• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.153-164
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• 1999

One hundred and eleven samples of six subspecies of striped field mouse, Apodemus agrarius Pallas from Korea, China and Russia, were used for the analysis of mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA) fragment patterns resulted from the digestion with eight restriction enzymes by blot hybridization technique. All 32 fragments, nine mtDNA haplotypes, and four major subgroups with the mean divergence value of 0.896 to 1.150% were revealed. In summary, three forms are recognized: [I, subspecies chejuensis (Chejudo island, Korea)], [II, subspecies pallescens (southwestern Korea), coreae (central Korea), and septentrionalis (Russia)], and [III, subspecies manchuricus (northeastern China) and pallidior (northern China)], although some samples of subspecies coreae are somewhat different from almost all samples of six subspecies, and some samples of subspecies pallidior are similar with all samples of subspecies septentrionalis to form same haplotype. It is confirmed that A. agrarius chejuensis is a distinct subspecies, that subspecies coreae (including pallescens) is also a distinct subspecies, that subspecies manchuricus and pallidior are synonyms of subspecies ningpoensis, and that subspecies septentrionalis is a synonym of subspecies ningpoensis, and that subspecies septentrionalis is a synonym of subspecies agrarius. Moreover, it seems that A. agrarius shows constant karyotype, minimal variation in mtDNA genotype, and considerable divergence in morphometric characters, although further analyses with additional samples of A. agrarius in Eurasia will be necessary to determine the degree of variation of these taxonomic characters and to clarify subspecies classification as well.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.496-500
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• 2005

To develop functional food material using Rhodiola dumulosa(RD), the biological activities such as antioxidation, antiproliferation in the cancer cells and immuno-activity in macrophage cells were investigated with hexane, ethylacetate, n-butanol, methanol and water fractions of RD 80% methanol extract. Hydrogen-donating activities of hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, methanol and water fraction were 28.30, 53.21, 35.48, 42.64 and 21.14%, respectively, at a concentration of 100 ${\mu}g/mL$, and the activity of ethyl acetate fraction was similar to as that of BHT. After treated for 48 hrs, the ethyl acetate fraction decreased the proliferation of the A549 and SW480 cells in a dose-dependent manner at concentration of 10, 50, and 100 ${\mu}g/mL$, the activities were higher than other fractions. Morphology of cells treated with the ethyl acetate fraction for 48 hr at 100 ${\mu}g/mL$ was distorted with shrank cell mass, and the cell number was lower than that of control cells the macrophage cells treated. The methanol fraction was significantly induced NO production compared with untreated control cells at above 10 ${\mu}g/mL$ concentration. These results indicate that RD would be used the functional food material.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.23-34
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• 2014

The objective for this research is to analyze the origin of the outbreak of a policy dilemma in the government's pursuance of policy aimed at tackling internet addiction among teenagers, as well as analyzing responsive strategy. Therefore, within this research and as the model of the dilemma being the analytical frame, the aspect of the dilemma has been analyzed through the transformation of contexts, conditions, policy values, alternatives, policy actors and policy decision makers. The major research results are as follows. First, each and every dilemma of 'transformation of context and condition', 'policy value and alternatives', 'policy actors' and 'policy decision makers' in processes of policy in preventing and resolving adolescent internet addiction, it acted as a decisive cause in forming the general dilemma of the policy. Second, the government's strategy in policy response within the policy dilemma conditions turned out to be a duplication of policy, occurrence of contradictions, typical response strategy and cyclical choices. Given these factors, the following characteristics have shown up as a result. First, as the problems in duplication of policy and contradictions occurred within a single policy, the government responded to this dilemma in a typical way, which brought about an even more serious dilemma. Second, the government put in effort to re-regulate two values (protection of adolescents and promotion of the video game industry), which are included in the response policy of adolescent Internet addiction. As a result, the policy dilemma has weakened with respect to the past. However, it has not solved the fundamental problems. This research, taking the results as a background, strives to provide implications for establishing a self-consistent groundwork, which combines policy values and vision for the government to pursue effective responsive policy on adolescent internet addiction, which is becoming more and more severe in the information society in which we live.

• The Journal of Korean Association of Computer Education
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.141-149
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• 2004

Today there are many Web courseware systems for formative evaluation and feedback. Formative evaluation and feedback provided according to users' response in most Web courseware systems, however, are simple texts showing only whether correct or wrong, correct answers, relevant information, etc., far deviated from actual context. Thus such a system may weaken the corrective function of feedback and, as a result, reduce learners' understanding of contents and the possibility of learning transfer. In addition, according to the learning theory of constructivism, learning is influenced by the situation, in which it happens, and knowledge is learned and transferred differently depending on the context in which it is learned. In the background, this study designed and implemented a contextual error-correction feedback system that can provide feedback in a context closely related and similar to the relevant situation according to the response of learners when formative evaluation is carried out in Web courseware. In addition, it applied 'correction/correct-answer-providing feedback', 'relevant information providing feedback' and 'contextual error-correction feedback' to Web courseware for learning actual productivity S/W and verified if 'contextual error-correction feedback' is more effective than other two types of feedback for learners' academic achievement.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.43
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• pp.359-384
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• 2008

Nowadays, newspaper industry faces a crisis in terms of two aspects: First, in this multi-channel era, it has competed with the online journalism appearing in many digital media. Second, with the decrease of numbers of readers and political participation, the roles of newspaper has to be changed accordingly. The concept of civic journalism emerged as a solution in this context. The purpose of the study is to explore the factors in how journalists perceive the civic journalism. The Q-methodology was adapted to identify the factors composing of the belief, values, attitudes, ideas, and opinions toward the civic journalism. Total of 24 Q-sample (statements) were sorted by 27 P-sample (journalists) who were selected by their gender, years of service, and the like. The Quanl program finally produced 3 factors that were interpreted and named as follows: Factor I, the Complimentary Journalism, the civic journalism would fulfill the functions that traditional journalism has neglected. Factor II, the Alternative Journalism inducing the citizen's participation in the public areas. Factor III, the Functional Journalism, emphasizing dysfunction of the civic journalism.

• Journal of the HCI Society of Korea
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.5-13
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• 2017

Interactive intervention of the human presenter is one of the important factors that make the visualization more effective. Rather than just showing the content, the presenter enhances the process of the information delivery by providing the context of visualization. In this paper, we define this as an augmented presentation. In augmented presentation concept, the presenter can facilitate presentation more actively by being fully immersed in the visualization space and reaching and interacting into digital information. In order to concrete the concept, we design presentation space that enables the presenter to be seamlessly immersed in the visualization. Also we increase the presenter's roles as a storyteller, controller and augmenter allowing the presenter to fully support communicative process between the audience and the visualization. Then, we present an augmented presentation system to verify the proposed concept. We rendered 3D visualization through a half-mirror film and a wall projection screen that are place in parallel and applied with stereoscopic images, then, spatially align the presenter inside the virtual visualization space. After that, we conduct a controlled experiment to investigate the subjective level of immersion and engagement of the audience to HoloStation compared to traditional presentation system. Our initial investigation suggests that the newly conceived augmented presentation has potential not only to enhance the information presentation but also to supports the delivery of visualization.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.157-166
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• 2018

Purpose: This study was aimed to compare the consistency between the custom abutment design and the output in two CAD software programs. Materials and Methods: Customized abutments were designed by using 3Shape Dental System CAD software and Delta9 CAD software on a plaster model with implants (CRM STL file). After milling of the designed abutments, the abutments were scanned with a contact method scanner (Test STL file). We overlaid the Test STL file with each CRM STL file by using inspection software, and then compared the milling reproducibility by measuring the output error of the specimens from each CAD software program. Results: The Delta9 showed better milling reproducibility than 3Shape when comparing the milling errors obtained with a full scan of all specimens (P < .05) and also when comparing the axial wall region specifically according to the axial angle. With 0.9 mm marginal radius, the Delta9 showed better consistency between the design and the output than 3Shape (P < .05). While, anti-rotation form had no significant difference in error between the two systems. When cumulative errors were compared, the Delta9 showed better milling reproducibility in almost cases (P < .05). Conclusion: Delta9 showed a significantly smaller error for most of the abutment design options. This means that it is possible to facilitate generation of printouts with reliable reproducibility and high precision with respect to the planned design.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.235-251
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• 2005

German working hour law of 1994(Arbeitszeitgesetz) provides maximum working hour as 8 hours a day and 48 hours per week. The law provides that minimum 11 hours rest-time is required between the end of a day's work and the beginning of the next day's work. Namely, the hour that the workers are put under commanding of the user is restricted within 13 hours per day. In the meantime, article 5, 7, 14, and 15 of the law have some letting the exceptional provisions regarding the working hour and rest-time of flight crew, and 2nd administrative order for the aviation transportation business owner, which is established based on such exceptional provisions(2.DV LuftBO), provides the working hour and rest-time of flight crew quite in detail. The administrative order is detailed quite regarding block time, flight working hour, and rest-time. So, it does not need to interpret additionally. Airlines in Korea should observe the both Labor Standard Act applying to general workers and Aviation Act focused on flight crew, so it is difficult that airlines manages working hour and rest-time of the flight crew efficiently. Therefore, it is desirable that our country refers to and considers adopting this legislation method of Germany which regulates working hour and rest-time of flight crew in detail in the 2.DV LuftBO.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.84-90
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• 2006

Purpose: The macroscopic findings of tumors are not always identical with the microscopic findings. This study investigated the oncologic implications of macroscopic serosal invasion in advanced gastric cancer to find out how to improve the accuracy for the depth of invasion assessed by the surgeon during an operation. Materials and Methods: The medical records of 789 patients with advanced gastric cancer who underwent a gastrectomy at Kyungpook National University Hospital between 1995 and 1999 were reviewed. The prognoses and the recurrence patterns were analyzed according to macroscopic serosal invasion and microscopic serosal invasion, and the clinico-pathological factors of cT3/ss cancers were compared with those of cT3/se cancers. Results: Difference of survival rates according to macroscopic serosal invasion and microscopic serosal invasion revealed statistically significant. Recurrence rates were similar in patients with macroscopic and microscopic serosal invasion (42.2% and 41.4%, respectively). Peritoneal recurrence rates were also similar (19.8% and 21.9%, respectively). The sensitivity and the specificity of macroscopic assessment of serosal invasion were 70.3% and 77.8%, respectively, On univariate and multivariate analyses, Borrmann type I/II cancers and the absence of distant metastases revealed the risk factors for overestimating of serosal invasion. Conclusion: Macroscopic serosal invasion assessed by a surgeon intraoperatively can be used to give a prognosis and to predict the recurrence pattern precisely, although there is a risk for overestimation when the tumor is a Borrmann type I/II cancer or the tumor has no distant metastases. (J Korean Gastric Cancer Assoc 2006;6:84-90)

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.36
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• pp.71-99
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• 1998

There is a general consensus that fate of the differentiated welfare state had fallen into the brink of demise during the 1970s while the integrated welfare state model has emerged instead. Indications are all that such trend spotlights occupational welfare which has been relatively neglected, especially, in the field of social welfare. Nevertheless, the occupational welfare system in Korea faced crisis due to two major incidents. One is the IMP crisis which necessitates massive scale of restructuring of the general fabric of the Korean business and industry. There is little doubt that the economic crisis will surely cut down occupational welfare expenditure substantially. The other is a report released by the Korean Labor Research Institute which argus that there is no correlation between the Korean occupational welfare system and labor productivity. Thorough investigation of the Korean occupational welfare system suggests that current system is so outdated that it doesn't meet needs of the industrial workforce which, in turn, fails to enhance workers productivity. Consequently, a need for new paradigm and system arises and employee assistance program(EAP) emerges as a viable alternative. EAP is thoroughly delianeated of it's definition, motivations, functions, ingredients, historical background as well as cost-effectiveness. But major tasks center around an investigation and an analysis of it's applicability. In-depth analysis was carried out on the issue of it's indispensable natures and stumbling blocks on the way to lay it's root in the Korean industrial environment. It seems harder than the herculean task. However, EAP is not simply an alternative but is rather a pressing imperative for the present occupational welfare system in Korea which stands at the crossroad.