• The Korea Journal of Herbology
• /
• v.32 no.3
• /
• pp.37-44
• /
• 2017

Objectives : The application of DNCB (1-chloro-2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene) can cause cellular immunity allergic reaction such as erythema or edema on NC/Nga mice and combinational function of cells participating in immunity increase inflammatory mediator. In this study, the effects of cypress essential oil on NC/Nga mice have been assessed. Methods : Male SPF NC/Nga mice aged 8 weeks have been used for atopic dermatitis induction skin. 1% DNCB was applied on ears and backs of which hair was removed using clipper on $1^{st}$ day and 0.4% DNCB was applied three times a week for 3 weeks. In this study, cypress essential oil has been treated 1 time a day for 3 weeks after application of DNCB to induce atopic dermatitis on skin for further experiments. Results : This study shows that inhalation or application of cypress essential oil reduced edema in ears and the thickness of epidermis induced by DNCB treatment. And it can be known that treatment of cypress essential oil inhibited mast cell proliferation and reduced IgE level similar to that of the negative control especially when cypress essential oil was inhaled by the mice. Synthetic oil showed the effects lower than those of cypress essential oil. Conclusions : Inhalation or direct application of cypress essential oil on skin reduced IgE level in blood and prohibits the proliferation of mast cell, from which it can be known that cypress essential oil can be effectively used to reduce the symptoms of atopic dermatitis.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
• /
• v.20 no.3 s.39
• /
• pp.27-35
• /
• 1999

The purpose of this study was to investigate the histochemical effect of Jojoongikgi-tang (JIT) on hairless mice induced by DNCB. For the study, DNCB was applied on the infrascapular region of the mices skin and then JIT was orally administered. As a result, the following histochemical changes of the dermis were observed through light and electron microscopes, and statistical data. The results obtained were as follows: 1. In the 2 days experimental group, more histamine mast cells dermis occurred than in the control or normal group when observed under light microscope. When an electron microscope was used, histochemical reactive cells in the dermis were found as mast cells that contained more cytoplasmic granules than in the control or normal group. 2. In the 5 days experimental group, the number of mast cells were decreased over the control or normal group when observed under light microscope. When an electron microscope was used, mast cells in the control contained secretory granules with higher electron density than those of the experimental group. 3. As a result of statistical analysis, the mean value of mast cells in the normal 2 days control and experimental groups was not significantly different (p<0.05). 4. However, the mean values of it in the normal ($19.1000{\pm}6.3154$), 5 day control ($103.4500{\pm}42.2704$) and 5 day experimental groups ($35.9500{\pm}8.5746$) were significantly different (p<0.05). From the above results, it is concluded that JIT is efficient against the purpura induced by DNCB.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
• /
• v.32 no.2
• /
• pp.94-106
• /
• 2019

Objectives : This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Gwakhyangjeonggi-san(GJS) on atopic dermatitis(AD) induced by 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene(DNCB) in mice. Methods : The mice(Balb/c mice) were divided into three groups; normal Balb/c mice with oil treatment(Sham group), DNCB-induced AD mice(AD group), and GJS treated AD mice(GJS group). GJS group were orally administered GJS daily for 2 weeks. We observed changes of clinical skin severity score, the expression of thymic stromal lymphopoietin(TSLP), interleukin(IL)-4 and tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-${\alpha}$ in skin and mast cell infiltration. Also, serum immunoglobulinE(IgE), IL-4, $TNF-{\alpha}$ and IL-6 were evaluated. Results : The clinical skin severity score of GJS group was decreased compared to AD group. In hematoxylin and eosin staining results, GJS group showed a significant reduction of epithelial skin thickness. In addition, expression of TSLP and mast cell infiltration in skin were also reduced by GJS treatment compared to those of AD group. Thus, we evaluated expression of IL-4, Th2-dependent cytokine, and $TNF-{\alpha}$, pro-inflammatory cytokine in skin. GJS significantly reduced both IL-4 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ compared to AD mice. Moreover, levels of IgE, IL-4, $TNF-{\alpha}$ and IL-6 in plasma also significantly decreased by oral GJS treatment. Conclusion : The present study suggests that GJS can significantly reduced symptoms of AD, therefore it can be a promising candidate for anti-atopic dermatitis treatment.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
• /
• v.28 no.6
• /
• pp.542-548
• /
• 2020

Naturally derived diosmetin and its glycoside diosmin are known to be effective in treating inflammatory disease. This study was performed to determine whether diosmin and diosmetin have the effect of improving atopic dermatitis in a 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzen (DNCB)-induced atopic dermatitis (AD) model. DNCB was used to establish AD model in hairless mice. Skin moisture, serum immunoglobulin E (IgE), interleukin 4 (IL-4), and histological analysis were performed to measure the effectiveness of diosmin and diosmetine to improve AD. IL-4 levels were also measured in RBL-2H3 cells. Administration of diosmetin or diosmin orally inhibited the progress of DNCB-induced AD-like lesions in murine models by inhibiting transdermal water loss (TEWL) and increasing skin hydration. Diosmetin or diosmin treatment also reduced IgE and IL-4 levels in AD-induced hairless mouse serum samples. However, in the in vitro assay, only diosmetin, not diosmin, reduced the expression level of IL-4 mRNA in RBL-2H3 cells. Diosmin and diosmetine alleviated the altered epidermal thickness and immune cell infiltration in AD. Diosmin is considered effective in the cure of AD and skin inflammatory diseases by being converted into diosmetin in the body by pharmacokinetic metabolism. Thus, oral administration of diosmetin and diosmin might be a useful agent for the treatment of AD and cutaneous inflammatory diseases.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.31 no.4
• /
• pp.213-219
• /
• 2017

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common skin disease characterized by chronic and relapsing inflammatory dermatitis with immunological disturbances. Spleen deficiency (脾虛) is one of the major causes of AD, so development of animal model is required for AD research that reflects the pattern identification. The groups that we have used in this study included Senna folium extracts (SFE), 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), and normal mice. Therefore, the present study was developed to atopic dermatitis mouse model with spleen deficiency in 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) and senna leaves extracts induced AD in NC/Nga mice. The results demonstrated that senna leaves extract treatment significantly increased the dermatitis clinical score and epidermal thickness in AD-like skin lesions. We also proved beyond doubt that there was occurrence of erythema and skin moisture indices in the senna leaves extract groups. Further, we also found that the level of serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) in the senna leaves extract-treated group was increased. The amount of IL-4, IL-13, $TNF-{\alpha}$ and $TGF-{\beta}$ mRNA determined by real-time PCR was increased remarkably when senna leaves extract groups were treated on dorsal skin. Senna leaves extract groups significantly promoted the number of CD11B+/Gr-1 cell in skin, as well as the number of CD4+/CD8+ cell in dorsal skin compared with control. The review summarizes recent process in our understanding of the immunopathophysiology of spleen deficiency AD and the implications for spleen deficiency mouse models of AD on drug discovery from medical plants.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
• /
• v.32 no.6
• /
• pp.705-713
• /
• 2019

Avocado, superfood, contains a variety of essential nutrients and phytochemicals. The purpose of this study was to explore whether avocado could modulate skin inflammation in vivo. We elucidated the pharmacological effects of avocado on compound 48/80- or histamine-induced scratching behaviors and 2, 4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced atopic dermatitis (AD)-like skin lesions in mice. Additionally, we investigated the anti-inflammatory activity of avocado and its underlying mechanism including its effect on the expression levels of inflammatory-related genes and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in DNCB-induced AD-like skin lesions. The findings of this study demonstrate that avocado attenuated AD-clinical symptoms including itching, eczematous, erythema and dryness and histamine levels in mice. Moreover, avocado suppressed both inflammatory cytokines expression as well as NF-κB and caspase-1 activation in AD-like skin lesions in mice. Taken together, these results demonstrate that avocado may be a potential candidate for treating skin inflammatory diseases like AD.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
• /
• v.29 no.1
• /
• pp.27-43
• /
• 2015

Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of AI on AD induced by DNCB in mice. AI has antiallergic property that is useful in treating allergy-related-diseases, such as asthma, anaphylactic shock, acute bronchitis and skin diseases, skin pruritus from gastrointestinal diseases. However, AI has not been studied intensively yet regarding anti-inflammatory effect on AD. Therefore, this study was conducted on 2,4-dinitrochlorobezene (DNCB)-induced mice to investigate effects of AI in AD. Methods In the experiment, we divided mice into four groups: a normal group (NOR), a control group (CON), an AI spread group (AI spread), and an AI spread and feeding group (AI spread & feeding). Then examined the changes in the body weight, weights of spleen and ear, thickness of dorsum skin and ear skin, clinical aspects on dorsum skin, historical assessments, proliferation of splenocytes in vitro and in vivo, and cytokine (TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-10). Results From the experiment, the ear weight of AI spread & feeding group was significantly dropped and the ear thickness of both AI spread and AI spread & feeding were decreased significantly. Dorsum skin thickness was also decreased significantly in both AI spread and AI spread & feeding group. Also, AI treatment improved the symptoms of AD, such as coloration, erythema and desquamation and had a better effect on AI spread & feeding group. In histopathological observation, thickened epidermis, hyperkeratosis, pigmentation, hypergranulosis, parakeratosis were diminished as well in both AI spread and AI spread & feeding group. In vitro, we could observe when AI was increased as proliferation rate of splenocytes were increased, too. Conclusions In conclusion, these data suggest that AI can decrease symptoms of AD and show AI can be useful herbal therapy for AD.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.1-16
• /
• 2011

Objective : In the theory of Korean medicine, Scrophulariae Radix (SR) can clear away heat and cool the blood, nourish yin and promote the production of the body fluids, relieve toxin and benefit the throat. The present study was carried out to investigate effects of SR on allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) induced by 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) in mice. Methods : In this experiment, effects of SR on clinical aspects on the skin, histopathological changes such as spongiosis, mast cell distribution, immune cell infiltration in tissue, spleen / body ratio and production levels of serum cytokines were investigated in vivo. In addition, effects on cell viability and release of b-hexosaminidase and histamine were also investigated in vitro. Results : SR treatment diminished erythema, desquamation and keratosis which were induced by repeated painting of DNCB. Spongiosis and edema were diminished by painting of SR in histopathological observation, infiltrations of mast cell and monocytes were also decreased in SR group. In addition, spleen / body ratio was lowered compared to ADC control group. Production level of IFN-${\gamma}$ in serum was decreased, but level of IL-4 did not affected by SR. Finally, more than 400 ${\mu}g/ml$ of SR treatment groups showed decreased cell viabilities in RBL-2H3 cells. Treatment with over 200 ${\mu}g/ml$ of SR decreased b-hexosaminidase release, and treatment with over 400 ${\mu}g/ml$ decreased histamine release in vitro. Conclusion : these data suggest that SR can decrease symptoms of ACD, then SR is useful to treat patient with ACD.

• The Journal of Dong Guk Oriental Medicine
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.119-133
• /
• 1998

This study was performed to investigated the effects of an immunosuppression and a mitigation of inflammation of Scutellaria baicalensis GEORGI on Allergic contact dermatitis. In order to study, after oral administration of Scutellaria baicalensis GEORGI extract, contact hypersensitivity assay, general morphologic change of skin, sulfated acid mucosubstance, mast cell, IL-2R, ICAM-1 and CD11b were observed in BALB/C mouse induced allergic contact dermatitis by the contact sensitizing DNCB. Ear swelling in contact hypersensitivity assay was decreased in the Scutellaria baicalensis GEORGI extracts administered(HEGT) group, compared with DNCB painted group. In the general morphologic change of skin, hyperplasia of keratinocytes, increase of lymphocytes and inflammatory cell, increase of vasculogenesis and epidermal lymphocytes infiltration, increase of cell damage in epidermal basal layer and prickle layer were decreased in the HEGT group, compared with DNCB painted group. Increase of sulfated acid mucosubstance, mast cell, IL-2R positive cell, ICAM-1 positive cell, CD11b positive cell were decreased in the HEGT group, compared with DNCB painted group.

• The Journal of Dong Guk Oriental Medicine
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.77-91
• /
• 1999

After allergic contact dermatitis elicitated by Dinitrochlorobenzene(DNCB) treatment, ICR female mice administered Yunkyopaedocksangamibang(YPGM) extract were observed to investigate the effect of YPGM on allergic contact dermatitis. This study investigated that contact hypersensitivity assay, abdominal skin morphologic changes including mast cells. At contact hypersensitivity assay, the right ear swelling in YPGM group were probability decreased than DNCB group. At observation of abdominal skin morphologic change, the infiltration of lymphocyte, lymphocyte insertion to epithelium, enlarged capillary, angiogenesis, and damages of epithelium as cytoplasmic vacuolation and enlarge of inter cellular space in YPGM were diminished than DNCB group. The number of mast cell was increased both DNCB and YPGM group. The shape of mast cell in DNCB group was mainly appeared degranulated type, but granulated type in YPGM group. The number of serotonin positive cell was increased both DNCB and YPGM group. The shape of serotonin positive cell in DNCB group was mainly appeared degranulated type, but granulated type in YPGM group. As results indicated that the YPGM extract administration work on the mitigation of skin damages in mouse with allergic contact dermatitis.