• Health Policy and Management
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.469-481
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• 2019

Background: As South Korea is becoming an aged society very rapidly, the increase in osteoarthritis prevalence raises various public health issues in this country. This study aimed to explore the socio-demographic factors associated with osteoarthritis in the current Korean elderlies. Methods: Using the National Survey of Korean Elderly data (2014, 2017), we analyzed 20,326 elderlies (males, 8,248; females, 12,078) and conducted multivariate logistic regression analyses by sex. The dependent variable is whether a participant was diagnosed with osteoarthritis or not. Independent variables of interest is socio-demographic factors such as age, marital status, household type, residential area, household income, religion, the longest job, the number of close relatives, the number of close friends, and survey year. Control variables are various health behavioral factors and disease-related factors. Results: Prevalence of osteoarthritis was 19.2% in male elderlies and 47.0% in female elderlies. According to the results of the multivariate logistic regression adjusted for all studied control variables, the odds ratio (OR) for having osteoarthritis of under-elementary school graduates (their counterpart was college graduate group) was 1.81 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.29-2.52) in males and 1.67 (95% CI, 1.12-2.47) in females. The OR of those having a job in agriculture & forestry fishery as their longest job (their counterpart was those who had never participated in labor force during their lifetime) was 5.07 (95% CI, 1.46-17.58) in males and 1.49 (95% CI, 1.27-1.74) in females. In males, the second-low quartile group in household yearly income (their counterpart was the highest quartile group) had the OR of 1.22 (95% CI, 0.98-1.53). In females, the OR of those having a religion of Buddhism (their counterpart was those having no religion) was 1.20 (95% CI, 1.07-1.35) and the OR of those who had no relatives (their counterpart was those having more than 3 close relatives) was 1.31 (95% CI, 1.10-1.56). Conclusion: This study found that in Korean elderlies, education, the longest job, household income, religion, and the number of close relatives are associated with their suffering from osteoarthritis. Further study and designing appropriate interventions are needed to alleviate current and future individual and socioeconomic burdens of osteoarthritis in an aged society like South Korea.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.52
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• pp.201-221
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• 2003

This paper aims to examine whether there are significant differences in various aspects of a household's arrangements by type of employment of married woman; 1) the extent of the division of labor, 2) the authority of decision making, and 3) financial and expenditure responsibilities. It also investigates the determinants of gender equality in the family. Based on data collected in the fall of 2002 from a representative sample of the Korean population, this study finds that nonstandard employment of married woman including temporary work and daily basis work does not contribute to gender equality within the household, although most of nonstandard employees are full-time workers. However, standard employment of married woman contribute to gender equality in the family. The results of this study show that husbands whose wives are standard-employed are more likely to take part in housework chores that are female-dominated, and standardly employed wives are more likely than non-standardly employed or housewives to take part in the household's financial and expenditure responsibilities. Standardly employed wives also have more power in decision making process within households. On the contrary, non-standardly employed wives gain no advantage over housewives within their families, due to lack of bargaining resources that enable them to affect the household's arrangements. Thus, they have confronted additional burdens, which stem from carrying the dual role of doing house work as well as paid work. Such increasing work-family conflict may bring about disruption of family. Therefore, this study maintains that it is high time that government-level efforts should be made in order to improve the status of irregularly employed wives in the workplace.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.57-68
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of location satisfaction of innovative start-ups, located in capital and non-capital areas, on the intention of relocation. The analysis was based on the data of a survey of 231 innovative start-ups that were founded less than 7 years ago. 10 factors related to the aspects of business management, network building, and business environment were considered as location satisfaction of start-ups. The dependent variable was whether innovative start-ups plan to relocate. First, it was confirmed that in the case of innovative start-ups in capital area, the intention to relocate was found to decrease when the location satisfactions related to the promptly provision of products and services to consumers and ease of supplying labor were increased. Second, in the case of innovative start-ups in non-capital area, it was found that the intention to relocate was found to decrease when the location satisfactions related to creating a network, convenient transportation and free and creative start-up environment were increased. In addition, it was found that the higher the sales of start-ups in non-capital area, the lower their intention to relocate while the higher firm age of start-ups in non-capital area, the higher their intention to relocate. This study has an academic contribution to examining the relationship between between the location satisfactions of start-ups and the intention to relocate, which has been rarely addressed in Korea, and to shedding light on the difference in capital and non-capital areas. Furthermore, this study has policy implications since it suggests factors that the government should consider for geographical agglomeration of start-ups.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.93-100
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• 2015

Purpose - Since the early 1990s, it has been observed that the number and substance of studies on female leadership have been increasing. One of the reasons for this development may be concerned with the increasing number of female labor market participants as well as the greater opportunities for them to take higher positions in various organizations. In addition to this, the transition from mechanistic organizational structures that emphasize authority, control, and efficiency toward organic ones that focus on environmental adaptability, equality, and trust has also encouraged research on female leadership. The research tendency is based on the assumption that male and female leaders tend to exhibit different leadership styles according to their gender differences. Recent research has cast doubt on this assumption, by showing that the sociological gender roles of men and women are independent such that some female leaders show authoritative and control-oriented leadership, which were once considered to be male leadership styles. Research design, data, and methodology - This research attempts to carry out an empirical study on the gender-related leadership styles of female leaders and to examine their effect on group performance in the K business organization. This study also focuses on leader attributes such as trust, and it aims to discover whether these attributes should be regarded as independent or as moderating variables between leadership styles and performance. For these purposes, this study generated four hypotheses based on a review of the literature and it tested them using a survey. Female workers in the sales departments of the K Company, all of whom are women, were asked to provide answers to the presented questionnaires. This study hypothesizes that the type of gender roles played by women leaders will affect the job satisfaction and organizational commitment among the members of the sales group, and that the level of trust that is garnered by women leaders will also affect the types of gender roles that they play as well as employee job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Results - The results of this study show that both androgynous and masculine leadership styles are superior to the feminine leadership style in terms of employee job satisfaction and organizational commitment. However, contrary to our expectations, this study fails to show the superiority of the androgynous leadership style over the masculine leadership style. Moreover, there are no significant differences between these two leadership styles with regard to group performance. Conclusions - This study shows that it is important that different attributes of leaders, such as how trusted they are, be treated as moderating variables between leadership and performance rather than as independent variables. Finally, as this is the first attempt to view the role of the gender in a new perspective, the managerial implications of this study for leadership research, as well as its limitations, are presented. Suggestions for future related research are also proposed.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.92-101
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• 2016

Objectives: Outdoor workers are exposed to thermally stressful work environments. In this study, heat stress indices for harbor workers in summer were calculated to evaluate thermal comfort based on a human heat balance model. These indices are Physiological Subjective Temperature (PST), Dehydration Risk (DhR), and Overheating Risk (OhR) according to respective stage of cargo work in a harbor. In addition, we constructed a forecast system to provide heat stress information. Methods: Thermophysiological indices in this study were calculated using the MENEX model (i.e. the human heat balance model), which used as inputs the meteorological parameters, clothing insulation, and metabolic rate for each stage of cargo work in the harbor of Masan over the course of seven days, including a four-day heat wave. The forecast heat stress information constructed for Masan harbor was based on meteorological data supported by the Dong-Nae Forecast from the KMA (Korea Metrological Administration) and other input parameters. Results: According to higher metabolic rate, thermophysiological indices showed a critical level. In particular, PST was evaluated as reaching the 'Very hot' or 'Hot' level during all seven days, despite the heat occurring over only four. It is important in a regard to consider the work environment conditions (i.e. labor intensity and clothing in harbor). On a webpage, the forecast thermophysiological indices show as infographics to be easily understand. This webpage is comprised of indices for both current conditions and the forecast, with brief guidance. Conclusion: Thermophysiological indices show the risk level to health during a heat wave period. Heat stress information could help to protect the health of harbor workers. Further, this study could extend the applicability of these indices to a variety of outdoor workers in consideration of work environments.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.313-340
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• 2004

Namhansan fortress of Kwangju in Kyonggi Province has remained a traumatic historical landscape of Manchu invasion in the year 1636. Skirted by the mountain fortress and on the ground of the uplifted flatland was the county seat which was relocated in 16Z7 from Kogol at the underneath ravine and later removed in 1917 to a crossroad place at the low-lying river plain. Once a secluded mountain village, Sungnaedong was at the outset planned as a county town of Kwangju, achieving thereafter a dramatic transformation from a small town of three hundred households into a nascent urban settlement of approximately six hundred households by the mid-18th century. The townscape of Sungnaedong features shrines, a second palace, a magistrate-commander's office, administrative buildings, and a periodic marketplace which were all decreed by the Neo-confucian template of the scheme of county seats. Townspeople managed to live on tilling tax-alleviated crop lands, trading merchandise, and selling their labor. Changing socio-economic situations led to the relocation of the administration center to the gateway village of Jumakri, which consequently heralded the decline of the mountain-fortress settlement of Sansungri at Namhansan.

• Knowledge Management Research
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.111-128
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to identify the difference in happiness of workers depending on the perceived leadership types in a big company in Korea. The research objectives were 1) to identify the managers' leadership types which their workers perceive in a big corporate organization, and 2) to analyze the difference in a degree of workers' happiness according to the types of manager's leadership. To this end, a latent profile analysis was conducted. The research results are as follows. There were four types of leadership: 1) the Elite type which shows perfect ability in each area of self-management, task management, people management, and organization management, 2) the Competent type which has excellent self-management skills, good levels of task management and organizational management skills, but relatively poor people management skills, 3) the Self-centered type with the average levels of self-management, task management and organization management but with the poor level of people management skills, and lastly 4) the Passive type with the average level of self-management, somewhat low levels of task management and organization management skills and the poor level of people management skills. In addition, there was a statistically significant difference in the degree of happiness of workers according to the manager's leadership type. This study is meaningful in that it presented the leadership types of managers in a big company through the latent profile analysis and provided its implications on the workers' happiness.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.65 no.4
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• pp.365-376
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• 2020

Immature embryogenesis is a useful process in wheat tissue culture, including transgenic technology, because of its high regeneration efficiency compared to that in other tissues. However, it is a very labor-intensive and time-restrictive method, because the preparation of immature embryos is limited to the optimal time after flowering. In this experiment, 'Speed Breeding', a breeding technique that accelerates breeding generation advancement by extending the photoperiod, was applied to the wheat variety 'Bobwhite'. A controlled growth room was constructed by adjusting the photoperiod (22-hour light/2-hour dark) using LED lights at temperature of 22℃. After vernalization of the Bobwhite seeds at 4℃ for 4 weeks, the seedlings were grown in a controlled growth room and a greenhouse to compare the heading date. In both conditions, calli were induced from immature embryos on the 11^th day after flowering. After 4 weeks, the calli were transferred to a regeneration medium. Regeneration efficiencies under greenhouse conditions and Speed Breeding conditions were determined as 45.05% and 43.18%, respectively. Antioxidant enzyme activity and reference gene expression analysis were performed to confirm the presence of stress due to an extremely long-day photoperiod. As a result, the antioxidant enzyme activity was not distinguished from that of the greenhouse condition. The reference gene expression analysis revealed that the PsaA and CDC genes were highly expressed under the Speed Breeding condition. However, expression of PsbA was similar expression in both conditions. These results will provide useful information for the application of immature embryogenesis to the wheat transformation system.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.75-96
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• 2012

China will replace the global governance of the 21st century in 2050. The rise of China provide the Chinese development model to other developing countries. There are positive element and disability element in China's 'peaceful rise' strategy at the same time. Success of the reform and opening up, market liberalization, economic interdependency, economic globalization, stability of ruling power, consolidation of one-party rule and soft power increase are the promotions of peaceful rise. China's rise as a power nation begins by regaining the superpower status in East Asia. East Asia is a lebensraum assuring a continuing growth to China. For this lebensraum, China shows an interest in institutionalization of regional economic cooperation. The core values of ASEAN, namely the mutual respect, harmonious coexistence, co-prosperity, egalitarianism and pluralism are in conform to China's policy of harmonious world and peaceful coexistence. Through this common value the tension in East Asia will be alleviated. By the regional hegemony strategy based on soft power and economic success, China will try to regain the past glorious position. Attaining status as a coordinator of the world rule will be based on the success of the East Asian strategy. Korea and other neighboring countries will be the best beneficiary countries of the China's rise strategy. China's rising strategy will have a profound effect on neighboring countries especially, Korea. The scale of the movement of goods, labor, and capital between the two countries will become much larger than present. Through regional trade agreements, economic interdependency between Korea and China will increase.

• Journal of the Korean Society for information Management
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.161-179
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• 2007

As increasingly diverse kinds of information materials are available on the Internet, it becomes a challenge to define an adequate level of metadata provision for each different type of material in the context of digital libraries. This study explores issues of metadata provision for a particular type of material, statistical tables. Statistical data always involves numbers and numeric values which should be interpreted with an understanding of underlying concepts and constructs. Because of the unique data characteristics, metadata in the statistical domain is essential not only for finding and discovering relevant data, but also for understanding and using the data found. However, in statistical metadata research, more emphasis has been put on the question of what metadata is necessary for processing the data and less on what metadata should be presented to users. In this study, a case study was conducted to gauge the status of metadata provision for statistical tables on the Internet. The websites of two federal statistical agencies in the United States were selected and a content analysis method was used for that purpose. The result showing insufficient and inconsistent provision of metadata demonstrate the need for more discussions on statistical metadata from the ordinary web users' perspective.