• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.29.1-29.1
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• 2013

We investigate the direct determination of expansion history using redshift distortions without plugging into detailed cosmological parameters. The observed spectra in redshift space include a mixture of information: fluctuations of density-density and velocity-velocity spectra, and distance measures of perpendicular and parallel components to the line of sight. Unfortunately it is hard to measure all the components simultaneously without any specific prior assumption. The degeneracy breaking, between the effect of cosmic distances and redshift distortions for example, depends on the prior we assume. An alternative approach is to utilize the cosmological principle inscribed in the heart of the Friedmann-Lematre-Robertson-Walker (hereafter FLRW) universe, that is, the specific relation between the angular diameter distance and the Hubble parameter, in this degeneracy breaking.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.10a
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• pp.1028-1031
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• 2009

High quality poly-SiGe thin films were prepared on 6-inch substrates using Reactive-thermal CVD with $Si_2H_6$ and $GeF_4$ around at $500^{\circ}C$ directly. Its thickness uniformity was ~ 3% on the entire substrate area. N-channel mobility of ~30 nm thick bottom-gate TFTs exceeded 20 $cm^2$/Vs without any further crystallization.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.206-212
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• 2012

In this paper, in order to effectively apply unitary space-time modulation to the direct-sequence spread-spectrum multiple-access (DSSS-MA) networks, we propose a low-rate, noncoherent, unitary, and space-time modulated DSSS system supporting any number of transmit antennas based on Walsh matrices. The proposed scheme simultaneously performs bandwidth spreading and space-time coding and outperforms those using high-rate, conventional unitary space-time constellations. Furthermore, the proposed scheme allows for a simple detector structure based on fast Walsh transforms.

• Journal of TMJ Balancing Medicine
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.27-30
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• 2013

Diagnostic evaluation methods frequently adopted in Temporomandibular Balancing Medicine (TBM) are briefly reviewed as to their basic concepts and procedures. TBM diagnostic evaluation methods may be classified into direct and indirect ones. Indirect methods are to observe any change in the manifestations with regard to the (1) posture, (2) pain, (3) muscle strength, and (4) stretching. Direct methods are to evaluate through (1) cervical palpation test, (2) restricted cervical rotation test, and (3) lateral cervical tension test. These methods may provide clinicians valuable information on the current yinyang balance and potential therapeutic factors in relation with the temporomandibular joint, a meridian system, and the whole body.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.155-163
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• 2000

In this paper, we propose an algorithm for the object function used in optimal control or optimal design that sets the object function as simultaneous and then calculates the optimal value according to the Newton method. The proposed method calculates the optimal value simply using two inputs; object function and initial value, using the DDA(Direct Derivative Algorithm) which is a programmed ordinary derivative function that does not inquire the calculation of derivative function nor any inputs. And we have verified the usefulness of the algorithm for the optimal control and optimal dosing.

• KIEE International Transactions on Power Engineering
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• v.3A no.2
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• pp.79-84
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• 2003

Unbalanced systems, such as distribution systems, have difficulties in fault locations due to single-phase laterals and loads. This paper proposes new fault locations developed by the direct three-phase circuit analysis algorithms using matrix inverse lemma for the line-to-ground fault case and the line-to-line fault case in unbalanced systems. The fault location for balanced systems has been studied using the current distribution factor, by a conventional symmetrical transformation, but that for unbalanced systems has not been investigated due to their high complexity. The proposed algorithms overcome the limit of the conventional algorithm using the conventional symmetrical transformation, which requires the balanced system and are applicable to any power system but are particularly useful for unbalanced distribution systems. Their effectiveness has been proven through many EMTP simulations.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.337-342
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• 1999

M. Cohen and S. Montgomery showed that a Maschke-type theorem for the smash product, which unlike the corresponding result for group actions, does not require any assumptions about the characterstic of the algebra. Our purpose in this paper is a Maschke-type theorem for the graded smash coproduct C⋊kG: let V be a right C⋊kG-comodule and W a C⋊kG-subcomoduleof V which is a C-direct summand of V. Then W is a C⋊kG-direct summand of V. Also this result is equivalent to the following : let V be a graded right C-comodule and W a graded subcomodule of V which has a complement as a C-subcomodule of V. Then W has a graded complement.

• Proceedings of the KACD Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.619-619
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• 2003

This study was intended to evaluate the influence of different base materials on the marginal integrity of posterior direct composite resin restorations. Large conventional butt-joint MOD cavity preparations, with margins in enamel and dentin, were prepared in vitro in 24 extracted human mandibular molars and randomly divided into four equal groups. One of three base materials(RMGI, compomer, flowable resin) was placed on the pulpal floors, of the teeth of the groups. One group of teeth, which served as the control group, was not given any base mterial.(중략)

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.575-586
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• 2024

Steel arch supports are used in mines and underground structures to provide stability. Most of the supports are made up of overlapping arches. They can behave either yieldingly or unyieldingly. If the normal force at any point of overlapping equals the slip resistance, the slide occurs. This paper presents a solution procedure for determining the load-carrying capacity of steel arch supports in the yielding implementation. This solution considers the effects of several significant elements, including differing materials and the number of clamps in yielding friction joints. The direct stiffness method is applied. The solution contains geometric, physical, and structural nonlinearity. The results obtained from numerical modeling using the provided procedure are compared to laboratory tests conducted at GIG Katowice in 2012. They show a good correlation with previously collected data from equivalent laboratory conditions.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.98-104
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• 2000

The conventional model did not take momentum conservation into consideration when the electron absorbs and emits the photons. II-ray provides momentum conservations on any directions of the entering photons, and also the electrons have radial momentum conservations and fully elastic bouncing between two atoms, in the new atom model. Conventional atom model must be criticized on the following four points. (1) Natural motions between positive and negative entities are not circular motions but linear going and returning ones, for examples sexual motion, tidal motion, day and night etc. Because the radius of hydrogen atom's electron orbit is the order of 10$^{-11}$ m and the radia of the nucleons in the nucleus are the order of 10$^{-14}$ m and then the converging $\pi$-gamma rays to the nucleus have so great circular momentum, the electron can not have a circular motion. We can say without doubt that any elementary mass particle can have only linear motion, because of the $\pi$-rays'hindrances, nearthenucleus. (2) Potential energy generation was neglected when electron changes its orbit from outer one to inner one. The h v is the kinetic energy of the photo-electron. The total energy difference between orbits comprises kinetic and potential energies. (3) The structure of the space must be taken into consideration because the properties of the electron do not change during the transition from outer orbit to inner one even though it produces photon. (4) Total energy conservation law applies to the energy flow between mind and matter because we daily experiences a interconnection between mind and body. Conventional Concept of Electric Field must be extended in the case of the direct and alternating current. Conventional concept is based on coulomb's force while the electric potential in the direct and alternating current is from Gibb's free energy. And also conventional concept has not any consciousness with human being but the latters has a conscious sensibility. The cell emf is from the kinetic energy of the open $\pi$-rays flow through the conducting wire. The electric potential in alternating current is from that the trans-orbital moving of the induced change of magnetic field in the wire produces flows of open $\pi$-rays, which push the rotating electrons on the orbital and then make the current flow. Human consciousness can induce a resonance with the sensibility of the open $\pi$-rays in the electric measuring equipment. Specially treated acupunctures with Nasucon is for sending an acupunctural effect from one place to another via space by someone's will power.