• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.757-779
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• 2000

The aim of our study is to achieve complete periodontal tissue regeneration by the application of BMP and resorbable membrane. Three beagle dogs aged over one and half years and weighed 14 to 16 kg were used in this study. Mandibular 1st, 2nd premolars were extracted bilaterally. Horizontal furcation defects were induced around 3rd, 4th premolars bilaterally. BMP-4 were applied in the right side with resorbable membranes and only resorbable membranes were applied in the left side respectively. Each animal was sacrificed at 2, 4, and 8weeks, after regenerative surgery. Specimens were prepared with Hematoxylin-Eosin stain and Goldner's modified Masson Trichrome stain for light microscopic evaluation. The results were as follows: 1. At 2 weeks after regenerative surgery, downgrowth of junctional epithelium was observed both in the membraneapplied site and BMP-4-and-membrane-applied site. 2. At 4 weeks after regenerative surgery, resorbable membranes were completely resolved, therefore would not prevent downgrowth of junctional epithelium. New bone formation, new cementum formation and Sharpey's fiber were observed in BMP-4-andmembrane-applied site. 3. At 8 weeks after regenerative surgery, downgrowth of junctional epithelium was observed in the membrane-applied site. But, new cementum formation was observed in the same site. The extensive regeneration of new bone, new cementum and remarkable formation of Shapey's fiber were showed in BMP-4-and-membrane-applied site. 4. Resorbable membranes were resolved via the cell-mediated processes. 5. Periodontal tissue regeneration were better achieved in the BMP-4-andmembrane-applied site than in the membrane-applied site. Within the above results, BMP-4 may have the strong capability to form the new bone and resorbable membrane may be able to prevent the bony ankylosis. However, resolution rate of resorbable membrane may not be enough to protect rapid epithelial downgrowth for ideal periodontal regeneration. In conclusion, I suggest BMP-4 may have the strong possibility to be utilized in the clinical periodontal treat-

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.274-279
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• 2009

The levels of minerals, amino acids, fatty acids and sugars and antioxidant capacity of Adenophora triphylla (AT) root were investigated. The moisture, crude protein, crude lipid, crude ash and carbohydrate contents of the AT root were $3.4{\pm}0.3,\;9.4{\pm}0.1,\;1.6{\pm}0.1,\;3.7{\pm}0.2$, and $81.9{\pm}0.5$, respectively. Among the minerals present in root, potassium content was the highest. Total amino acid contents were $103.5{\pm}9.1$ mg/g. Palmitic acid was the most abundant fatty acid in AT root. The vitamin E and C levels in AT root were $1.1{\pm}0.1$ and $5.2{\pm}0.5$ mg/100 g, respectively. The antioxidant activity of 70% ethanol extract and fractions of the AT root has been determined by the scavenging of the stable radical DPPH; the result showed that the chloroform fraction was the most active, as the amount required for 50% reduction of DPPH after 30 min ($RC_{50}$) was $103.7{\mu}g$, followed by 70% ethanol extract ($265.4{\mu}g$), hexane fraction ($104.4{\mu}g$), ethyl acetate fraction ($104.4{\mu}g$), butanol fraction ($108.9{\mu}g$) and aqueous fraction ($484.1{\mu}g$).

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.276-280
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• 2007

This study investigated the physicochemical properties of traditional Olbyeossal(Korean-style parboiled waxy rice) and other rices(dried cooked rice, germinated brown rice, and waxy brown rice). Olbyeossal had a moisture content of 12.7% a crude fat level of 1.0%, a crude ash content of 0.9%, and a crude protein value of 6.3%. The color values were 58.63(L value), 0.83(a value) and 21.73(b value). The water adsorption index(WAI) of Olbyeossal was 6.2g/g after 40 min steeping at room temperature, which was much higher than the WAI of the other rices. The hardness of Olbyeossal(10.5 kgf) was higher than those of other rices($7.5{\sim}8.9$ kgf). The initial pasting temperatures of Olbyeossal, dried cooked rice(DCR), germinated brown rice(GBR) and waxy brown rice(WBR) were $39.5^{\circ}C,\;43.5^{\circ}C,\;65.0^{\circ}C,\;and\;64.5^{\circ}C$, respectively. The breakdown and total setback viscosities of Olbyeossal(70 B.U., 50 B.U.) and WBR(10 B.U., 30 B.U.) were lower than those of DCR(120 B.U., 275 B.U.) and GBR(142 B.U., 340 B.U.).

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1333-1338
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• 1998

Several enzymes of kimchi ingredients were assayed to improve the product quality using these quality related enzyme information. Among various hydrolases, amylase and protease were selected with respect to lactic acid fermentation. Peroxidase and ascorbic acid oxidase were studied for off flavor production and ascorbic acid destruction. The amount of protein in kimchi ingredients, specific and total enzyme activity of sample were compared. Regarding total enzyme activity of sample, ${\alpha}-amylase$ activity of salted and fermented anchovy, dried red pepper and salted and fermented shrimp were higher than other ingredients. Activity of salted and fermented anchovy was 2,790.0 units/g sample. Salted and fermented anchovy, oyster and Chinese radish showed the highest ${\beta}-amylase$ activity (4.4, 2.1, 1.0 units/g sample, respectively). Salted and fermented anchovy showed the highest protease activity of 13.4 PU/g sample, followed by salted and fermented shrimp and dried red pepper. For peroxidase, Chinese radish, cucumber, green onion showed the highest activity of 7.2, 6.8 and 5.6 units/g sample, respectively. In case of ascorbic acid oxidase, salted and fermented anchovy showed the strongest enzyme activity (331.4 units/g sample), followed by dried red pepper and salted and fermented shrimp.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.570-576
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• 2002

For the utilization of the by-products of whelk processing, whelk internal organ with the addition of commercial proteolytic enzymes - Flavourzyme, Neutrase, Protease NP, Prozyme - were used to make jeotgal, Korean traditional salted and fermented seafood sauce. The products were prepared at salt concentration of 25% with enzyme contents 0.05 and 0.1%. The samples were stored at $10^{\circ}C$ and the chemical properties were evaluated for 6 months. The pH in all samples were decreased from near 6.8 in the beginning stage to 6.1-6.4 in the final stage of incubation. Amino nitrogen of jeotgal increased with enzyme concentration and showed maximum value, 646 mg%, at 0.1% of Flavourzyme. Total nitrogen content was increased till four months, but rapidly decreased after that. Protein degradations of whelk internal organ during maturation of jeotgals were investigated by SDS-PAGE. The patterns of degradation were different with added enzymes.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.1341-1349
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• 2000

The addition of 5% NaCI to standard plate count (SPC) and bromcresol purple (BCP) agar showed the highest viable cell counts for Jeot-kal samples. The use of 15% glycerol as cryoprotectant showed the highest microbial survival rate at both temperatures, $-20^{\circ}C$ and $-170^{\circ}C$, and on both colony count media, SPC and BCP. During the aging, the pH of Bajirak Jogae-Jeot (fermented clam) decreased from 6.8 to 5.0. Crude protein content was 10% for Bajirak Jogae-Jeot and $6{\sim}7%$ for Myeolchi-Jeot (fermented anchovy). Microbial population of Bajirak Jogae-Jeot was $10^9\;CFU/g$ after 4 weeks of aging, but was only $10^{3-5}\;CFU/g$ in the case of Myeolchi-Jeot. The proportion of Gram positive and catalase negative bacteria in Bajirak Jogae-Jeot increased drastically during the 4 weeks of aging, which showed typical lactic bacterial fermentation. After 2 years' storage of Jeot-kal in liquid nitrogen tank, the cell counts of total aerobic or lactic bacteria were decreased, resulting in about 10% survival rate. Microbial floral change of Jeot-kal was also investigated. In the case of Bajirak Jogae-jeot, the ratio of rod to cocci and that of Gram negative to positive increased after liquid nitrogen storage. But, rod to cocci ratio of Myeolchi-jeot decreased after liquid nitrogen storage. The ratio of yeasts decreased in both cases after storage.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.445-456
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• 2009

Colostrum samples were collected from 36 dairy farms in Gyeonggi-do and one dairy farm in the National Institute of Animal Science (NIAS) for testing. Colostrum samples were analyzed for phisycochemicals (specific gravity, pH, titratable acidity), general components (fat, protein, lactose, total solid, solid non-fat (SNF)), fatty acids, amino acids, minerals, microflora, somatic cells, and Ig (Immunoglobulin). The first colostrum revealed the following data: fat contents were $6.16{\pm}2.39%$, proteins were $14.78{\pm}4.30%$, lactose $2.57{\pm}0.77%$, total solid $24.28{\pm}4.36%$, and SNF $18.12{\pm}4.08%$, whereas the 2nd (or $12^{th}$) colostrum revealed $5.56{\pm}1.76%$ fat, $3.46{\pm}0.41%$ proteins, $4.19{\pm}0.43%$ lactose, $13.90{\pm}1.76%$ total solid, and $8.34{\pm}0.81%$ SNF. Also, the first colostrum revealed the contents of major amino acids as 0.89% aspartic acid, 0.71% threonine, 0.86% serine, 1.75% glutamic acid, 0.64% valine, 0.95% leucine, 0.83% lysine, and 0.95% proline, and those in the 10th colostrum were 0.25% aspartic acid, 0.15% threonine, 0.19% serine, 0.59% glutamic acid, 0.19% valine, 0.35% leucine, 0.31% lysine, and 0.34% proine. Major amino acid contents rapidly decreased as milking times increased. In the first colostrum, the following mineral contents were observed: there were 2,168 ppm in Ca, 1,959 ppm in P, 914 ppm in K, 761 ppm in Na, 287 ppm in Mg, 1.7 ppm in Fe, 14.3 ppm in Zn, and 1.0 ppm in Cu; while in the 10th colostrum, the following ppm contents were 1,389 in Ca, 1,323 in P, 838 in K, 427 in Na, 131 in Mg, 1.0 in Fe, 4.7 in Zn, and 1.3 in Cu. The mineral contents in a colostrum rapidly decreased as milking times increased.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.33-43
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• 1991

To study the age dependent change of Na, K-ATPase in the erythrocyte of hypertensive rat, 1-kidey 1-clip hypertensive rat was made by the removal of right kidney and partial ligation of left renal artery. After 4 weeks, aged erythrocyte fraction was separated by density gradient centrifugation, and Na, K-ATPase activity and $^3H-ouabain$ binding with ghost cell membrane and ouabain sensitive Rb-uptake with whole cell were measured. 1) In the hypertensive rats, blood pressure was significantly increased to 165.5/119.0 mmHg (systolic/diastolic). Mean corpuscular volume and membrane protein(mg) per $10^9RBC$ were decreased and hemoglobin content was increased in the aged erythrocyte. 2) Na, K-ATPase activity in the solution containing 110 mM NaCl and 10 mM KCI, was decreased in hypertensive rat, and decreased in aged erythrocyte of both group. 3) Ouabain sensitive Rb-uptake by low RbCl concentration(4 mM) was slightly decreased in aged erythrocyte compared to that in young erythrocyte of each group, but slightly increased in young erythrocyte in hypertensive rat compared to that in normotensive rat. 4) Ouabain sensitive Rb-uptake by high RbCl concentration(16 mM) was decreased about 30% to 50 % in aged erythrocyte in both group. And in hypertensive rat, especially in young erythrocyte it was significantly decreased compared to that in normotensive rats. 5) $^3H-ouabain$ binding at 0.13 or $1{\times}10^-6M$ ouabain concentration was slightly decreased in aged erythrocyte of normotensive rat, and significantly decreased in aged erythrocyte of hypertensive rats. 6) $^3H-ouabain$ binding at 6 or $64{\times}10^-6M$ ouabain concentration is slightly decreased in aged erythrocyte of both group, but significantly decreased in young and aged erythrocyte of hypertensive rats compared to that of normotensive rats. The present results suggest that (1) in the young erythrocyte of hypertensive rat, the alterations of Na-pump activity that slightly increased in weak stimulation and inhibited in strong stimulation, may be related to increased molecular activity and the decrease in the number of low affinity site without change in high affinity site, (2) in the aged erythrocyte of normotensive rat, inhibited Na-pump may be related to the change in molecular activity of pump. (3) And in the aged erythrocyte of hypertensive rat, it may be related to the decrease in the number of high and low affinity site as well as the change in molecular activity

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.790-797
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• 2011

We evaluated the antioxidant compounds and activity of the methanolic extracts of foxtail millet (FM), proso millet (PM), and sorghum (SG) using different pulverizing methods (pin mill and ultra fine). The particle size of the FM, PM, and SG were 102.12, 89.52, and $102.25\;{\mu}m$, respectively, using the pin mill pulverizer. The sizes were 9.43, 9.52, and $10.18\;{\mu}m$, respectively, using the ultra fine pulverizer. There was no difference in moisture, crude fat, ash, or protein content between the two different pulverizing methods. The total ${\gamma}$-oryzanol content of the FM using the pin mill and ultra fine pulverizers was 116.07 and $145.30\;{\mu}g$/g, respectively. The total polyphenol content of the SG using the pin mill and ultra fine pulverizers was 14.58 and 15.03 mg/g extract residue, respectively. There was no difference in total flavonoid or tannin content of the methanol extracts between the two different pulverizing methods. The major phenolic compounds in FM were pyrogallol, gallic acid, (+)-catechin, salicylic acid, ferulic acid, and rutin; in PM, they were pyrogallol, rutin, gallic acid, kaempfrol, and salicylic acid; in SG, they were (+)-catechin, salicylic acid, pyrogallol, myricetin, hesperidin and chlorogenic acid. SG had a higher radical scavenging activity than FM or PM extracts. The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities of the SG extracts using the ultra fine pulverizer were 178.10 and 251.56 mg TE/g extract residue, respectively. We noted a significant correlation between free radical scavenging activity and polyphenolic compound.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.62 no.6
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• pp.492-498
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• 2007

Background: Several lines of evidence suggest that a host's genetic factors influence the outcome of exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The aim of this study was to determine whether polymorphism in NRAMP1 (natural resistance associated macrophage protein 1) gene is associated with the susceptibility or resistance to tuberculosis infection for patients with drug-sensitive pulmonary tuberculosis (DS-TB) and multi-drug resistant pulmonary tuberculosis (MDR-TB). Methods: Eight genetic polymorphisms of the NRAMP1 gene were investigated in patients suffering with DS-TB (n=100) or MDR-TB (n=102), and in healthy normal controls (NC, n=96). The genetic polymorphisms of NRAMP1 were determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Results: The frequency of D543N A/G heterogygotes was significantly higher in the DS-TB subjects than the NCs (OR=2.10, 95% CI: 1.00 to 4.41, p=0.049). The frequency of 823C/T T/C heterozygotes was significantly higher in the DS-TB subjects (OR=2.79, 95% CI: 1.11 to 7.04, p=0.029) and the MDR-TB subject (OR=3.30, 95% CI 1.33 to 8.18, p=0.010) than in the NCs. However, the frequency of these genotypes was not different between the DS-TB and MDR-TB subjects. Conclusion: A significant association was found between NRAMP1 823 C/T polymorphism and pulmonary tuberculosis. This result suggests that NRAMP1 polymorphism may be involved in the development of pulmonary tuberculosis in Koreans.