• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.97-108
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to investigate what variables have a significant effect on child care center teachers' mathematics teaching efficacy among teachers' individual variables, mathematics activity variables, and teachers' awareness variables, and also whether these results are different for teachers of 0 to 2-year-olds when compared to teachers of 3 to 5-year-olds. The subjects consisted of 438 teachers from child care centers located in D city and K province of Korea. The results of this study were as follows: First, mathematics activity variables had a significant effect on the mathematics teaching efficacy of both teacher groups. Second, teachers' awareness of the environment of mathematics education had a significant influence on the mathematics teaching efficacy of both teacher groups, and for teachers of 0 to 2-year-olds, that influence was the greatest among all of the variables. Third, teachers' awareness of the purpose of mathematics education had a significant effect on the mathematics teaching efficacy of only teachers of 0 to 2-year-olds. Lastly. teachers' awareness of the mathematics education curriculum had a significant influence on the mathematics teaching efficacy of only teachers of 3 to 5-year-olds, and that influence was the greatest. These results were discussed in terms of different types of support for each teacher group to improve the quality of mathematics education.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.15-31
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• 2001

The main purpose of this study was to explore the development of knowledge about the appearance-reality distinction and the perspective-taking ability and to examine its relation. The subjects were 104 children, 13 boys and 13 girls each at the age of 3, 4, 5, and 6. The performance of four age groups were compared on illusion appearance-reality, color appearance-reality, perceptual perspective-taking, and cognitive perspective-taking tasks. The data were collected by individual testing and analyzed by the two-way ANOVA with repeated measures, one-way ANOVA and Pearson Correlation Coefficients. The major results were as follows. 1. In children's understanding of the appearance-reality distinction, significant differences were found between 3-year-olds and 4-year-olds, and 5-year-olds and 6-year-olds. While between 4-year-olds and 5-year-olds showed no such differences. Besides, gender did not affect the children's understanding of the appearance-reality distinction. 2. There was significant difference in performance according to the type of tasks. That is 3-year-olds perform better illusion appearance-reality distintion than color appearance- reality distintion, while 4, 5, 6 year old children's performance of color appearance-reality and illusion appearance-reality distinction showed no difference. 3. In children's ability of perceptual perspective-taking, significant difference was found between 3, 4, 5-year-olds and 6-year-old children. And in ability of cognitive and perspective-taking, significant difference was found between 3, 4-year-olds and 6-year-old children. Besides, gender did not affect the children's perceptual and cognitive perspective-taking. 4. The color appearance-reality distinction and perceptual perspective-taking showed significant correlation. That is, the children of high grade for perceptual perspective-taking were better understanding of color appearance-reality distinction.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.227-235
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• 2007

This study investigated 4- and 5-year-olds' social knowledge and interpersonal problem solving strategies according to their sex, age, and hypothetical situation, and the relationships among them. Subjects were 116 preschoolers (73 boys and 43 girls; 68 four and 48 five-year-olds). Results showed that preschoolers had the higher scores of freindliness in potential entry situations than in support situations. Also, 4-year-old children were higher in forceful problem solving strategies than 5-year-olds. Furthermore, children's social knowledge assertiveness scores were positively related to their relevant problem solving strategies in conflict situations, while children's social knowledge friendliness scores were negatively related to their forceful problem solving strategies in conflict and potential entry situations.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.5-21
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• 1996

The purpose of the present study was to investigate how 4-to 5-year-olds approach a competitive/cooperative task to obtain a resource. Sex and age differences were examined for the behavior and resource utilization of this task. The subjects were 74 same-age, mixed sex groups of 4 children each in three kindergartens in a large city. Each group of 4 children were classmates. The children were videotaped in a play situation where one child could view a cartoon movie (i. e. acquiring a resource) with the assistance of two children (one to turn the film tape and one to push the light-button), and the fourth child was a bystander. Time at each position and physical and verbal behavior constitute the data which were analyzed by ANOVA and ${\chi}^2$. The results of the time analysis showed that children cooperated quickly and were able to view the cartoon(resource utilization) for a large part of the session. High resource utilizers compared with low resource utilizers, exhibited more self-assertive and helping behaviors. Boys achieved more viewing time while girls were bystanders for a greater amount of time. Boys showed more physical and verbal behaviors during the task. Four-year-olds achieved less viewing time than 5-year-olds, indicating 4-year-olds were less effective in eliciting the help of their peers.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.161-171
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• 2005

In Experiment 1, 4- and 5-year-olds were shown either continuous(i.e., pizza) or discontinuous Stimuli(i.e., biscuit) by the experimenter. After a proportion(e.g., 2/8, 4/8, or 6/8) was removed, children were asked to remove an equivalent proportion. Whereas 4-year-olds proportional reasoning was correct only when they shared the same stimulus with the experimenter, 5-year-olds reasoned correctly regardless whether or not they shared the stimulus with the experimenter. In Experiment 2, where the discontinuous stimulus was changed, 4-year-olds also made correct proportional reasoning even when their stimulus was different from the experimenter's. Contrary to other studies, quantity didn't affect children's proportional reasoning except the proportion 1/4, where problems with discontinuous quantity were solved more successfully than problems with continuous quantity.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.253-272
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to supplement the NURI Curriculum by investigating the practicing level of the NURI Curriculum for 5-year olds according to the demographic backgrounds of early childhood teachers. The subjects of this study were 201 early childhood teachers who work at kindergartens and child care centers located in Gyeonggi Province and were in charge of 5-year olds. The instrument used was a questionnaire measuring the practicing level of the NURI Curriculum. The results of this study were as follows. First, the practicing level of the NURI Curriculum for 5-year olds generally showed high scores. A total average of 3.24 on a 4 scale was found. In each case, educational contents have the highest score, 3.40, and educational evaluation has the lowest score, 3.03. Secondly, teachers' age, teaching career and educational background had an affect on the practicing level of the NURI Curriculum for 5-year olds, but their certificate and institution type did not. That is, the higher the teachers' age, teaching career and educational background, the higher the practicing level of the NURI Curriculum for 5-year olds.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.135-151
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between preschoolers' motor proficiency and their executive function. Participants were 72 children who participated in individual tests. Motor proficiency was measured by a shortened form of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency Second Edition(BOT-2). Executive functions were assessed by utilizing the revised version of the four tasks: 'Day-Night Task', 'Dimensional Change Card Sort Task', 'Lift Flag Task' and 'Digit Span Task'. The major findings were as follows. First, the 5-year-olds motor proficiency was found to be better than the 4-year-olds. Second, the 5-year-olds executive function was found to be better than the 4-yeat-olds. Last, the 4-year-olds' and 5-year-olds' motor proficiency was related to their executive function. Concretely, fine manual control of motor proficiency was executive function and there was a high correlation. And behavior response inhibition and working memory of executive function was motor proficiency and there was a high correlation. Data analysis showed that preschoolers' motor proficiency and their executive function were different by their age level and that preschoolers' motor proficiency was correlated with their executive function.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.300-309
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to investigate the caries prevalence and caries pattern of preschool children in a small city. Six hundred twenty four kindergarten children in Milyang city were examined for their caries experience of individual teeth and surfaces by dmf index. The obtained results were as follows. 1. The rate of children with caries experience(dmft rate) in primary teeth was 74.0% in 3-year-olds, 83.8% in 4-year-olds, and 90.6% in 5-year-olds. The mean number of decayed, missed, and filled primary teeth(dmft index) was 3.47 in 3-year-olds, 5.41 in 4-year-olds, and 6.01 in 5-year-olds. 2. The caries prevalence of children in this study was higher than those of other researches in past and in other cities. 3. The caries-experienced teeth in order in 5-year-olds were as follows : mandibular 2nd primary molar, mandibular 1st primary molar, maxillary 2nd primary molar, maxillary primary central incisor and maxillary 1st primary molar. 4. The pattern of dental caries development was different between the incisors and molars. The prevalent surface of caries was proximal surface in primary incisors, but occlusal surface in primary molars.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.45-57
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• 2013

This study explores the types of daily routines in child care centers based on the time planned for indoor free choice activities, outdoor activities, group activities and nap/rest. The daily routine plans of 63 classes of 0 to 2-year-olds and 51 classes of 3 to 5-year-olds were cluster analyzed. Also, openness and closeness of child care programs as well as the most participated indoor/outdoor activities were examined using questionnaires developed for teachers. The results were as follows: First, teachers planned the most time for free play choice activity and comparatively less time for outdoor play during the day. Time for rest and naps were planned more for 0-2 year-olds whereas group activities were planned more for the 3-5 year-olds. Second, 3 daily routine types were found in the daily plans of child care centers, such as "Low-Activity Oriented," "Free Choice Activity Oriented" and "Group Activity Oriented" in 0 to 2-year-old classes and 3 to 5-year-old classes. Also, "Group Activity Oriented" type in 0 to 2-year-old classes showed more "closed" child care programs than the "Free Choice Activity Oriented" type. However, no difference was shown among the 3 types of daily routines in the openness and closeness of 3 to 5-year-old child care programs. Finally, all children, regardless of the types of daily routine, participated most in block activity and role play indoors and fixed-play equipment, sand play and free play outdoors.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.15-33
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• 2003

The 120 participants of this study were 5- and 9-year-old children and their mothers. Children responded to 24 prosocial moral reasoning dilemmas and 8 prosocial decision-making tasks. Mothers' prosocial moral reasoning was assessed with questionnaires. Level of moral reasoning was higher in distant than in close relationships. 5-year-olds in preoperational stage used the complex situational cues in their reasoning, and prosocial moral reasoning of 9-year-olds was positively related to mothers' prosocial moral reasoning in the situation with conditions of distant relationship, low costs, and internal responsibility. Children made more helping decisions in close than in distant relationship situations, low rather than high cost situations, and external rather than internal responsibility situations. 5-year-olds whose mothers were high in level of prosocial moral reasoning were more helpful.