• Title/Summary/Keyword: 화학적 반응

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A STUDY ON THE ENAMEL EROSION BY FERMENTED MILKS (수종 유산균 발효유의 법랑질 침식효과에 대한 연구)

  • Sim, Jeung-Ho;Jeong, Tae-Sung;Kim, Shin
    • Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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    • v.31 no.4
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    • pp.555-563
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    • 2004
  • The pH of beverages is known to be low and have, therefore, been implicated in the increasing incidence of erosion. Erosion is believed to be the predominant cause of teeth wear in children and young adults, although there will always be a contribution from attrition and abrasion. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of yogurt on the progression of erosive demineralization in human enamel using demineralization model in vitro. In 4 yogurts, available on the market, pH, buffering capacity and the concentrations of calcium, phosphate and fluoride were determined. The buffering effect was determined by titration with NaOH. 50 milliliters of each drink was then titrated with 1M sodium hydroxide, added in 0.5 milliliters increments, until the pH reached about 7. Human deciduous enamel(n=40) samples were divided into four groups and exposed to 80ml of the yogurt for 30,60, 90 and 120min. Enamel surface microhardness(VHN) was examined before and after each exposure. 1. The average PH of fermented milk was 3.77 and this pH value was acidic enough to cause tooth erosion. 2. All of the fermented milks were found to be erosive(p<0.05) 3. The teeth exposed to the fermented milk all showed erosion like lesions and microhardness measurements showed that enamel surface hardness decreased proportionately with increased time of immersion in all tooth specimen groups. 4. After immersion for 30 and 60 minutes, reduction rate of microhardness values was not significantly different between the groups(p>0.05). However, after 90 and 120 minutes, reduction rate of each group was significantly different(p<0.05).

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The City Rhinoreaction Research of the Corn Feed for the Heavy Metal Removal of the Pig Ordure Sludge Using the Citric Acid and Stability Evaluation (구연산을 이용한 돈분슬러지의 중금속 제거 및 안정성평가를 위한 사료용 옥수수의 시비반응 연구)

  • Oh, Tae-Seok;Kim, Chang-Ho;Choi, Bong-Su
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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    • v.31 no.4
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    • pp.395-408
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    • 2011
  • The study which it sees exclusions the copper and the zinc which contain in pig sludge, It study pig sludge resources fertilizer production which are rational, pig sludge resources fertilizers after seeding, silage corn it investigates growth characteristics and forage value, the result which investigates pig sludge resources fertilizers effectiveness with afterwards is same. With fertilizer ingredients in pig sludge chemical qualities, the content of the nitrogen and the phosphoric acid comes 4.4% to be 6.29%, pH 7.02 and content of the copper and the zinc which is a heavy metal which contains in pig sludge with 805 mg/kg and 1,704 mg/kg, it is a restrictive standard of the fertilizer, 300 mg/kg and 900 mg/kg it sees to be high, it manufactures citric acid 1 hydrate with the organic acid solution, heavy metals of pig sludge where it is a mixture ratio of the organic acid solution, it divides to 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% 4 kind levels, the result which measures the heavy metal exclusion ratio of the copper and the zinc, the mixture ratio of the organic acid solution to be many exclusion ratio of the copper and the zinc is showing a just interrelation, from organic acid solution 100% level content of pig sludge remains copper and zinc 330.03 mg/kg and 41.28 mg/kg, it shows the exclusion ratio of copper 59% zinc 97%. 'Cheonganok' growth characteristics with citric acid 1 hydrate, Treatment 2 and control growth characteristics etc, it exclusion the copper and the zinc it doesn't appear on significant difference statistically but, treatment 3 after only pig sludge in resources disposal where it seeding, growth characteristics of leaf area etc. is badness, it compares in control and treatment 2 the growth characteristics badness, it is appearing, it is caused by with disease and insects occurrence of $Ostrinia$ $furnacalis$ and brown spot, the damage was many. From forage value, Treatment 2 where it exclusion the heavy metal with the citric acid 1 hydrate with control it compares and there are not significant difference from crude protein and ADF and NDF contents etc., seeding only Pig Sludge in resources disposal treatment 3, it is caused by with $Ostrinia$ $furnacalis$ etc., trunk and aging of the leaf to be high ADF content is low. but from crude protein, the nitrogen ingredient which pig sludge has and interrelation it seemed and high numerical value were confirmed.

Effects of Particle Size and Pyrolysis Temperature of Oyster Shell on Change of Coastal Benthic Environment (굴 패각의 입경 및 소성 온도에 따른 연안 오염 저서환경 변화 연구)

  • Jeong, IlWon;Woo, Hee-Eun;Lee, In-Cheol;Yoon, SeokJin;Kim, Kyunghoi
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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    • v.26 no.7
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    • pp.873-880
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    • 2020
  • After pre-treatment of oyster shells according to particle size (0 ~ 1, 1 ~ 2, 2 ~ 5 mm) and pyrolysis temperature (400(P400), 500(P500), 600(P600), 800(P800)℃), changes in the properties of sediments mixed with pre-treated oyster shells were investigated. The primary component of the oyster shell was changed from CaCO3 to CaO at temperatures above 700℃. The Ca2+ concentration in P800 was 790 mg/L, which was 2 ~ 3 times higher than those in the control and other experimental samples. Ca2+ elution significantly increased at the pyrolysis temperature over than 600℃. In oyster shells pyrolyzed over 600℃, the pH of the pore water increased by 0.1 ~ 0.5, due the hydrolysis of CaO formed by the pyrolysis of CaCO3. The PO4-P of the overlying and pore water in P600 and P800 were 0.1 ~ 0.2 mg/L lower than those of the control. The increased pH and elution of Ca2+ from oyster shells should suppress the upwelling of PO4-P from the sediment. Based on the above results, it was confirmed that the pyrolysis temperature of oyster shells influenced NH3-N and PO4-P concentrations in the sediment; however, the particle size of oyster shells had little effect. The results of this study can be used as a foundation for research on the use of pyrolyzed oyster shells to improve low-contamination coastal benthic environments.

Evaluation of Efficient Pb Removal from Aqueous Solutions using Biochar Beads (바이오차 비드를 이용한 수용액에서 Pb의 효율적인 처리효율 평가)

  • Yu-Jin Park;Jae-Hoon Lee;Jun-Suk Rho;Ah-Young Choi;Sin-Sil Kim;Seul-Rin Lee;Jong-Hwan Park;Dong-Cheol Seo
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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    • v.42 no.1
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    • pp.35-43
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    • 2023
  • The fine particulate structure of biochar limits its use as a heavy metal adsorbent, and makes separation of the biochar from the solution technically challenging, thereby reducing recovery of the heavy metals. To address this issue, this study prepared biochar beads under various mixing conditions and investigated their efficiency in removing Pb from aqueous solutions using adsorption models. The biochar beads were produced by mixing alginate and biochar at different ratios: alginate bead (AB), 1% biochar + bead (1-BB), 2.5% biochar + bead (2.5-BB), and 5% biochar + bead (5-BB). The results revealed that the Freundlich isothermal adsorption pattern of the biochar beads to Pb was of the L-type. The highest Langmuir isothermal adsorption capacity (28.736 mg/g) was observed in the 2.5-BB treatment. The dominant mechanism among the kinetic adsorption characteristics of biochar beads for Pb was chemical adsorption. Additionally, the optimal pH range for Pb adsorption was found to be between 4 and 5.5. The highest Pb removal efficiency (97.9%) was achieved when 26.6 g/L of biochar beads were used. These findings suggest that biochar beads are an economical and highly efficient adsorbent that enables separation and recovery of fine biochar particles.

Synthesis and Characterization of Pt based Alloy Catalysts for Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell (직접 에탄올 연료전지용 백금합금촉매의 합성과 특성분석)

  • Kim, Yi-Young;Kim, Soo-Kil;Han, Jong-Hee;Kim, Han-Sung
    • Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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    • v.11 no.2
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    • pp.109-114
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    • 2008
  • Though ethanol can theoretically generate 12 electrons during oxidation to carbon dioxide, the complete oxidation of ethanol is hard to achieve due to the strong bond between the two carbons in its molecular structure. Therefore, development of high activity catalyst for ethanol oxidation is necessary for the commercialization of direct ethanol fuel cell. In this study, some binary and ternary electrocatalysts of PtSn/C and PtSnAu/C have been synthesized and characterized. The catalysts were fabricated with modified polyol method with the amounts of 20 wt%, where the Pt : Sn ratios in the PtSn/C were 1 : 0, 4 : 1, 3 : 1, 2 : 1, 1.5 : 1, 1 : 1, 1 : 1.5 and Pt:Sn:Au ratios in the PtSnAu/C were 5 : 5 : 0, 5 : 4 : 1, 5 : 3 : 2, 5 : 2 : 3. From the XRD and TEM analysis results, the catalysts were found to have face centered cubic structure with particle size of around $1.9{\sim}2.4\;nm$. The activity in the ethanol oxidation was examined with cyclic voltammetry and the results indicated that PtSn(1.5 : 1)/C and PtSnAu(5 : 2 : 3)/C had the highest activity in each catalyst system. Further tests with single cell were performed with those catalysts. It was found that PtSn/C(1.5 : 1) exhibited the best performance while the long term stability of PtSnAu/C(5 : 2 : 3) is better than PtSn/C(1.5 : 1).

Study on Characteristic of CO2 Hydrate Formation Using Micro-sized Ice (미세직경 얼음을 이용한 CO2 하이드레이트 제조특성 연구)

  • Lee, Jong-Hyub;Kang, Seong-Pil
    • Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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    • v.50 no.4
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    • pp.690-695
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    • 2012
  • Gas hydrate is an inclusion compound consisting of water and low molecular weight gases, which are incorporated into the lattice structure of water. Owing to its promising aspect to application technologies, gas hydrate has been widely studied recently, especially $CO_2$ hydrate for the CCS (Carbon Capture and Storage) issue. The key point of $CO_2$ hydrate technology for the CCS is how to produce gas hydrate in an efficient and economic way. In this study, we have tried to study the characteristic of gas hydrate formation using micro-sized ice through an ultrasonic nozzle which generate 2.4 MHz frequency wave. $CO_2$ as a carrier gas brings micro-sized mist into low-temperature reactor, where the mist and carrier gas forms $CO_2$ hydrate under $-55^{\circ}C$ and atmospheric pressure condition and some part of the mist also remains unreacted micro-sized ice. Formed gas hydrate was average 10.7 of diameter at average. The starting ice particle was set to constant pressure to form $CO_2$ hydrate and the consumed amount of $CO_2$ gas was simultaneously measured to calculate the conversion of ice into gas hydrate. Results showed that the gas hydrate formation was highly suitable because of its extremely high gas-solid contact area, and the formation rate was also very high. Self-preservation effect of $CO_2$ hydrate was confirmed by the measurement of $CO_2$ hydrate powder at normal and at pressed state, which resulted that this kind of gas storage and transport could be feasible using $CO_2$ hydrate formation.

A Study on the Separation of Food-Waste Leachate into 3 Phases (음식물쓰레기 탈리액의 삼상분리)

  • Kim, Sangguk;Jeong, Minji;Kwon, Hyolee
    • 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 2010.11a
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    • pp.197-197
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    • 2010
  • 음식물쓰레기의 삼성분은 수분, 휘발분, 회분이며 이들이 차지하는 비율은 계절, 지역별로 다소 상이하지만 수분 약 80%, 회분3%, 휘발분 17%이다. 음식물쓰레기 전처리과정으로 이물질제거, 탈수공정이 있으며 탈수공정에서 다량의 탈리액이 발생한다. 본 연구에서는 탈리액을 데칸타를 이용하여 1차로 원심분리하여 고.액 분리한 액을 실험대상으로 하였다. 실험대상 탈리액의 물성은 BOD 78,800[mg/l], COD 41,000[mg/l], 부유물질 25,900[mg/l], 총질소 928[mg/l]이었다. 탈리액에는 기름성분(육류, 식용유등), 입자상물질등이 포함되어 있으며 이들은 난분해성 유기물질로, 이를 제거하는데 기존의 처리방법으로 많은 어려움이 있어 주요한 수질오염 발생원이 되고 있다. 예를들면 하수처리장 폭기조 수면에 유막을 형성하여 산소공급을 방해함으로 미생물번식을 방해하는 요인이 된다. 본 연구는 음식물쓰레기 탈리액의 수분, 고형분, 유분으로의 삼상분리에 관한 것이다. 유분은 에멀젼형태로 안정되게 수층에 분산되어 존재한다. 미세기포를 이용한 부상법의 경우 미세기포 표면과 유분의 화학적친화력이 낮아 기포표면에 유분이 잘 부착되지 않으며, 원심분리 방법만으로는 유분 분리효율이 낮고, 추출에 의한 분리시 추출액이 다량 소요되고 처리시간이 길며 추출액 비용이 많이 소요된다. 탈리액을 유분, 슬러지, 수분으로 분리하면 환경오염을 일으키는 주요성분을 신재생에너지 원료로 활용할 수 있다. 유분의 주성분이 동식물성 유지이므로 전처리시 산촉매를 이용 수분과 유리지방산을 제거하고 염기성촉매를 이용하여 전이에스테르화 반응을 거치면 바이오디젤인 FAME과 글리세롤으로 변환하므로 글리세롤을 분리하면 바이오디젤을 얻을 수 있다. 슬러지는 입자상 물질로 착화가 잘 되고 건조하면 발열량이 높으며 중금속등에 오염되지 않아 청정연료로 활용이 가능하다. 실험실에서의 탈리액 삼상분리방법은 다음과 같다. 탈리액 30ml당 추출액으로 노말헥산을 1ml를 가한 다음 플라스크에서 $80^{\circ}C$로 가열 후 방냉한다. 가열중 노말헥산의 손실을 방지하기 위하여 증발가스를 콘덴서에서 응축하여 플라스크로 재순환한다. 탈리액을 플라스크에서 꺼내어 원심분리기 rack에 300-400g씩 병에 각각 넣고 4,000rpm으로 30분간 운전한다. 탈리액은 상부로부터 유분층, 미세입자층, 수층, 슬러지층으로 분리된다. 각 층의 계면에서 2종의 성분이 약간 섞일 수 있다. 유분을 분리한 후 유분층 잔존물과 미세입자층, 수층 상층부의 혼합물을 취하여 50g씩 병에 넣고 3,500rpm으로 10분간 운전한 후 유분을 분리한다. 마지막으로 미세입자층만을 3,500rpm으로 10분간 원심분리한 후 유분을 따로 분리한다. 얻어진 유분은 rotary evaporator에서 $120^{\circ}C$로 가열하여 유분과 노말헥산을 분리하며 분리효율을 제고하기 위하여 감압하에서 운전한다. 분리된 유분의 고위발열량이 9,450[Kcal/kg]이었으며 원소분석 결과 탄소 74.7%, 수소 12.55%, 질소 0.08%, 유황분 0.0003%이었다. 분리된 유분의 양은 계절별로 시료별로 다르며 가을철에는 1.6-1.9%, 여름철은 1.0-1.3%이었다. 분리된 슬러지로부터 Hg, As, Cr, Cd, Pb 중금속 성분이 검출되지 않았으며 수분 2.8%, 휘발분 76.85%, 회분 7.52%, 고정탄소 12.83%이었고 원소분석결과 탄소 45.25%, 수소 7.46%, 질소 5.05%, 산소 34.39%, 유황분 0.33%이었으며 저위발열량은 4,480[Kcal/kg]이었다. 분리된 슬러지 양은 11-19% 이었다.

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Microencapsulation of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Application in Magnetic Levitation of Cells (산화철 나노입자의 마이크로캡슐화와 이를 이용한 세포의 자력부상 배양)

  • Lee, Jin Sil;Lee, Joon ho;Shim, Jae Kwon;Hur, Won
    • Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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    • v.31 no.1
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    • pp.13-18
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    • 2020
  • Iron oxide nanoparticles were microencapsulated using fibroin, a protein polymer of silk fiber, for theragnostic applications. The content of iron oxide was determined to be 4.28% by thermogravimetric analysis and 5.11% by magnetometer. A suspension of murine fibroblast 3T3 cells grown in medium supplemented with iron oxide-microcapsules turned clear in response to the magnetic force and the cells aggregated to the magnet direction. Neodymium magnets placed on the top of the culture dish, and attracted cells to the center of the culture surface. The cells collected on the culture surface aggregated to form a rough spheroid of 2 mm in a diameter after 72 h. In the outer layer of the cell aggregate, cells were relatively large and gathered together to form a dense tissue, but the central part was observed to undergo cell death due to the mass transfer restriction. In the outer layer, iron oxide-microcapsules were lined up like chains in the direction of magnetic force. Using microCT, it was demonstrated that the iron oxides inside the cell aggregate were not evenly distributed but biased to the magnetic direction.

Crystal Sinking Modeling for Designing Iodine Crystallizer in Thermochemical Sulfur-Iodine Hydrogen Production Process (열화학 황-요오드 수소 생산 공정의 요오드 결정화기 설계를 위한 결정 침강 모델링)

  • Park, Byung Heung;Jeong, Seong-Uk;Kang, Jeong Won
    • Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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    • v.52 no.6
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    • pp.768-774
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    • 2014
  • SI process is a thermochemical process producing hydrogen by decomposing water while recycling sulfur and iodine. Various technologies have been developed to improve the efficiency on Section III of SI process, where iodine is separated and recycled. EED(electro-electrodialysis) could increase the efficiency of Section III without additional chemical compounds but a substantial amount of $I_2$ from a process stream is loaded on EED. In order to reduce the load, a crystallization technology prior to EED is considered as an $I_2$ removal process. In this work, $I_2$ particle sinking behavior was modeled to secure basic data for designing an $I_2$ crystallizer applied to $I_2$-saturated $HI_x$ solutions. The composition of $HI_x$ solution was determined by thermodynamic UVa model and correlation equations and pure properties were used to evaluate the solution properties. A multiphysics computational tool was utilized to calculate particle sinking velocity changes with respect to $I_2$ particle radius and temperature. The terminal velocity of an $I_2$ particle was estimated around 0.5 m/s under considered radius (1.0 to 2.5 mm) and temperature (10 to $50^{\circ}C$) ranges and it was analyzed that the velocity is more dependent on the solution density than the solution viscosity.

Maximum Pressure and the Blast Wave Analysis of a Amount of HMX (HMX의 양에 따른 최대압력 및 폭풍파속도 분석)

  • Kwon, Hweeung;Tak, Kyongjae;Kim, Junghwan;Oh, Min;Chae, Jooseung;Kim, Hyeonsoo;Moon, Il
    • Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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    • v.52 no.6
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    • pp.706-712
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    • 2014
  • Explosives are reactive material that contain a great amount of high potential energy. They produce detonation if released suddenly, accompanied by the production of strong light, high heat, great noise and high pressure. Damage at surrounding detonation point is affected by high pressure and blast wave for explosives detonation. Consequently, analysis of pressure and blast wave is very important. This study focuses on the analysis of maximum overpressure and blast wave of explosives for safety assurance. First of all, four cases of the amount of HMX were selected. Secondly, maximum pressure and blast wave were calculated through detonation simulation along with a set of TNT and HMX quantities. The peripheral effect of detonation point was analyzed by calculating overpressure and absolute velocity and considering detonation occurred in the center of geometry by HMX. Also, maximum overpressure and blast wave of HMX were compared to equivalent amount of TNT, which was taken as a base case and verified through theoretical HMX graph. This study contributes to the base case for overpressure and blast wave of complex gunpowder containing HMX.