접수건수는 1,252건으로 2016년 1,262건 대비 0.8% 감소하여 2013년 이후 처음으로 감소세를 나타냈다. 그리고 2017년 한국소비자원에 접수된 항공여객운송서비스 분야의 피해구제 접수건 가운데 444건(35.4%)이 합의가 성립되었으며, 합의가 성립되지 않은 건 중에서 정보제공 상담 기타로 종결된 경우가 588건(47.0%)으로 가장 많았고, 소비자분쟁조정위원회에 조정 신청된 경우가 186건(14.9%)이었다. 항공서비스 소비자 피해구제와 분쟁해결을 위한 규정을 두고 있는 주요입법으로는 항공사업법, 소비자기본법 등이 있는데, 항공사업법에서 항공교통사업자의 피해구제절차와 처리계획의 수립 및 이행 그리고 피해구제 신청 접수 및 처리, 항공교통이용자 보호기준의 고시 등에 관하여 규정하고 있으며, 소비자기본법에서 소비자상담기구의 실치 운영, 한국소비자원의 피해구제, 소비자분쟁의 조정, 소비자분쟁해결기준의 제정 등에 관하여 규정하고 있다. 항공서비스 소비자 피해구제 절차로는 항공교통사업자의 피해구제 접수 처리, 소비자상담센터의 상담 및 피해구제 접수 처리, 한국소비자원의 합의권고, 소비자분쟁조정위원회의 분쟁조정제도 등이 있다. 현행 항공서비스 소비자 피해구제 및 분쟁조정 제도에는 항공사업법 상 항공교통사업자의 피해구제계획 수립 및 이행 의무의 면제, 항공부문 소비자분쟁해결기준 상 운송 불이행 및 지연의 경우 면책 등에 대하여 문제점이 있고, 그리고 소비자기본법상 소비자분쟁조정의 절차진행 및 조정성립에 대하여 한계점이 있다. 따라서 항공서비스 소비자에 대한 적절한 피해구제와 원활한 분쟁조정을 위하여 관련 제도의 개선방안을 제시하면 다음과 같다. 첫째 항공서비스 소비자 피해구제 관련 법규의 정비이다. 항공사업법 상 항공교통사업자의 피해구제계획 수립과 이행 의무의 면제규정이 수정되어야 할 것이다. 또한 항공서비스 소비자 보호와 피해구제에 관한 법 규정의 체계화와 전문성 제고를 위해 미국연방규칙 14 CFR 및 EU의 EC 261/2004 규칙과 유사한 별도 입법을 마련할 필요가 있을 것이다. 둘째 항공서비스 소비자 분쟁해결기준의 개선이다. 항공부문 소비자분쟁해결기준 상 항공사업자의 운송 불이행 및 운송지연의 경우 면책사유의 발생 원인이 불가항력이었는지를 규명하여 면책여부를 판별하여야 하고, 상법 항공운송편 및 1999년 몬트리올 협약에 규정된 면책사유와 같이 수정되어야 하며, 대체편이 제공된 운송 불이행의 경우와 운송지연에 대하여 배상기준을 통일하는 것이 필요할 것이다. 셋째 항공서비스 소비자 피해구제를 위한 정보제공의 강화이다. 항공관련 정부기관 및 유관기관들은 항공사 및 공항과 협력하여 항공서비스 소비자 피해구제를 위한 법규와 정책 등 다양한 정보를 항공교통이용자에게 보다 신속 명확하게 제공해야 할 것이다. 넷째 소비자분쟁조정의 효력 등에 관한 보완이다. 분쟁조정에 대한 수락 의사표시가 없을 경우 수락한 것으로 보는 것은 부당하므로 이의신청제도를 추가할 필요가 있을 것이다. 또한 소비자분쟁조정위원회 이외 다른 분쟁조정기구에 중복으로 분쟁해결을 신청한 경우 피해구제 대상에서 제외하고 있으나 당사자가 조정기관을 선택할 수 있도록 해야 할 것이다. 그리고 소비자분쟁이 조정을 통하여 효율적으로 해결될 수 있도록 조정성립률을 높일 수 있는 제도적 방안을 강구할 필요가 있을 것이다. 다섯째 항공서비스 소비자 중재제도의 도입이다. 소비자분쟁 조정제도의 한계점을 보완할 수 있는 방안으로 소비자 중재제도를 도입하되, 소비자기본법 상 중재 도입안과 중재법 상 소비자중재 도입안이 있는데, 후자의 방안이 적합할 것으로 생각된다. 결론적으로, 정책과제로서 항공서비스 소비자의 피해 예방 및 구제를 강화하는 법 제도를 마련하고, 항공서비스 선진화를 위한 소비자 중심의 정책을 수립 추진해야 할 것이다.

국제투자분쟁에서 공정·공평 대우에 관한 ICSID 중재사례 연구 - 외국인투자자의 정당한 기대 보호를 중심으로 - (A Study on the ICSID Arbitration Cases for Fair and Equitable Treatment under International Investment Disputes - Focusing on the Protection of the Investor's Legitimate Expectations -)

  • 황지현
    • 무역상무연구
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    • 제71권
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    • pp.195-216
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    • 2016
  • In determining the content of the FET standard, the tribunals stated protection of investor's legitimate expectations, due process and denial of justice, transparency, discrimination and arbitrariness, good faith, etc. The most major elements of the FET standard is the protection of the investor's legitimate and reasonable expectations. It is necessary to consider whether it is possible to what the expectations of investors are protected as legitimate and it is formed under any circumstances. If host state frustrate investor's legitimate expectations, it found a breach of the FET. The host state's specific assurance may reinforce investor's expectations, but such explicit statement is not always necessary. The host state must preserve a stable environment for investments. However, It must not be understood as the inalterability of the host state's legal framework. It implies that the host state's subsequent changes should be made consistently and predictably. The host state is entitled to exercise a reasonable regulatory authority to respond to changing circumstances in the public purpose. Therefore, whether the violation FET shall be determined through a balanced against the investor's legitimate expectations and the host state's reasonable regulatory exercise in the public interest. And investor should keep in mind that the principle of proportionality is applied unless host state provides stabilization clause or similar commitments to investor. Also host state should establish the basis of an argument about reasonable regulatory authority for public interest.

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ICSID 중재판정의 '집행정지'에 관한 고찰 (A Study on the Stay of Enforcement of ICSID Arbitral Awards)

  • 김용일
    • 무역상무연구
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    • 제68권
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    • pp.65-87
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    • 2015
  • This article examines the Stay of Enforcement of ICSID Arbitration Award. The effect of the stay is that the award is not subject to enforcement proceedings under Article 54 of the ICSID Convention pending the outcome of the annulment application. The annulment committee must decide the stay, unless the applicant sought the stay with the request for annulment, in which case the ICSID Secretary -General must grant it automatically. This automatic stay -which can only relate to the entire award-remains in force until the committee is constituted and issues a decision on the request for stay. ICSID committees have taken different positions on whether a stay of enforcement is exceptional or not. Some committees have held that because the ICSID Convention explicitly recognizes that the rights of the award creditor could be subject to a stay, stays are not exceptional. ICSID practice shows that most committees have rejected the proposition that the merits and prospects of the application for annulment should influence the committee's decision whether to grant a stay. In addition, ICSID practice regarding the specific circumstances that will justify a stay of enforcement is unclear, and committees have focused on different factors to decide whether to grant a stay such as prospect of prompt compliance with the ward, hardship to one of the parties, risk of non-recovery and irreparable harm to the award debtor. Also, ICSID practice shows that even though the Convention is silent on this issue, committees have generally held that they are empowered to condition the stay of enforcement on the granting of security by the requesting party.

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계약을 중심으로 하는 국제무역거래과정의 이해 - 정형거래조건을 중심으로 - (Understanding of the Procedure of International Commercial Transaction under Contractual Approach Method)

  • 오원석
    • 무역상무연구
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    • 제41권
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    • pp.3-21
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    • 2009
  • To understand the procedure of international commercial transaction clearly and logically, this author would like to emphasize the contractual approach in this paper. The main contract in the transaction is the contract of sale; to perform this contract, the three subordinate or supporting contracts(including the contract of carriage, the contracts of insurance and the contract of payment) should be followed and performed. In the contract of sale, besides the express Terms, the trade Terms have very comprehensive meanings. Each trade term in Incoterms(2000) deals with the matters relating to the rights and obligations of the parties to the contract of sale with respect to the delivery of the goods sold. It also provides for the duties of seller or buyer relating to the contract of carriage, the contract of insurance and the payment in the process of the delivery of goods. Especially, it does not provide the methods of payment concretely, but it imposes the seller to hand over the documents evidencing the conformity of the contract of sale, and the delivery which includes the documents of carriage and/or insurance. Thus although the trade Terms deal with the obligations of the seller or buyer directly, they are very closely related with the contract of carriage and the contract of insurance indirectly, and also with contract of payment using the documentary draft. For the Arbitration or the litigation in the case of the breach of contract, the trade Terms play very significant roles. When an arbitrator or a judge decides the case, they should understand each obligation clearly, in which case, the trade terms give answers about who is wrong or who is right. Therefore, the contractual approach focusing on the trade terms would give very fruitful advantages to the students or teachers in understanding the procedure of the international commercial transaction systematicly and comprehensively.

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의료분쟁조정제도 운영상의 문제점 및 개선방안 (Problems in the Medical Dispute Medication System and Improvement Plan)

  • 최장섭
    • 의료법학
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    • 제15권2호
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    • pp.91-122
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    • 2014
  • For a variety of reasons, the number of medical disputes is continuously rising. Due to the intrinsic qualities of medical treatments, one would find it more apt to subject medical disputes to general conflict resolution procedures rather than to once-for-all decisions under legal suits. To address the increasing medical disputes with greater professionalism and efficiency, the Medical Disputes Mediation Act was enacted and a medical dispute mediation system put in place, while drawbacks have been blamed to both. The current mediation procedures require the respondent's agreement as a disclosure requirement. A reasonable improvement to this would be to amend the regulation of agreement supposition, or to enforce procedural participation only to public health facilities managed by the national or regional government. Furthermore, small claims cases of 20 million KRW or less in claim may be considered for conciliation-prepositive principle. The concentration on small claim medical disputes is a phenomenon that can be addressed by carrying out maximum authentication commissions or similar measures, one of the solutions by enhancing the public trust in the Korea Medical Dispute Mediation and Arbitration Agency. The proper management of medical authentication teams is one way to address the existing problems in the authentication system. For this, the number of team members shall be increased under more flexible authentication procedures. All indemnity resources for medical accidents of force majeure must be borne by the Government, for it is the body principally responsible for social compensation. Placing this cost on the establisher of the subject medical facility holds the possibility of violating fundamental rights. While the costs for subrogation payment system for damages may be borne by the healthcare facility establisher, a deposit-based system must be created for cases in which the facility shuts down, without holding the responsibility for accident cause. Such change to a deposit-based system will evade the controversies of unconstitutionality, etc.

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