• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.63-70
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• 2010

Two feeding experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of dietary genetically modified (GM) soya and com on growth performance, feed utilization and body composition of juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus and rockfish, Sebastes schlegelii. For each fish species, four isonitrogenous (50% crude protein) and isocaloric (4.1 kcal/g) diets (designated as nGM soya, GM soya, nGM com and GM com) were formulated to contain 20% non-GM (nGM) and GM soya and com. Thirty olive flounder (initial body weight, 15.4${\pm}$0.4 g) and fifty rockfish (initial body weight, 3.1${\pm}$0.02 g) were distributed in each 400 L tank (200 L water) in a flow through system. Each experimental diet was fed to triplicate groups of fish to visual satiation, twice a day (9:00 hand 17:00 h) for 6 weeks. Growth performance was measured every three weeks. No effects of GM feedstuffs on survival were observed. Dietary inclusion of GM feedstuffs did not affect growth performance and feed utilization of fishes, except for rockfish fed GM com. Rockfish fed the GM com diet showed higher weight gain, daily feed intake and daily protein intake than did fish fed the nGM com diet, but no significant differences were observed in final body weight between the dietary treatments. Condition factor, hepatosomatic index, visceral somatic index and body composition were not altered by the inclusion of GM feedstuffs. These results indicate that dietary inclusion of GM soya and com could have no effects on growth performance and feed utilization of juvenile flounder and rockfish. Lower weight gain and feed intake in flounder and rockfish fed the diets containing 20% soya were likely due to anti-nutritional factors, rather than transgenic factors in the feedstuffs. Dietary inclusion of GM soya and com at the level tested did not alter the body composition of fishes. Further studies to investigate the effects of GM feedstuffs on health conditions and the development of fishes, as well as those of residue of transgenic fragments in ambient environments and in animals are necessary for safe use of the ingredients in aquaculture.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.243-248
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• 2003

1. 생쥐 고환으로부터 얻은 세포를 배양하여 군집을 형성하는 것을 관찰할 수 있었으며, AP, SSEA-1, -3, -4과 Integrin $\alpha$6, $\beta$1 및 Oct4의 발현을 확인하였다. 2. 생쥐 생식줄기세포를 3-5일정도 배양하게 되면, 여러 층으로 이루어진 군집을 이루게 되는데 이는 생쥐 배아줄기세포나 배아생식줄기세포의 형태와 같은 것이었다. 3. 생쥐 생식줄기세포를 체외에서 효과적으로 분리, 배양할 수 있는 조건을 확립하였다.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.97-104
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• 2003

본 연구에서는 우유 앨러지의 원인물질중의 하나인 casein단백질을 생체가 알르겐 물질로 인식할 수 없는 수준의 분자로까지 분해하여 항원성을 저감시키고 또한 풍미가 좋은casein분해물을 제조하기 위하여 분해특성이 다른 효소를 사용하여 만들어진 분해물의 특성과 항원성을 조사하였다. 박테리아 효소인 Neutrase, Alcalase, Protamex, Pescalase을 처리한 casein가수분해물의 평균분자량은 1,100~2,300 dalton이었고 곰팡이 효소인 MP, Flavourzyme, LP, Promod경우에는 거의 770 ~ 1,140 dalton범위였다. 항원성 저감정도를 측정하기 위하여 토끼항casein항혈청을 이용하여 ELISA억제시험을 실시한 결과 항체결합을 50%저해하는 미분해casein단백질의 농도는 $10^{3.6}$ng/ml였다. 박테리아 효소인 Neutrase, Alcalase, Protamex, Pescalase에 의한 Casein가수분해물의 값은 각각 $10^{4.8},\;10^{5.5},\;10^{5.9},\;10^{6.1}\;ng/ml$이었고, 곰팡이 효소인 MP, Flavourzyme, LP, Promod경우에는 각각 $10^{6.3},\;10^{6.3},\;10^{6.5},\;10^{6.8}\;ng/ml$로 나타났다. 박테리아와 곰팡이효소의 조합인 Fla+prota, Pro+prota처리구에서는 $10^{7.4},\;10^{7.3}ng/ml$로 나타났다. 따라서 미분해 casein의 항원성을 1로 하면, casein분해물의 항원성은 최고 1/8,000 이하로 저하되었다. 수신피부아나피랙시스반응(PCA)을 이용한 항원성시험에서 casein으로 피하 감작할 경우 푸른색 반점이 나타났으나 효소처리구에서는 이러한 반점이 나타나지 않아 충분히 항원성이 저감화 되었음을 확인하였다.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.195-209
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• 2009

Objectives : Transient inflammation has been demonstrated to alter visceral sensory function in animal models and acute mucosal inflammation may precede the manifestation of visceral hyperalgesia. Thus in this study we compared effects of herbal acupuncture of Nidus Vespae (NV) applied to the different acupoints in the acute colitis induced by trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid (TNBS) intracolonic injection in rats. Methods : In Male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 250 ~ 400 g, TNBS (5 mg/kg) was infused intrarectally through a silicon rubber catheter into the anus under isoflurane anaesthesia. Under general anesthesia, acupoints of LI4 (Hapkok), SI25 (Cheonchu), ST36 (Joksamni), BL25 (Daejangsu) were intramuscularly injected by NV. Expressions of cFos protein in the periaqueductal gray (PAG), locus coeruleus (LC), nucleus of solitary tract (Sol), and the 6th lumbar spinal cord (L6 s.c.) were observed at 24 hrs after TNBS induced colitis by immunohistochemistry. Results : The expression of c-Fos protein in L6 s.c., Sol, LC and PAG increased 24 hrs after TNBS injection into colorectum as compared to normal group. NV herbal acupuncture also inhibited the expression of c-Fos protein in Sol but not L6 s.c., LC, and PAG. NV to ST36 inhibited significantly the c-Fos expression in Sol and PAG. NV to ST25 inhibited the c-Fos protein expression all over the observation area. NV to BL25 showed the inhibitory effects in the areas except LC. Whether or not a role of endogenous opioids, intrathecal injection of naltrexone (30 ug / 30 ul) was applied before the 2nd herbal acupuncture treatment 24 hrs after TNBS-induced colitis in rat. Naltrexone reversed the inhibition of c-Fos protein expression in the spinal cord and brainstem under different conditions such as type of herbal acupuncture compound and choice of acupoint. Conclusions : In summary, these data show that herbal acupuncture of NV inhibits signal pathways such as spinal cord and brain stem ascending hypersensitivity of colorectum after TNBS induced colitis. This effect may be mediated by acupoints through the endogenous opioid system involving the pain modulation.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 2002년도 학술대회지
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• pp.66-83
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• 2002

Recently, we have provided evidence that ginsenosides, the active components of Panax ginseng, utilize pertussis toxin (PTX)-insensitive $G{\alpha}_{q/11}-phospholipase\;C-{\beta}3(PLC-{\beta}3)$ signal transduction pathway for the enhancement of $Ca^{2+}-activated\;Cl^{-}$ current in the Xenopus oocyte (British J. Pharmacol. 132, 641-647, 2001; JBC 276, 48797-48802, 2001). Other investigators have shown that stimulation of receptors linked to $G{\alpha}-PLC$ pathway inhibits the activity of G proteincoupled inwardly rectifying $K^+$ (GIRK) channel. In the present study, we sought to determine whether ginsenosides influenced the activity of GIRK 1 and GIRK 4 (GIRK 1/4) channels expressed in the Xenopus oocyte, and if so, the underlying signal transduction mechanism. In oocyte injected with GIRK 1/4 channel cRNAs, bath-applied ginsenosides inhibited high potassium (HK) solution-elicited GIRK current $(EC_{50}:4.9{\pm}4.3\;{\mu}g/ml).$ Pretreatment of the oocyte with PTX reduced the HK solution-elicited GIRK current by $49\%,$ but it did not alter the inhibitory ginsenoside effect on GIRK current. Prior intraoocyte injection of cRNA(s) coding $G{\alpha}_q,\;G{\alpha}_{11}\;or\;G{\alpha}_q/G{\alpha}_{11},\;but\;not\;G{\alpha}_{i2}\;or\;G{\alpha}_{oA}$ attenuated the inhibitory ginsenoside effect. Injection of cRNAs coding $G{\beta}_{1{\gamma}2}$ also attenuated the ginsenoside effect. Similarly, injection of the cRNAs coding regulators of G protein signaling 1, 2 and 4 (RGS1, RGS2 and RGS4), which interact with $G{\alpha}_i\;and/or\;G{\alpha}_{q/11}$ and stimulates the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP in active GTP-bound $G{\alpha}$ subunit, resulted in a significant reduction of ginsenoside effect on GIRK current. Preincubation of GIRK channel-expressing oocyte in PLC inhibitor (U73122) or protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor (staurosporine or chelerythrine) blocked the inhibitory ginsenoside effect on GIRK current. On the other hand, intraoocyte injection of BAPTA, a free $Ca^{2+}$ chelator, had no significant effect on the ginsenoside action. Taken together, these results suggest that ginsenosides inhibit the activity of GIRK 1/4 channel expressed in the Xenopus oocyte through a PTX-insensitive and $G{\alpha}_{q/11}$-,PLC-and PKC-mediated signal transduction pathway.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.109-118
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• 2019

구름과 에어로졸의 상호 작용은 기후 시스템에서 중요한 강제력 메커니즘 중 하나로 알려져 있지만, 에어로졸 변화가 구름의 양과 수명에 미치는 영향에 대해서는 서로 일치하지 않는 연구결과를 보이고 있다. 더구나 구름과 강수에 대한 에어로졸 효과는 기상요인으로부터 발생하는 효과와 쉽게 분리되지 않는다. 이 논문에서는 구름두께(H), 액체수함량(Liquid water path, LWP)과 같은 구름 거시물리 인자들이 강수에 미치는 영향을 최소화한 상태에서, 에어로졸 농도 변화가 강수변화에 미치는 영향을 기술하는, 강수민감도($S_o$)에 대한 연구를 살펴보았다. 구름 두께가 얇거나 구름이 포함하고 있는 액체수함량이 작을 경우 에어로졸 농도가 증가하여도 강수율에는 변화가 없었다. 그러나 구름 두께나 액체수함량이 중간 정도인 경우에는 에어로졸 농도가 증가할수록 강수량이 감소한다. 이것은 대기 중에 존재하는 에어로졸이 구름씨앗으로 작용하여 수많은 작은 크기의 구름입자를 생성하여, 강수로 이어지는 충돌 병합과정을 억제하기 때문이다. 구름두께나 액체수함량이 큰 경우에는 대기 중에 이미 충분한 수분이 존재하여, LWP 또는 H가 증가할수록 강수민감도는 감소한다. 이러한 LWP 또는 H 영역에 따른 강수민감도 변화특성은 구름 속에서 작용하는 우세한 구름물리 과정에 따라 다르게 나타난다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.800-807
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• 2019

Objective: The aim was to evaluate backgrounding beef steers on oat + ryegrass pastures mixed with vetch and/or using energy supplementation. Methods: A randomized block design with three treatments and three replications was used. The treatments were: grass + supplement (oat + ryegrass + supplementation), legume + supplement (oat + ryegrass + vetch + supplementation) and grass + legume (oat + ryegrass + vetch). A continuous grazing system with a variable stocking rate was used. Twenty-seven intact crossbred steers (1/4 Marchigiana, 1/4 Aberdeen Angus and 2/4 Nellore) aged 7 months old and average weight of 190 kg were used. Steers were supplemented at 1% of the body weight of ground corn. The experiment lasted 84 days, between May and August 2014. Behavioral assessments were performed two times per experimental period, for 24 hours. Results: The forage mass was different between treatments, being greater for steers fed without legume. The accumulation rate, forage allowance, and stocking rate did not differ between treatments due to the adequate adjustment of forage allowance. The final weight of animals, as well as the dry matter intake (kg/d), did not differ between treatments. However, forage intake was higher for non-supplemented animals in relation to supplemented steers. Supplement intake did not alter the total digestible nutrient intake due to pasture quality. Animals fed grass + supplement had higher live weight gain per area than those fed grass + legume. Animals without supplementation spent more time in grazing. Conclusion: Feeding behavior was not altered by mixing with vetch or supplementation. Non-supplemented animals started the grazing peak earlier and spent more time in grazing than those supplemented; however, the average daily gain was similar between treatments. The live weight gain per hectare was 47% higher in pastures in which the animals received supplementation compared with those mixed with vetch, a consequence of the substitutive effect.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제30권8호
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• pp.659-671
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• 2021

The physicochemical properties of soil and the yield and quality of rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Sailmi) were assessed using Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam. cv. Kowinearly)-rice double cropping systems in the paddy fields at Goseong and Miryang in southern Korea. The average temperatures during the ripening period were approximately 1 ℃ higher than the optimal temperature for rice ripening and the sunshine duration was reduced by frequent rainfall. Consequently, it was slightly below the optimal conditions required for rice ripening. In the soil at Goseong, winter Italian ryegrass cropping increased the pH, electrical conductivity, and the contents of organic matter, total nitrogen (T-N), available P₂O₅, K, Ca, and Mg than winter fallowing. Particularly, the contents of T-N and available P₂O₅increased significantly. In the soil at Miryang, Italian ryegrass slightly increased the electrical conductivity and the T-N, Mg, and Na contents. Therefore, winter Italian ryegrass cropping improved the physicochemical properties of paddy soils; however, Italian ryegrass-rice double cropping slightly reduced the culm length at both Goseong and Miryang, without markedly changing the panicle length or number compared to fallow-rice cropping. Furthermore, at Goseong, Italian ryegrass-rice double cropping slightly decreased the spikelet number and milled rice yield, and increased the ripened grain rate; however, at Miryang, contrasting results were observed. In addition, fallow-rice cropping revealed no differences in the head rice or opaque rice rates. The protein content was slightly increased in Italian ryegrass-rice double cropping, without significant changes in the amylose content or Toyo value, compared to that in fallow-rice cropping. The peak and breakdown viscosities were slightly decreased. These results indicate that winter Italian ryegrass cropping might alter rice taste but may not exhibit remarkable negative effects on rice cultivation. Therefore, Italian ryegrass-rice double cropping system is recommended for paddy fields in southern Korea. Nevertheless, to increase the rice yield and quality, fertilization standards for rice cropping that consider the changes in the T-N and organic matter contents in paddy fields caused by winter Italian ryegrass cropping need to be established.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.361-374
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• 2022

For this study, we designed and produced mulberry low-fat ice cream supplemented with synbiotics (MLF-ISS). The sensory characteristics and physical, chemical, and microbiological qualities of MLF-ISS were then determined. Mulberry juice inoculated with or without probiotic (Lactobacillus plantarum TISTR 926 and Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745) was also tested at 37℃ for 24 h to determine probiotic growth rate, pH, total anthocyanin content (TAC), total phenolic content (TPC), and antioxidant activity (AA). Only the TAC of mulberry juice inoculated with S. boulardii CNCM I-745 increased considerably (p < 0.05) among these parameters. MLF-ISS was produced with varied mulberry fruit concentrations (0, 10, 20, 30, or 40%) (w/w). The MLF-ISS prepared with 30% mulberry fruit (w/w) (30-MLF-ISS) had a higher score in appearance, color, and sweetness (p < 0.05) when sensory qualities were measured using the 9-point hedonic scale method. In the CIE lab system (L^*, a^*, b^*), the color values of 30-MLF-ISS were 27.80 ± 0.26, 12.99 ± 0.59, and 1.43 ± 0.05, respectively. The 30-MLF-ISS was also subjected to a proximate analysis. The melting rate of 30-MLF-ISS was 0.29 ± 0.03 g/min and the time it took for the first drop to fall was 37.00 ± 7.00 min. TAC, TPC, and AA of 30-MLF-ISS were observed to alter significantly (p < 0.05) during varied intervals of storage at - 18℃ (0, 30, and 60 days). The viability of probiotics in 30-MLF-ISS slightly decreased after storage at -18℃ for 8 weeks, but remained about 6 log CFU/g. During storage at -18℃ for 0 and 120 days, no pathogenic bacteria were detected in 30-MLF-ISS. These findings show that 30-MLF-ISS has nutritional and functional value, is free of foodborne pathogenic bacteria, is safe for consumers' health, and is suitable for application in the ice cream and related food industries.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.217-225
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• 2023

본 실험은 마이크로웨이브 처리가 상추 유묘의 생육 변화와 이차대사산물 함량의 변화를 알아보고자 수행되었다. 파종 후 3주째 상추 유묘에 2.45GHz 주파수와 200W의 마이크로웨이브를 0, 4, 8 및 12초 동안 처리하고, 4주간 식물공장에서 재배한 후 생육 및 성분 분석을 수행하였다. 지하부와 지상부의 생체중과 건물중, 엽면적, 엽장 및 엽수는 마이크로웨이브 처리시간이 증가할수록 감소하였다. 4초 처리구와 비교하여 12초 처리구에서 chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b 및 총 carotenoids의 함량이 증가되었으며 총 페놀 함량은 감소하였다. 무처리구와 비교하여 8초 처리구에서 총 플라보노이드 함량이 감소하였다. 이러한 결과들은 산화적 스트레스에 의해 이차대사산물 함량이 변화된 것으로 사료된다. 총 플라보노이드 함량을 제외한 이차대사산물 함량은 각 처리구에서 무처리구와 비교하여 유의한 차이가 없었지만, 각 처리구 사이의 유의한 차이는 200W와 2.45GHz의 마이크로웨이브 처리가 4주 후 상추의 이차대사산물 함량에 영향을 줄 수 있다는 것을 시사한다.