• Title/Summary/Keyword: Air Pollution, Indoor

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Association of respiratory symptoms and $NO_2$ concentration in indoor air (일부 주택에서의 실내 이산화질소 오염도와 호흡기 증상간의 상관성 연구)

  • 양지연;김진용;박성은;신동천;홍천수
    • Proceedings of the Korea Air Pollution Research Association Conference
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    • 2000.11a
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    • pp.293-294
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    • 2000
  • 실내 이산화질소의 주요 오염원으로는 취사 및 보조난방기구 등의 연료 연소와 실외의 이산화질소가 환기 및 공기의 흐름에 의한 실내로 유입되는 경우를 들 수 있다. 이산화질소는 부식성이 있는 강한 산화 가스로써 대기중에 존재하면 숨이 막히고 자극적인 코를 찌르는 냄새를 유발한다. 일반적으로 호흡에 의해 이산화질소 노출농도의 80∼90%가 체내로 흡수될 수 있으며, 많은 연구에서 2ppm 이상의 이산화질소 농도가 건강한 성인의 폐기능을 약화시키거나 상당히 변화시킬 수 있다고 밝혀졌다(WHO, 1987). (중략)

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Measurement of Deodorization Efficiency of Indoor Air Cleaner (탈취제품의 탈취 성능 측정 연구)

  • 허귀석;김정우;유연미;이계호
    • Proceedings of the Korea Air Pollution Research Association Conference
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    • 2003.11a
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    • pp.257-258
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    • 2003
  • 사회가 고도로 발달하면서 현대인의 생활공간은 대부분 사무실이나 가정에서 보내는 시간이 하루의 80-90% 이상을 차지하므로 오히려 실외공기보다 실내환경의 공기오염이 수백 배 높은 실정이다1). 대부분의 시간을 특정공간에서 보내게 되므로 현대인의 건강과 편리함을 위해 실내공간에 설치되는 탈취제품(공기 청정기)이 많이 상품화 되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 암모니아(NH$_3$), 트리메틸아민(($CH_3$)$_3$N), 초산($CH_3$COOH), 황화수소(H$_2$S), 메칠멀켑탄($CH_3$SH), 황화메틸 ($CH_3$S$CH_3$), 이황화메틸($CH_3$SS$CH_3$), 아세트알데히드($CH_3$CHO), styrene(C$_{8}$H$_{8}$)등 9종의 악취물질을 대상으로 탈취제품의 객관적인 탈취 능력 평가를 위한 시험방법을 개발하고자 하였다.(중략)

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Determination of effective factors for seasonal variation of NO$_2$ concentration in indoor air (일부 주택에서의 실내 이산화질소 농도의 계절별 변이와 영향 요인 평가)

  • 호문기;양지연;신동천;임영욱;박성은;홍천수
    • Proceedings of the Korea Air Pollution Research Association Conference
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    • 2001.11a
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    • pp.449-450
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    • 2001
  • 주거공간에서는 특히 연소시 발생되는 오염물질이 많이 존재하며 이러한 오염 물질들은 두통과 호흡기계를 자극하는 등 인체 건강에 유해한 영향을 줄 수 있다. 실내 이산화질소의 주요 오염원으로는 취사 및 보조난방기구 등의 연료 연소와 실외의 이산화질소가 환기 및 공기의 흐름에 의해 실내로 유입되는 경우를 들 수 있다. 이산화질소는 부식성이 있는 강한 산화 가스로써 대기중에 존재하면 숨이 막히고 자극적인 코를 찌르는 냄새를 유발하며 이러한 악취의 역치는 0.11∼0.22ppm에서 존재한다(WHO, 1987). (중략)

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A study of PM-10 and Heavy Metal characteristics in the air at the each site of a subway station. (지하철역사내 측정위치별 PM-10 및 중금속 농도특성에 관한 연구)

  • Chang Jung-Wook;Cho Jang-Je;Choi Woo-Gun;Park Duk-Sin;Jung Woo-Sung;Kim Tae-Oh
    • Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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    • 2003.10c
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    • pp.389-394
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    • 2003
  • Subway has been used one of major public transportations because of overpopulation and heavy traffic problems in the metropolitan areas. So, the air pollution has been serious. In this study, continuous date of PM-10 (particles with aerodynamic diameter < $10{\mu}m$) and heavy metal concentration measurements for winter, spring and summer. These measurements have been carried out in the outdoor, concourse, platform, tunnel. The study results showed that the average seasonally concentration of PM-10 particles were $141.57{\mu}g/m^3$ in winter. $129.34{\mu}g/m^3$ in spring and $122.73{\mu}g/m^3$. The average concentration of PM-l0 particles at indoor higher than outdoor. The concentration of Fe, Cu, showed the largest peak concentrations during the respective season.

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Critical Evaluation of and Suggestions for the VOCs Measurement Method Established as the Korean Indoor Air Quality Standard Method (실내공기질 공정시험법 중 VOCs 측정방법의 문제점 고찰 및 개선방안에 관한 연구)

  • Ye, Jin;Jung, Dong-Hee;Baek, Sung-Ok
    • Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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    • v.30 no.6
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    • pp.586-599
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    • 2014
  • During the last two decades, indoor air quality and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been of concern in Korean society due to their nature of potential health impacts. In order to investigate the pollution levels of VOCss in indoor environments, establishment of a solid test method for monitoring the airborne VOCss is essential. In Korea, a method based on adsorbent sampling and GC analysis coupled with thermal desorption was proclaimed as the Korea Standard Method for Indoor Air Quality Test. This study was carried out to examine some inherent problems of the VOCs measurement method. The VOCs method does not describe in detail preparing the standard samples. The standard samples may be prepared by impregnation of either liquid standard solutions or a mixture of standard gases. In this study, we investigated the optimal temperature condition for transferring the liquid standards onto a standard adsorbent tube. As a result, keeping the impregnation temperature at $250^{\circ}C$ will be recommended in regard of the boiling points of multiple target analytes and the thermal stability of the adsorbent. We also demonstrated some problems associated with handling of a syringe used for transferring the standard solutions onto the adsorbent tubes, and a best way to get rid of the syringe problems was suggested. Finally, a number of field works were conducted to evaluate the performance of adsorbent sampling methods. Comparison of different adsorbent tubes, i.e. tube packed with single sorbent (Tenax) and double sorbents (Tenax with Carbotrap), revealed that 30 to 40% differences between the two groups, implying that sampling efficiency is depending on the volatility and the strength of adsorbents. However, duplicate precisions for VOCs sampling with a same type of adsorbent and at same flow rates appeared to be satisfactory to be all within 20%, which is a quality control guideline. Distributed volume precisions were also found to be within a guideline value, 25%, although the precision was in general inferior to the duplicate precision. The Korea indoor VOCs test method should be more refined and improved in many aspects, particularly procedure and instrumentation for preparing the standard samples and specification of quality control assessment.

Second-Hand Smoke in Public Spaces: How Effective has Partial Smoke-Free Legislation Been in Malaysia?

  • Abidin, Emilia Zainal;Hashim, Zailina;Semple, Sean
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • v.14 no.11
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    • pp.6845-6850
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    • 2013
  • Background: This study was performed to gather data on second-hand smoke (SHS) concentrations in a range of public venues following the implementation of partial Smoke-Free Legislation in Malaysia in 2004. Materials and Methods: $PM_{2.5}$ was measured as a marker of SHS levels in a total of 61 restaurants, entertainment centres, internet caf$\acute{e}$s and pubs in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Results: Under the current smoke-free laws smoking was prohibited in 42 of the 61 premises. Active smoking was observed in nearly one-third (n=12) of these. For premises where smoking was prohibited and no active smoking observed, the mean (standard deviation) indoor $PM_{2.5}$ concentration was 33.4 (23.8) ${\mu}g/m^3$ compared to 187.1 (135.1) ${\mu}g/m^3$ in premises where smoking was observed The highest mean $PM_{2.5}$ was observed in pubs [361.5 (199.3) ${\mu}g/m^3$]. Conclusions: This study provides evidence of high levels of SHS across a range of hospitality venues, including about one-third of those where smoking is prohibited, despite 8 years of smoke-free legislation. Compliance with the legislation appeared to be particularly poor in entertainment centres and internet caf$\acute{e}$s. Workers and non-smoking patrons continue to be exposed to high concentrations of SHS within the hospitality industry in Malaysia and there is an urgent need for increased enforcement of existing legislation and consideration of more comprehensive laws to protect health.

Chemical Properties of Indoor Individual Particles Collected at the Daily Behavior Spaces of a Factory Worker

  • Ma, Chang-Jin;Kang, Gong-Unn;Sakai, Takuro
    • Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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    • v.11 no.2
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    • pp.122-130
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    • 2017
  • The main purpose of the study was to clarify the properties of individual particles collected at each behavior space of a factory worker. The samplings of size-segregated ($PM_{2.1-1.1}$ and $PM_{4.7-3.3}$) indoor particles were conducted at three different behavior spaces of a factory worker who is engaged in an auto parts manufacturing plant (i.e., his home, his work place in factory, and his favorite restaurant). Elemental specification (i.e., relative elemental content and distribution in and/or on individual particles) was performed by a micro-PIXE system. Every element detected from the coarse particulate matters of home was classified into three groups, i.e., a group of high net-counts (Na, Al, and Si), a group of intermediate net-counts (Mg, S, Cl, K, and Ca), and a group of minor trace elements (P, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb). The results of EF for $PM_{4.7-3.3}$ in home indicated that several heavy metals were generated from the sources within the house itself. An exceptional feature shown in the individual particles in workplace is that Cr, Mn, and Co were clearly detected in both fine and coarse particles. Cluster analysis suggested that the individual coarse particles ($PM_{4.7-3.3}$) collected at the indoor of factory were chemically heterogeneous and they modified with sea-salt, mineral, and artificially derived elements. The principal components in individual coarse particles collected at restaurant were sea-salt and mineral without mixing with harmful trace elements like chromium and manganese. Compared to the indoor fine particles of home and restaurant, many elements, especially, Cl, Na, Cr, Mn, Pb, and Zn showed overwhelmingly high net-counts in those of factory.

Convergence Evaluation of Indoor Air Measurement in Medical Institution (의료기관 실내공기 측정의 융합적 평가)

  • Lee, Yu-Hee;Choi, Yu-Jin;Choi, Jung-OK
    • Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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    • v.8 no.1
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    • pp.71-76
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    • 2017
  • The purpose of this study was to investigate the indoor air quality of medical institutions and to present the detailed management plan by analyzing the actual situation of management and analyzing the difference according to the place in a convergent. ($PM_{10}$), carbon dioxide ($CO_2$), formaldehyde (HCHO), total aerobic bacteria (TAB) and carbon monoxide (CO) were investigated in 153 hospitals in Busan. As a result, The overall output average did not exceed the maintenance criteria, but the maximum values for each item were 91% for $PM_{10}$, 97% for $CO_2$, 96% for HCHO, and 99% for bioaesol. And It is confirmed that this is very close to the standard. In addition, the results of each place showed different values according to each feature, but there was no significant difference in the results of five measurements. In conclusion, Indoor air in medical institution considering the characteristics should be performed systematic and detailed management of ventilation facilities and energy problems.

Comparison of air pollution and the prevalence of allergy-related diseases in Incheon and Jeju City

  • Jeong, Su-Ho;Kim, Jeong-Hee;Son, Byong-Kwan;Hong, Seong-Chul;Kim, Su-Young;Lee, Geun-Hwa;Lim, Dae-Hyun
    • Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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    • v.54 no.12
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    • pp.501-506
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    • 2011
  • Purpose: A high level of air pollutants can increase the number of patients with allergy-related diseases such as asthma and allergic rhinitis (AR). To analyze the association between air pollution and allergic disease, we investigated 2 areas in Korea: Incheon, an industrial area, and Jeju, a non-industrialized area. Methods: Second grade students at elementary schools (11 schools in Incheon and 45 schools in Jeju) were examined in a cross-sectional study. A questionnaire was used and a skin prick test was performed. The levels of $NO_2$, $CO_2$, $O_3$, particulate matter (PM) $PM_{10/2.5}$, formaldehyde, tVOCs, and dust mites in the classrooms and grounds were determined. Results: The levels of outdoor CO, $PM_{10}$, and $PM_{2.5}$ were significantly higher in Incheon (P<0.01). The levels of indoor CO, $CO_2$, $PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$ were significantly higher in Incheon (P<0.01). The prevalence rates of AR symptoms at any time, AR symptoms during the last 12 months, diagnosis of rhinitis at any time, and AR treatment during the last 12 months were significantly higher in Incheon (P<0.01). The prevalence rate of wheezing or whistling at any time, and wheezing during the last 12 months were significantly higher in Incheon (P<0.01). Conclusion: We found that the children living in Incheon, which was more polluted than Jeju, had a higher rate of AR and asthma symptoms compared to children in Jeju. To determine the effect of air pollution on the development of the AR and asthma, further studies are needed.

A Study on the Measurement of Indoor Air Pollutants in High School Building (교육시설의 공기환경 실측에 관한 연구)

  • Kim, Sun-Jun;Kim, Byoung-Soo
    • Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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    • 2008.06a
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    • pp.1392-1397
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    • 2008
  • This study is to measure the change of the $CO_2$ and floating dust concentration depending on the volume of the ventilation and the state of on/off the ventilation for the estimation of the air pollution in classroom. The results could be summarized as follows: the test cell was the two full scaled model and the one is set up with ventilation system another was not. the volume of classroom is 170.1m3 and the number of persons are 35. 1)when the ventilation system was not installed, The experimental results of the $CO_2$ concentration showed the average of 2,150ppm and the maximum of 2,740ppm in the classroom. This was the higher than 1,000ppm, the standard value of ASHRAE and the enforcement regulations of School Sanitation Code in Ministry of Education & Human Resources Development, 1000ppm. The $CO_2$ concentration was relatively increasing during school hours. 3)In case of the volume of ventilation of $800m^3$/h, the $CO_2$ concentration of classroom showed the average of 962 ppm and the maximum of 1,380 ppm. This was higher than 1,000ppm, the standard of ASHRAE and the enforcement regulations of School Sanitation Code in Ministry of Education & Human Resources Development. 4)The floating dust(PM10) was the maximum of 0.52 mg/$m^3$, the minimum of 0.25 mg/$m^3$, and the average of 0.32 mg/$m^3$ in case of the ventilation system off. Those were higher than the standard value 0.15 mg/$m^3$. In case of the ventilation system on, the floating dust(PM10) was the maximum of 0.174 mg/$m^3$ , the minimum of 0.048 mg/$m^3$, and the average of 0.078 mg/$m^3$. These were the lower than 0.15 mg/$m^3$, the standard of the enforcement regulations of School Sanitation Code in Ministry of Education & Human Resources Development. 5)The concentrations of $CO_2$ and PM10 were largely depending on the number of students and the ventilation system, The installation of the ventilation system is necessary for the amenity environment and the management of the indoor air quality.

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