• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.13-19
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• 2022

Background: The use of combination therapy and fixed-dose combination therapy is increasing for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Sodium glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) is a drug class used in combination with metformin. Methods: Type 2 diabetes patients on SGLT2i/metformin combination therapy were extracted from the 2019 Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service-National Patients Sample. On July 1, 2019, SGLT2i and metformin fixed-dose combination (SGLT2i/metformin FDC) and two-pill combination (TPC) groups were identified, and a chi-square test and multiple logistic regression were performed. Results: Of total 2,992 patients, 1,077 (36%) were prescribed SGLT2i/metformin FDC and 1,915 (64%) were prescribed TPC. We found that the most common comorbidities were in the order of dyslipidemia, gastrointestinal disease, and hypertension. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the use of SGLT2i/metformin FDC was lower than TPC in patients with diabetic neuropathy (OR=0.76, p=0.008). Clinic (OR=2.09, p<0.001) and general hospital (OR=1.40, p=0.019) showed higher tendency to prescribe SGLT2i/metformin FDC compared to tertiary hospital. The tendency of prescribing SGLT2i/metformin FDC was lower in Kyeonggi (OR=0.79, p=0.037), Gyeongsang (OR=0.77, p=0.025) and Chungcheong (OR=0.68, p=0.007) than Seoul. Conclusion: Factors related to the use of SGLT2i/metformin FDC in patients with type 2 diabetes were complication, medical institution and region. The tendency to prescribe SGLT2i/metformin FDC was relatively higher in clinics than in tertiary general hospitals and in Seoul than in other regions.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.89-94
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• 1998

A study was made to investigate the effects of concerning factors with IGF-I recovery on the final IGF-I concentration in the effluent and to establish recovery conditions of IGF-I using liquid emulsion membranes(LEM). D2EHPA was best carrier among Amberlite LA2, Aliquit 336 and D2EHPA for recovery rate of IGF-I. Recovery rate of IGF-I by D2EHPA volume in the oil phase was increased as increasing D2EHPA volume, and optimal volume of D2EHPA was 5% in this experiment. The recovery rate of IGF-I by D2EHPA was increased by the decreasing from pH 7 to pH 4 of external phase. Therefore, optimal pH value was 4.0. Optimal concentrations of sulfuric acid in internal phase, paraffin oil in oil phase and Span 80 for recovery rate of IGF-I were 0.1M, 2.0% and 5%, respectively, and optimal W/O rate was 2. These results suggested that optimal conditions for recovery of IGF-I were D2EHPA(5%) as carrier, pH 4.0, 0.1M sulfuric acid, 2% paraffin oil, 2.0 W/O rate and 5.0% Span 80.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.11-18
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• 1990

Sprague-dawley 숫쥐를 식이지방을 달리하여(I:Soybean oil p/s 4.0, II:beef tallow p/s 0.08) 이유후 8주동안 사육하였다. 이때 I,II군은 각각 기초식이군, 기초식이군에 0.3% butylated hydroxytoluene(BHT)를 첨가신킨 군, 생후 5~7주 사이에 4번의 2-Acetylaminofluorene(2-AAF)를 투여한 군 2-AAF를 투여하고 BHT도 먹인 군으로 나누었다. BHT는 이유 후부터 식이에 섞어 먹였으며 2-AAF를 투여하지 않은 군읜 2-AAF 주사에 의해 얻는 stress와 같은 효과를 주기위해 placebo로 polyethylene glycol 300을 투여하였다. Mixed function oxidase(MFO)계의 효소인 cytochrome p-450, cytochrome b$_5$및 cytochrome p-450 reductase와 과산화지질 등을 측정하였다. 성장기에 2-AAF의 투여는 성장지연을 초래하였으며 지질과산화물은 지방의종류, 2-AAF,BHT 등에 의해 큰 차는 없었다. Cytochrome p-450은 2-AAF에 의해 I-BHT-AAF와 II-AAF군에서 증가되었고 BHT에 의해서는 차이가 나지 않았다. 불포화지방을 먹인경우 cytochrome p-450과 cytochrome p-450 reductase가 2-AAF에 의해 증가되기보다는 오히려 감소하거나 I,II군에 비해 별 차이가 없었는데 2-AAF의 농도와 식이의 불포화도가 높아 세포막이 손상되었기 때문이라 사료된다. Cytochrome $b_5$는 각군 사이에 별 차가 없었다. Cytochrome p-450과 과산화지질(r=0.2475, p<0.05), cytochrome p-450 reductase와 cytochrome $b_5$ (r=0.2475, P<0.05)가 각각 양의 상관관계를 나타내었다. 따라서 2-AAF를 대사시키는 MFO계는 식이지방의 종류 및 BHT의 존재에 따라 영향을 받고, 특히 불포화지방식이인 경우 2-AAF를 대사시킬 수 있는 cytochrome p-450 유도 및 합성능력이 매우 저조함을 알 수 있으며 2-AAF는 어린 쥐의 성장을 지연시켰다.

• 호남수학학술지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.417-424
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• 2014

Let A be an abelian variety defined over a number field K and p be a prime. Define ${\varphi}_i=(x^{p^i}-1)/(x^{p^{i-1}}-1)$. Let $A_{{\varphi}i}$ be the abelian variety defined over K associated to the polynomial ${\varphi}i$ and let Ш($A_{{\varphi}i}$) denote the Tate-Shafarevich groups of $A_{{\varphi}i}$ over K. In this paper assuming Ш(A/F) is finite, we compute [Ш($A_{{\varphi}1}$)][Ш($A_{{\varphi}2}$)]/[Ш($A_{{\varphi}1{\varphi}2}$)] in terms of K-rational points of $A_{{\varphi}i}$, $A_{{\varphi}1{\varphi}2}$ and their dual varieties, where [X] is the order of a finite abelian group X.

• 대한수학회보
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• 제58권5호
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• pp.1279-1300
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• 2021

Let P be a finite point set in ℝ² with the set of distance n-chains defined as ∆_n(P) = {(|p₁ - p₂|, |p₂ - p₃|, …, |p_n - p_n+1|) : p_i ∈ P}. We show that for 2 ⩽ n = O_|P|(1) we have ${\mid}{\Delta}_n(P){\mid}{\gtrsim}{\frac{{\mid}P{\mid}^n}{{\log}^{\frac{13}{2}(n-1)}{\mid}P{\mid}}}$. Our argument uses the energy construction of Elekes and a general version of Rudnev's rich-line bound implicit in [28], which allows one to iterate efficiently on intersecting nested subsets of Guth-Katz lines. Let G is a simple connected graph on m = O(1) vertices with m ⩾ 2. Define the graph-distance set ∆_G(P) as ∆_G(P) = {(|p_i - p_j|)_{i,j}∈E(G) : p_i, p_j ∈ P}. Combining with results of Guth and Katz [17] and Rudnev [28] with the above, if G has a Hamiltonian path we have ${\mid}{\Delta}_G(P){\mid}{\gtrsim}{\frac{{\mid}P{\mid}^{m-1}}{\text{polylog}{\mid}P{\mid}}}$.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.349-354
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• 1996

Pseudomonas sp. P20 is a natural isolate which is capable of degrading biphenyl and 4-chlorobiphenyl. From a clone of pCK1022 harboring pcbCD genes of Pseudomonas sp P20, a pcbD gene encoding 2-hydroxy-6-oxo-6-phenylhexa-2, 4-dienoic acid (HOPDA) hydrolase was subcloned in Escherichia coli XL-1-Blue by using pBluescript SK(+) vector. The 2.8-kb HindII fragment harboring the pcbD gene cloned in pCK 1024 had a single site for each of XhoI, SalI, BstXI, and XbaI restriction enzymes. Escherichia coli CK1024 had a single site for each of XhoI, SalI, BstXI, and XbaI restriction enzymes. Escherichia coli CK1024 carrying pCK0124 degraded HOPDA to benzoate and 2-hydroxypenta-2, 4-dienoate by HOPDA hydrolase encoded by pcbD gene as effectively as E coli CK 1022 HARBORING pcbCD genes.

• 호남수학학술지
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.345-358
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• 2020

In this paper, we study the concepts of Wijsman lacunary invariant convergence, Wijsman lacunary invariant statistical convergence, Wijsman lacunary ${\mathcal{I}}_2$-invariant convergence (${\mathcal{I}}^{{\sigma}{\theta}}_{W_2}$), Wijsman lacunary ${\mathcal{I}}^*_2$-invariant convergence (${\mathcal{I}}^{\ast}^{{\sigma}{\theta}}_{W_2}$), Wijsman p-strongly lacunary invariant convergence ([W₂N_σθ]_p) of double sequence of sets and investigate the relationships among Wijsman lacunary invariant convergence, [W₂N_σθ]_p, ${\mathcal{I}}^{{\sigma}{\theta}}_{W_2}$ and ${\mathcal{I}}^{\ast}^{{\sigma}{\theta}}_{W_2}$. Also, we introduce the concepts of ${\mathcal{I}}^{{\sigma}{\theta}}_{W_2}$-Cauchy double sequence and ${\mathcal{I}}^{\ast}^{{\sigma}{\theta}}_{W_2}$-Cauchy double sequence of sets.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.9-15
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• 1992

고추의 잎 절편을 BAP(2 mg/l)와 IAA(1 mg/l)가 첨가된 MS 배지에서 분화를 유도하여 40일 후에 완전한 식물체를 얻을 수 있었다. 또한 분화 단계에 따라 peroxidase와 esterase의 효소 활성과 isozyme 양상을 조사하였는데, 조직별 peroxidase 활성은 발아 10일째의 잎에서 가장 높았으며, isozyme 양상은 10일째에 잎에서 pI 7.2와 pI 6.9의 새로운 band가 나타났고, 14일째에는 잎과 뿌리에서 새로운 pI 3.4 band가, 줄기에서는 pI 5.2의 새로운 band가 나타나 peroxidase의 조직 특이적 발현을 알 수 있었다. 또한, 잎의 재분화가 진행됨에 따라 peroxidase 효소활성이 증가하기 시작하여 배양 14일째에는 대조구에 비해 80% 정도 높은 효소 활성을 나타냈으며, 분화가 진행됨에 따라 band의 양이 증가하며 배양 14일째에는 pI 3.2와 pI 6.5의 새로운 isozyme이 유도되어 peroxidase가 분화와 발생에 관여하고 있음을 시사하였다. 한편, esterase 활성은 14일째에 대조구보다 2배 이상 높은 활성을 보였으며 esterase isozyme 양상은 배양 7일째에 3개의 cathodic band와 1개의 anodic band가 나타남으로써, 이들 isozyme이 분화시기에 밀접하게 연관되었음을 알 수 있었다.

• 대한수학회지
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.1133-1143
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• 1999

Chaterji strengthened version of a theorem for martin-gales which is a generalization of a theorem of Marcinkiewicz proving that if $X_n$ is a sequence of independent, identically distributed random variables with $E{\mid}X_n{\mid}^p\;<\;{\infty}$, 0 < P < 2 and $EX_1\;=\;1{\leq}\;p\;<\;2$ then $n^{-1/p}{\sum^n}_{i=1}X_i\;\rightarrow\;0$ a,s, and in $L^p$. In this paper, we probe a version of law of large numbers for double arrays. If ${X_{ij}}$ is a double sequence of random variables with $E{\mid}X_{11}\mid^log^+\mid X_{11}\mid^p\;<\infty$, 0 < P <2, then $lim_{m{\vee}n{\rightarrow}\infty}\frac{{\sum^m}_{i=1}{\sum^n}_{j=1}(X_{ij-a_{ij}}}{(mn)^\frac{1}{p}}\;=0$ a.s. and in $L^p$, where $a_{ij}$ = 0 if 0 < p < 1, and $a_{ij}\;=\;E[X_{ij}\midF_[ij}]$ if $1{\leq}p{\leq}2$, which is a generalization of Etemadi's marcinkiewicz-type SLLN for double arrays. this also generalize earlier results of Smythe, and Gut for double arrays of i.i.d. r.v's.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.546-552
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• 2018

A comprehensive collection of proteins senses local changes in intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ concentrations ($[Ca^{2+}]_i$) and transduces these signals into responses to agonists. In the present study, we examined the effect of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) on modulation of intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ concentrations in cat esophageal smooth muscle cells. To measure $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ levels in cat esophageal smooth muscle cells, we used a fluorescence microscopy with the Fura-2 loading method. S1P produced a concentration-dependent increase in $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ in the cells. Pretreatment with EGTA, an extracellular $Ca^{2+}$ chelator, decreased the S1P-induced increase in $[Ca^{2+}]_i$, and an L-type $Ca^{2+}$-channel blocker, nimodipine, decreased the effect of S1P. This indicates that $Ca^{2+}$ influx may be required for muscle contraction by S1P. When stimulated with thapsigargin, an intracellular calcium chelator, or 2-Aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB), an $InsP_3$ receptor blocker, the S1P-evoked increase in $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ was significantly decreased. Treatment with pertussis toxin (PTX), an inhibitor of $G_i$-protein, suppressed the increase in $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ evoked by S1P. These results suggest that the S1P-induced increase in $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ in cat esophageal smooth muscle cells occurs upon the activation of phospholipase C and subsequent release of $Ca^{2+}$ from the $InsP_3$-sensitive $Ca^{2+}$ pool in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. These results suggest that S1P utilized extracellular $Ca^{2+}$ via the L type $Ca^{2+}$ channel, which was dependent on activation of the $S1P_4$ receptor coupled to PTX-sensitive $G_i$ protein, via phospholipase C-mediated $Ca^{2+}$ release from the $InsP_3$-sensitive $Ca^{2+}$ pool in cat esophageal smooth muscle cells.