• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.85-99
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• 2017

The study was compared for ability to supply macro-nutrients between time and height of mowing to establish alternate technique of a chemical fertilizer with 9-year old 'Niitaka' pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) trees in a pesticide-free orchard in 2009. Rye and hairy vetch were sown together during fall 2008. Four types of mowing time treatments were included; mowing on April 18+May 28, on April 28+June 8, on May 8+June 18, and on April 18+May 18+June 18. Mowing height treatment included mowing at $3{\pm}1cm$, $7{\pm}1cm$, and $13{\pm}1cm$ on April 18 or June 8. Mowing on May 8+June 18 increased the most dry weight of ground cover and vegetation to 14,480 kg per ha among the mowing time treatments, resulting in the greatest production of T-N (total nitrogen; 292 kg) and K (396 kg) per ha on the soil. Mowing at $7{\pm}1cm$ decreased the most dry weight of ground cover and vegetation to 11,970 kg per ha among the mowing height treatments, resulting in the lowest production of T-N (265 kg), P (111 kg) and K (333 kg) per ha in a soil. Ground cover treatments increased soil organic matter contents, regardless of mowing treatment methods.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.466-479
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• 2021

Fake news is flooded with fake news that mixes untrue falsehoods in whole or in part. In order to create a frame for political and social purposes, news is mainly created by combining facts with fakes, or news is created for the purpose of incitement to encourage distortion and hatred. In particular, some media, including over-the-air broadcasting, are expressing their political bias in a specific direction without hesitation. Even if the press has political bias, if it is based on the delivery of facts, a trusted media environment can be achieved under the mutual checks of conservatives and progressives. The May 18 Democratic Uprising is a painful history and fact of modern history, leaving remuneration and progress. Nevertheless, there is still a view that the May 18 Democratic Uprising is regarded as 'democracy movement' and 'violence'. This study analyzed how the conservative JoongAng Ilbo and the progressive Kyunghyang Shinmun Manpyeong deal with the May 18 Democratic Uprising. The Manpyeong of the two newspapers differs greatly from the viewpoint of the May 18 Democratic Uprising. The liberal tendency of the Kyunghyang Shinmun Manpyeong has great significance in that it reveals the essence of the event and satirizes the subject. On the other hand, the conservative JoongAng Ilbo Manpyeong cannot approach the nature of the case or the object of satire due to ambiguity.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.920-929
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• 2024

As a pivotal defensive line against multitudinous malignant tumors, natural killer (NK) cells exist in the tumor microenvironment (TME). RAD18 E3 Ubiquitin Protein Ligase (RAD18) has been reported to foster the malignant progression of multiple cancers, but its effect on NK function has not been mined. Here, the study was designed to mine the mechanism by which RAD18 regulates the killing effect of NK cells on colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. Expression of E2F Transcription Factor 7 (E2F7) and RAD18 in CRC tissues, their correlation, binding sites, and RAD18 enrichment pathway were analyzed by bioinformatics. Expression of E2F7 and RAD18 in cells was assayed by qRT-PCR and western blot. Dual-luciferase assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay verified the regulatory relationship between E2F7 and RAD18. CCK-8 assay was utilized to assay cell viability, colony formation assay to detect cell proliferation, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) test to assay NK cell cytotoxicity, ELISA to assay levels of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and immunofluorescence to detect expression of toxic molecules perforin and granzyme B. High expression of RAD18 and E2F7 was found in CRC tissues and cells. Silencing RAD18 could hamper the proliferation of CRC cells, foster viability and cytotoxicity of NK cells, and increase the secretion of GM-CSF, TNF-α, IFN-γ as well as the expression of perforin and granzyme B. Additionally, ChIP and dual-luciferase reporter assay ascertained the binding relationship between RAD18 promoter region and E2F7. E2F7 could activate the transcription of RAD18, and silencing RAD18 reversed the inhibitory effect of E2F7 overexpression on NK cell killing. This work clarified the inhibitory effect of the E2F7/RAD18 axis on NK cell killing in CRC, and proffered a new direction for immunotherapy of CRC in targeted immune microenvironment.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.181-200
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• 2007

Objevtives & Methods : Effects of cultivated wild ginseng pharmacopuncture at BL18 and LI11 on lipid composition, cytokine level, liver function, anti-oxidative capacity and histological characters were investigated in diet-induced obese rats. Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing about 400g were divided into 4 groups of control, BL18, LI11 and BL18 plus LI11 pharmacopuncture groups and raised for 4 weeks. Results : 1. Plasma ${\beta}$-lipoprotein, free fatty acids level and TNF-${\alpha}$ levels significantly decreased in the pharmacopuncture groups compared to those of no treatment group. Plasma and liver total cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) levels were also significantly lower than those of no treatment group. There was, however, no difference in TBARS level among pharmacopuncture groups. Liver total cholesterol level of BL18 pharmacopuncture group was lower than those of the other two pharmacopuncture groups. In LDL-cholesterol level, BL18 pharmacopuncture and BL18 plus LI11 pharmacopuncture groups only had significantly lower levels than that of no treatment group. 2. There was no significant difference between cultivated wild ginseng pharmacopuncture groups and no treatment group in IL-6, alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartic acid transaminase (AST) levels. 3. Compared with \ those of no treatment group, pharmacopuncture groups had significantly higher levels of HDL-cholesterol, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase activities. There was, however, no significant difference among pharmacopuncture groups. 4. Histological characters of heart, kidney and liver of BL18 pharmacopuncture group were similar to those of normal rats. Conclusions : These results indicate that cultivated wild ginseng pharmacopuncture at BL18 and LI11 may suppress adipose tissue mass and lipid peroxidation and activate antioxidant system.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.60 no.2
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• pp.45-49
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• 2017

Purpose: Serum level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) is considered as the most appropriate marker of vitamin D status. However, only a few studies have investigated the relationship between 25-OHD and parathyroid hormone (PTH) in children. To this end, this study was aimed at evaluating the lowest 25-OHD level that suppresses the production of parathyroid hormone in children. Methods: A retrospective record review was performed for children aged 0.2 to 18 years (n=193; 106 boys and 87 girls) who underwent simultaneous measurements of serum 25-OHD and PTH levels between January 2010 and June 2014. Results: The inflection point of serum 25-OHD level for maximal suppression of PTH was at 18.0 ng/mL (95% confidence interval, 14.3-21.7 ng/mL). The median PTH level of the children with 25-OHD levels of <18.0 ng/mL was higher than that of children with 25-OHD levels ${\geq}$ 18.0 ng/mL (P<0.0001). The median calcium level of children with 25-OHD levels<18.0 ng/mL was lower than that of children with 25-OHD levels${\geq}18.0ng/mL$ (P=0.0001). The frequency of hyperparathyroidism was higher in the children with 25-OHD levels<18.0 ng/mL than in the children with 25-OHD levels${\geq}18.0ng/mL$ (P<0.0001). Hypocalcemia was more prevalent in the children with 25-OHD levels<18.0 ng/mL than in the children with 25-OHD levels${\geq}18.0ng/mL$ (P<0.0001). Conclusion: These data suggest that a vitamin D level of 18.0 ng/mL could be the criterion for 25-OHD deficiency in children at the inflection point of the maximal suppression of PTH.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.307-312
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• 2016

Alzheimer's disease is the most common degenerative brain diseases that causes dementia. ${\beta}$-amyloid neuritic plaque density that accumulates in the brain is difficult to perform daily living, such as memory loss, language ability deterioration. It is used to estimate ${\beta}$-amyloid neuritic plaque density in adult patients with cognitive impairment who are being evaluated for Alzheimer's disease and other causes of cognitive impairment. Using the $^{18}F$-Florbetaben with high sensitivity and specificity for the ${\beta}$-amyloid neuritic plaque density to evaluate the usefulness for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. In $^{18}F$-FDG Brain imaging shows no specific findings. And it appeared on the MR-Brain imaging without atrophy of the hippocampus. However, the intake of ${\beta}$-amyloid neuritic plaque density in $^{18}F$-Florbetaben informs that it is the progress of Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, $^{18}F$-Florobetaben is very useful for early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.1728-1733
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• 2001

An experiment was conducted at the experimental duck farm of Cantho University in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam to evaluate the effects of offering pairwise feeds with different crude protein (CP) levels to Cherry Valley broiler ducks from 28-63 days of age on feed intake and performance. Five diets consisting of mixtures of soya bean meal, fish meal, maize meal and fine rice bran, were formulated to give isocaloric diets with 30, 24, 18, 16 and 12% CP. These were offered separately as pellets to growing ducklings in the following combinations: 30+18, 30+12, 24+16 and 18+12. A diet with 20% CP (CP20) was used as control. All the diets were offered ad libitum. Daily feed intakes (g dry matter, DM) were 161, 168, 150, 101 and 143 g for the 30+18, 30+12, 24+16, 18+12 and CP20 treatments, respectively. CP intakes were 29.6, 27.0, 24.8, 17.1 and 22.9% of total DM intake, and the ratio of methionine+cystine to lysine was 0.76, 0.75, 0.75, 0.76 and 0.75 for the 30+18, 30+12, 24+16, 18+12 and CP20 treatments, respectively. Live weights at 63 days of age were 2,937, 3,054, 2,898, 2,200, and 2,811 g (p<0.001), and daily live weight gains 57.8, 61.7, 57.0, 38.5 and 55.7 g (p<0.001) for the 30+18, 30+12, 24+16, 18+12 and CP20 treatments, respectively. The weights and yields of the carcass, breast and thigh muscles, and heart decreased in the order 30+18, 30+12, 24+16, CP20 and 18+12 (p<0.001). The present study suggests that growing broiler offered a combination of high and low protein feeds pairwise will eat excessive amounts of the high protein feed, thus resulting in protein intakes above requirements.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.526-529
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• 1990

Free fatty acids of two brands of domestic butter were isolated directly by a modified silicic acid column chromatography, and were analyzed by gas liquid chromatography. $C_{18}$ FFA congeners $(C_{18_0},\;C_{18:1},\;C_{18:2}\;and\;C_{18:3})$ were the predominant components (52.83% in brand A and 47.50% in brand B), followed by $C_{16}$FFA (29.39% in brand A and 30.52% in brand B) and $C_{14}$FFA (11.85% in brand A and 13.76% in brand B). The other FFA were present as minor components (0.29-3.87%). Concentrations of four FFA $(C_4,\;C_6,\;C_{10}\;and\;C_{12})$FFA which would be expected to contribute strongly to hydrolytic rancidity off-flavors were below individual threshold level, except $C_4FFA$ (56 ppm) in butter B.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.24 no.10
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• pp.1478-1484
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• 2003

CRAMP was identified from a cDNA clone derived from a mouse femoral marrow cells as a member of cathelicidin-derived antimicrobial peptide. Tertiary structure of CRAMP in TFE/$H_2O$ (1 : 1, v/v) solution has been determined by NMR spectroscopy previously and consists of two amphipathic $\alpha-helices$ from Leu4 to Lys10 and from Gly16 to Leu33. These two helices are connected by a flexible region from Gly11 to Gly16. Analysis of series of fragments composed of various portion of CRAMP revealed that an 18-residue fragment with the sequence from Gly16 to Leu33 (CRAMP-18) was found to retain antibacterial activity without cytotoxicity. The effects of two Phe residues at positions 14 and 15 of CRAMP-18 on structure, antibacterial activity, and interaction with lipid membranes were investigated by $Phe^{14,15}$ ${\rightarrow}$ Ala substitution (CRAMP-18-A) in the present study. Substitution of Phe with Ala in CRAMP-18 caused a significant reduction on antibacterial and membrane-disrupting activities. Tertiary structures of CRAMP-18 in 50% TFE/$H_2O$ (1 : 1, v : v) solution shows amphipathic ${\alpha}$-helix, from $Glu^2{\;}to{\;}Leu^{18}$, while CRAMP-18-A has relatively short amphipathic ${\alpha}$-helix from $Leu^4{\;}to{\;}Ala^{15}$. These results suggest that the hydrophobic property of $Phe^{14}{\;}and{\;}Phe^15$ in CRAMP-18 is essential for its antibacterial activity, ${\alpha}$-helical structure, and interactions with phospholipid membranes.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.34-41
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• 2013

Interleukin-18 (IL-18) has been known to induce interferon-${\gamma}$ (IFN-${\gamma}$) production and promote Th1 immunity. Although mammalian IL-18 has been characterized in great detail, the properties and application of chicken IL-18 remain largely uninvestigated as of yet. In this study, we evaluated the immunomodulatory properties of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium expressing chicken interleukin-18 (chIL-18) on immune responses induced by avian influenza (AI) and Newcastle disease (ND) vaccines. After oral administration of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium expressing chIL-18, chickens were vaccinated intramuscularly with the recommended dose of either inactivated AI H9N2 vaccine or ND (B1 strain) vaccine. Chickens receiving a primary vaccination were boosted using the same protocol 7 days later. Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses were evaluated in terms of HI antibody titers and proliferation and mRNA expression of IFN-${\gamma}$ and IL-4 of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in response to specific antigen stimulation. According to our results, oral administration of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium expressing chIL-18 induced enhanced humoral and Th1-biased cell-mediated immunity against AI and ND vaccines, compared to that of chickens received S. enterica serovar Typhimurium harboring empty vector. Therefore, we conclude that our proposed vaccination regimen using inactivated AI and ND viruses along with oral administration of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium expressing chIL-18 may provide a novel approach in protecting chicken from currently circulating AI and ND virus strains.