• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.101-119
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• 2004

Ginseng Radix Alba and Cyperi Rhizoma were investigated for their anti-depressant effects. For this purpose, forced-swimming test, tail suspension test, hot plate test, reserpine-induced hypothermia, aggressive behavior test were performed. In addition, the brain content of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid(a metabolite of serotonin), the monoamine oxidase activity, anticonvulsant effect, sleep enhancement effect were determined. The results are as follows: In the forced swimming test, Ginseng Radix diminished the duration of immobility by 45.5% compared to the control group, while Cyperi Rhizoma showed weaker effect (12.4% reduction) at 2g/kg. In the tail suspension test, the effect of Ginseng Radix(43.7% reduction) are also better than that of Cyperi Rhizoma(15.6% reduction) at 2g/kg. In the hot plate test, Ginseng Radix showed no difference as compared to control, while Cyperi Rhizoma increased the jump latency time by about 25% after administration for 10 days. In the reserpine-induced hypothermia test, both drugs slowly dropped the body temperature compared to the control group, especially the rate of hypothermia of Ginseng Radix was 24.0% at 1g/kg. In the aggressive behavior test, both drugs delayed the onset time, decreased the duration and frequency, of which effects were better in Cyperi Rhizoma. The content of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in mice brain was slightly increased in Ginseng Radix, while Cyperi Rhizoma increased its level almost to the control group. Both drugs inhibited the monoamine oxidase activity in a dose-dependent manner, but the effect(51.2%) of Cyperi Rhizoma was more potent than the effect(11.8%) of Ginseng Radix. In the pentobarbital-induced sleep test, Cyperi Rhizoma exhibited no significant difference against the control group, while Ginseng Radix showed about two-fold enhancement at 2g/kg. The anticonvulsant effect of both drugs delayed the onset time, shortened the duration of convulsion and diminished the lethality, but Ginseng Radix were better than Cyperi Rhizoma.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.53-63
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• 2003

자폐장애는 Leo Kanner가 처음 기술한 이래, 독립된 임상적 실체로 인식되어 왔다. 자폐장애의 원인은 불분명하며, 여러 가지 뇌구조와 기능 이상을 보인다. 자해는 저기능 자폐증 환자에서 나타나며, 만성화되지 않도록 조기 치료가 필요하다. 본 논문은 자폐증의 여러 증상에 사용되는 약물을 고찰하였으며, 특히 자해와 공격성에 대한 약물을 중점으로 고찰하였다. 세로토닌 재흡수차단제는 일차적 항공격 효과가 불분명하다. 도파민 차단약물은 공격성과 자기 손상을 감소시키는데 상당한 효과를 보이는데 부작용의 측면에서 리스페리돈이 가장 유효하다. 날트렉손은 아직까지 일관된 연구결과가 나오지 않았다. 클로니딘은 공격성 감소의 효과가 있다. 또한 리튬이 공격적 자기손상적 행동의 치료에 효과적이었다. 그리고 카바마제핀 등의 항경련제가 공격적 폭발적 행동에 효과적이었다. 앞으로 단일한 진단과 치료반응 측정을 통해 자해에 대한 약물치료가 보다 진보할 것이다.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.25-37
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• 2021

Objectives: Depression is a mood disorder showing low energy, loss of interest, anhedonia, and anxiety. It affects a patients' daily life. This disease is considered a social problem because the patient may commit suicide in extreme cases. JSB is composed of 12 Korean medicinal herbs. It has been prescribed to patients with depression. The objective of this study is to investigate anti-depressive effects of JSB on restraint stress-induced depression in a mouse model. Methods: Depression was induced by restraint stress. Mice were orally administered JSB at 10, 20, or 40 mg/kg for 14 days. Forced swimming test (FST) and open field test (OFT) were performed. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA level was measured by real time-PCR. Plasma levels of corticosterone and serotonin were measured by ELISA. Blood levels of AST and ALS were measured using a biochemical analyzer. Results: JSB treatment significantly reduced the immobility time in FST. BDNF mRNA level was increased by JSB treatment in the hippocampi of mice. Although the expression of TNF-α was also increased by JSB, such increase was not statistically significant. The increase of corticosterone level in plasma induced by restraint stress was significantly down-regulated by JSB. JSB reduced blood level of AST, but not ALT. Conclusions: JSB has a potential to manage depression, setting a foundation for clinical application of Korean medicine with safety.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.402-410
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• 2023

Long-term administration of levodopa (L-DOPA) to patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) commonly results in involuntary dyskinetic movements, as is known for L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID). 5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) has recently been shown to alleviate LID; however, no biochemical alterations to aberrant excitatory conditions have been revealed yet. In the present study, we aimed to confirm its anti-dyskinetic effect and to discover the unknown molecular mechanisms of action of 5-HTP in LID. We made an LID-induced mouse model through chronic L-DOPA treatment to 6-hydroxydopamine-induced hemi-parkinsonian mice and then administered 5-HTP 60 mg/kg for 15 days orally to LID-induced mice. In addition, we performed behavioral tests and analyzed the histological alterations in the lesioned part of the striatum (ST). Our results showed that 5-HTP significantly suppressed all types of dyskinetic movements (axial, limb, orolingual and locomotive) and its effects were similar to those of amantadine, the only approved drug by Food and Drug Administration. Moreover, 5-HTP did not affect the efficacy of L-DOPA on PD motor manifestations. From a molecular perspective, 5-HTP treatment significantly decreased phosphorylated CREB and ΔFosB expression, commonly known as downstream factors, increased in LID conditions. Furthermore, we found that the effects of 5-HTP were not mediated by dopamine1 receptor (D1)/DARPP32/ERK signaling, but regulated by AKT/mTOR/S6K signaling, which showed different mechanisms with amantadine in the denervated ST. Taken together, 5-HTP alleviates LID by regulating the hyperactivated striatal AKT/mTOR/S6K and CREB/ΔFosB signaling.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.447-456
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• 1994

In order to elucidate the characterization of receptors involved in inestinal motility of Israeli carp, spontaneously contracting Israeli carp intestinal preperations were prepared and mounted in the organ chambers for contraction traicings using a polygraph. Various contractile agonists were treated and their dose-response curves were constructed. $EC_{50}$ values$(pD_2)$ of each agonist on specific receptors, $pA_2$ values of competitive antagonists against some agonists, and $K_1$, values of noncompetitive antagonists against some agonists were analyzed for characterization of receptors related with the intestinal contraction. Results obtained through the experiments were summarized as follows: 1. Acetylcholine(ACh) exhibited biphasic dose-response curves: initial ACh-induced dose dependent contractions were observed in pM levels but followed by decreased response in in-between concentration levels. Dose dependent contractions reappeared in ${\mu}M$ level. The peaks in pM and ${\mu}M$ levels appeared in $10^{-13}M$ and $3{\times}10^{-5}M$, respectvely. 2. Carbachol(CaCh) exhibited dose dependent contractions from $10^{-9}M$ to $10^{-5}M$, and its $pD_2$ values were higher than those of ACh($5.60{\pm}0.11$). ACh and CaCh exhibited equiactive contractions. Nicotine had no effects on contractile responses of Israeli carp intestine. 3. ACh-induced responses were inhibited by atropine($K_1:7{\times}10^{-8}M$), a muscarinic antagonist, in a non-competitive manner. But CaCh-induced responses were inhibited by both antimuscarinic atropine($pA_2:9.52{\pm}0.14$) and selective $M_2$ antagonistic 4-DAMP($pA_2:8.16{\pm}0.09$), in competitive manners. Nicotine receptor antagonistic decamethonium and hexamethonium had no effects on ACh-and CaCh-induced contractions. Therefore, the cholinergic receptor related to intestinal motility of Israeli carp was assumed as $M_2$ type. 4. In Israeli carp intestine, 5-HT (serotonin) exhibited dose dependent contractions in concentration range from $10^{-8}M$ to $10^{-5}M$. The maximal responses, however, were corresponded to about 50% of those of ACh or CaCh. 5-HT induced contractions were inhibited by $5-HT_2$ antagonistic ketanserin ($K_1: 7.8{\times}10^{-4}M$) in a non-competitive manner, but not by both of anti $5-HT_1$, spiperone and anti $5-HT_3$, MDL-72222. Hence, $5-HT_2$ receptors are suggested to be existed in Isreli carp intestine.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제27권10호
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• pp.1065-1072
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• 2004

Depression is associated with a dysfunctional serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) system. More recently, several lines of evidence suggest that an important factor in the development of depression may be a deficit in the function and expression of $5-HT_{1A}$ receptors. The present study assessed if Nelumbinis Semen (N. s.) had an anti-depression effect through reversing a decrease in $5-HT_{1A}$receptor binding in rats with depression-like symptoms induced by chronic mild stress. Using a $5-HT_{1A}$ receptor binding assay, with a specific $5-HT_{1A}$receptor agonist, 8- OH-DPAT (8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin), the mechanism of the anti-depression effect of N. s. on rats was investigated, and the effects compared with two well-known antidepressants, Hyperium Perforatum (St. Johns Wort) and fluoxetine (Prozac). Animals were divided into five groups: the normal (N) group without chronic mild stress (CMS), the control (C) group under CMS for 8 weeks, the Nelumbinis Semen (N. s.) treatment group under CMS for 8 weeks, the Hyperium Perforatum (H. p.) treatment group under CMS for 8 weeks and finally, the fluoxetine (F) treatment group under CMS for 8 weeks. Each treatment was administered to rats during the last 4 weeks of the 8-week CMS. A sucrose intake test was performed to test the anti-depression effect of N. s. The N. s. treatment significantly reversed the decreased sucrose intake under CMS (P<0.05 compared to control group under CMS). In the CA2 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus, both N. s. and H. p. reversed the CMS-induced decrease in $5-HT_{1A}$receptor binding. In the I to II regions of the frontal cortex, N. s. and H. p. also reversed the CMS-induced decrease in$5-HT_{1A}$receptor binding, and even showed a significant increase in $5-HT_{1A}$receptor binding compared to the F treatment group (N. s. vs. P, p<0.05, H. p. vs. P, p<0.05). However, in the hypothalamus, all treatments reversed the CMSinduced decrease in $5-HT_{1A}$receptor binding. This reversal effect of N. s. on the decrease in $5-HT_{1A}$receptor binding in the frontal cortex, hippocampus and hypothalamus of rat brains was very similar to that of H. p, but different from that of F. It is concluded that N. s. presents an anti-depression effect through enhancing $5-HT_{1A}$receptor binding.

• 정신신체의학
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.75-84
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• 2005

연구목적 : 종합병원 정신과 자문 실태와 변화양상(1997년과 2002년)을 조사하여 정신과 자문의 추이와 문제점에 대해 파악하고 대책과 발전 방향을 수립하고자 본 연구를 실시하였다. 방법: 1997년과 2002년에 입원하여 정신과로 자문 의뢰된 환자 347명, 317명에 대해서 자문결과지와 병록기록지를 참고하여 정신과 자문 현황을 조사, 비교, 분석하였다. 결과: 1) 자문 환자의 평균 연령이 45.9세(1997)에서 53.2세(2002)로 증가하였다. 40세 이하 집단이 감소한 반면 60세 이상의 환자군이 증가하였고, 특히 60세 이상 여성이 전체 여성환자 중 22.6%에서 48.5%로 두드러지게 증가하였다. 2) 전체 자문 의뢰율은 1997년 2.2%, 2002년 2.29%였다. 자문의뢰 건수는 내과가 각각 57.1%, 44.2%로 가장 많았고, 각 과별 자문율은 재활의학과가 두 해 모두 가장 높았다. 3) 정신과적 진단은 1997년에는 물질관련 장애가 17.3%로 가장 많았으나, 2002년에는 기분장애가 21.1%로 가장 많았다. 4) 자문의의 권고 사항은 약물사용 및 용량 조정에 관한 권유가 1997년 및 2002년 각 59.7%와 68.0%로 가장 높은 빈도를 보였다. 자문의가 제안한 약물의 종류는 1997년과 2002년 모두 항불안제가 가장 많았다. 2002년에는 Serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors와 비전형적 항정신병 약물의 처방은 유의하게 증가되었고, 전형적 항정신병 약물의 사용은 유의하게 감소하였다. 결론: 1997년에 비해 2002년도의 자문현황은 자문환자의 연령이 증가하였고, 진단별로는 기분장애와 인지장애의 비율이 상대적으로 증가하였다. 약물권유는 잘 받아들여졌으나, 진단적 검사에 대한 관심은 떨어지는 편이었다.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.49-68
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• 1997

This study aimed to evaluate the anti-stress effect of Yangsimtang and Yangsimtang+Siyup on the rats in immobilization stress.The experimental animals were immobilized in the stress box(5${\times}$5${\times}$20cm) for 12 hours in a day suring 3 days, and administered 1ｇ/100ｇ of Yangsimtang and Yangsimtang+Siyup and Siyup extract for 12 days before stress. The norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine and serotonin contents were measured by HPLC method in various part of rat brain.The following results were observed.1. In frontal cortex the norepinephrine content of control group was 561.${\pm}$24.46 ng/g brain tissue, that of saple 1 group was 430.8$\pm$41.2 ng/g brain tissue, and that of sample 2 group was 417.2$\pm$38.5 ng/g brain tissue. The differences was statistically significant.2. In corpus striatum, the norepinephrine content of control group was 561.3$\pm$27.3 ng/g brain tissue, and that of sample 1 group was 422.1$\pm$21.2 ng/g brain tissue, the dopamine content of control group was 1205.1$\pm$75.9 ng/g brain tissue, that of sample 2 group was 685.6$\pm$41.5 ng/g brain tissue. The differences was statistically significant.3. In hypothalamus, the norepinephrine content of control group was 1165.1$\pm$162.6 ng/g brain tissue, that of sample 2 group was 947.2$\pm$35.7 ng/g brain tissue. The differences was statistically significant.4. In hippocampus, the norepinephrine content of control group was 931.6$\pm$82.2 ng/g brain tissue, that of sample 1 group was 652.1$\pm$47.5 ng/g brain tissue, and that of sample 2 group was 627.4$\pm$31.2 ng/g brain tissue, the dopamine contrnt of control group was 315.4$\pm$28.4 ng/g brain tissue, that of sample 2 group was 208.5$\pm$23.7 ng/g brain tissue. The differences were statistically significant.Base on the above results, it may be concluded that Yangsimtang and Yangsimtang+Siyup are effective to reduce stress.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제29권10호
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• pp.898-903
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• 2006

The antiplatelet and antithrombotic activities of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) were examined on rat carotid artery thrombosis in vivo, and platelet aggregation in vitro and ex vivo. Administration of KRG to rats not only prevented carotid artery thrombosis in vivo in a dose-dependent manner, but also significantly inhibited ADP- and collagen-induced platelet aggregation ex vivo, while failed to prolong coagulation times such as activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and prothrombin time (PT), indicating the antithrombotic effect of KRG might be due to its anti platelet aggregation rather than anticoagulation effect. In line with the above observations, KRG inhibited U46619-, arachidonic acid-, collagen- and thrombin-induced rabbit platelet aggregation in vitro in a concentration-dependent manner, with $IC_{50}$ values of $620{\pm}12$, $823{\pm}22$, $722{\pm}21$ and $650{\pm}14\;{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. Accordingly, KRG also inhibited various agonists-induced platelet serotonin secretions as it suppressed platelet aggregation. These results suggest that KRG has a potent antithrombotic effect in vivo, which may be due to antiplatelet rather than anticoagulation activity, and KRG intake may be beneficial to the individuals with high risks of thrombotic and cardiovascular diseases.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2017

Objective : Soybeans of Canavalia gladiata(CG) and root of Arctium lappa(AL) have been reported to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant effect. However, the immunoregulatory mechanisms of its combinational prescription remain a matter of considerable debate. In the current study, we investigated whether CG and AL and its combinational prescription(CG+AL) regulate immune system using chronic immobilization-stress mouse model. Methods : C57BL/6J mice fixed for 2 hours into immobilization tube after CG, AL, CG+AL oral administration after 2 hours daily for 21 days. After every experiment has ended the C57BL/6J mice were sacrificed on 22 days. The production of Serotonin and Cortisol, lgA were observed by ELISA method, The proportion of immune cells such as T/B cell and macrophage, NK cell were measured by FACS. Then, Real-time PCR was performed to measure the mRNA expression of Inflammatory cytokines(IL-1beta, IL-6, TNF-a) and T cell activation cytokines(IL-2, IL-10, IFN-gamma, IL-12p35 / p40). Result : When chronic immobilization-stress mouse model were treated with CG+AL(1:4), the expression of mRNA were significantly decreased at the Inflammatory cytokines(IL-1beta, IL-6, TNF-a). While, the levels of mRNA were significantly increased at immune T cell activation cytokines. Additionally, CG+AL(1:4) combinational prescription group enhanced immune cells such as T/B cell and macrophage, NK cell. Furthermore, the Immuno-fluorescence result of brain tissue can confirm that CG+AL(1:4) group significantly increased the BDNF expression. Conclusion : These result suggest that CG+AL(1:4) combinational prescription has Immune System enhancement via stress-mediated immunocyte.