• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.37-44
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• 2013

Sodium hypochlorite and ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid are substances usually used during endodontic treatment. Several studies found that the bonding was negated with certain irrigants and some of the used irrigants have demineralizing and chealating effects, so it was advocated to omit the etching step in etch and rinse adhesive systems. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the influence of NaOCl & EDTA on the bonding strength of ethanol wet bonding. Thirty human molars were selected and mesiodistally sectioned into halves, thus providing sixty specimens. The specimens were randomly assigned to 4 groups(n=15) according to the irrigant regimen used : (1) irrigated with distilled water for 10min (control); (2) irrigated with 5.25% NaOCl(10min), flushed with 5.25% NaOCl(1min) (3) irrigated with 5.25% NaOCl, flushed with 17% EDTA (4) irrigated with 5.25% NaOCl, flushed with 17% EDTA. Each group was acid-etched with 37% phosphoric acid(except group 4) and had their dentin surfaces dehydrated with ethanol solutions : 50%, 70%, 80%, 95%, 3x100%, 30s for each application. After dehydration, a primer( 50% all bond 3 resin + 50% ethanol) was used, followed by the adhesive(ALL-BOND 3 RESIN) application. Resin composite build-ups were then prepared using an incremental technique. Specimens were sectioned into beams and submitted to a tensile load using a Micro Tensile Tester(Bisco Inc.). The data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD at p<0.5 level. There was no significant difference on G1(control) and G2(irrigated with NaOCl only ). (p>0.05). G3(flushed with EDTA) showed significantly high tensile bonding strength compared to the G2 (p<0.05). G4( treated with EDTA but no acid-etching) was significantly lower value than G3. (p<0.05) Although there was no significant difference, 5.25% NaOCl seemed to have an adverse effect on the bonding strength of ethanol wet bonding. The flushing with EDTA after NaOCl irrigation prevents the decrease of bonding strength. The use of 17% EDTA as a final flush can enhance the bonding strength but EDTA flushing can't substitute for a acid-etching.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.10
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• pp.1353-1361
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• 2009

This study investigated the effect of waxy barley on the incorporation trans fat (tFA) into plasma lipid and lipid profile through 6 weeks trial. 39 healthy volunteers were divided into 2 groups and fed waxy barley bread (WBG) or wheat bread (WG) containing equivalent amounts of tFA (elaidic acid rich, 3.75 g/day), respectively. Plasma lipid profiles and fatty acid composition at 0, 2, 4, 6 weeks after a respective bread were studied. Plasma lipid was extracted by the method of Folch, esterified by acid transmethylation and analyzed by gas chromatography. The fatty acid composition reflected the fatty acid proportion of the test fat. However, consumption of waxy barley bread with tFA for 6 weeks affected plasma fatty acid composition including tFA. Incorporation of tFA into plasma lipid was significantly lowered compared to WBG than in WG after 6 weeks of consumption. Furthermore, saturated fatty acids such as C16:0 and C18:0 levels were also significantly lowered in WBG than in WG. Furthermore, plasma total cholesterol level and TG/HDL-cholesterol ratio were also significantly lowered in WBG compared to WG at 2, 4 and 6 weeks. These results suggest that waxy barley bread with high $\beta$-glucan lowered plasma trans, saturated fatty acid and total cholesterol levels though the inhibition of lipid absorption.

• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.107-113
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• 1986

Each of 48 monoconidial isolates of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz. obtained from diseased fruits of pepper was classified into strain G or strain R based upon pathogenicity to green and red fruits, morphology of conidia, and cultural characteristics in potato dextrose agar. The strain G was designated for isolates to cause anthracnose symptoms both on green and red fruits. All isolates of the strain G produced conidia abundantly. but produced no perithecia and setae in PDA. Conidia of all isolates in the strain G were attenuated or round at one end. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth of strain G was $26-28^{\circ}C$. The mycelia of strain G in PDA appeared to be whitish when young, and turned to be dark in old culture. Symptoms on pepper fruits caused by the strain G were somewhat sunken to be circular to elliptical lesions. Yellowish conidial masse were observed at the center of lesions, and the lesions turned to irregular shape and to reddish brown color in the later stage of disease development. No setae were visible on the acervuli. The strain R was designated for isolates to cause anthracnose symptoms only on red fruits of pepper. All isolates of the strain R produce conidia, and perithecia of Glomerella cingulata (Stonem.) Spauld. & v. Sch. in PDA. Some isolates of the strain R produced setae in culture under fluorescent light. Conidia of all isolates in the strain R were round and blunt at the ends. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth of strain R was the same as that of strain G. The mycelial growth of strain R was faster than that of strain G in PDA. The mycelia of strain R in PDA appeared to be gray to dark. Symptoms on pepper fruits caused by the strain R were circular to irregular black ring-spots Short setae or no setae were visible on the acervuli.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.241-249
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• 2018

As the international trade increases, vessel traffics around the Korean Peninsula are also increasing. Maritime accidents hence take place more frequently in the southern coast of Korea where many big and small ports are located. Accidents involving ship collision and sinking result in a substantial human and material damage as well as the marine environmental pollution. Therefore, it is necessary to locate the ships quickly when such accidents occur. In this study, we suggest a new ship detection index by comparing and analyzing the reflectivity of each channel of the Korea MultiPurpose SATellite-2 (KOMPSAT-2) images of the area around the Gwangyang Bay. A threshold value of 0.1 is set based on a histogram analysis, and all vessels are detected when compared with RGB composite images. After selecting a relatively large ship as a representative sample, the distribution of spatial reflectivity around the ship is studied. Uniform shadows are detected on the northwest side of the vessel. This indicates that the sun is in the southeast, the azimuth of the actual satellite image is $144.80^{\circ}$, and the azimuth angle of the sun can be estimated using the shadow position. The reflectivity of the shadows is 0.005 lower than the surrounding sea and ship. The shadow height varies with the position of the bow and the stern, perhaps due to the relative heights of the ship deck and the structure. The results of this study can help search technology for missing vessels using optical satellite images in the event of a marine accident around the Korean Peninsula.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.10-18
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• 2006

Objective : The aims of this study were to explore the relations of internet addiction to depression, impulsivity, and obsessive-compulsivity in adolescents. Methods : 1410 high school students (male=611, female=799 : mean age=$16.2{\pm}0.7$) were included in this study. The questionnaire consisted of items on demographic characteristics and internet use pattern. We assessed the level of internet addiction using Young's internet addiction scale (IAS) Barratt impulsiveness scale (BIS) and Maudsley obsessive compulsive inventory (MOCI) were also self-rated. In this study, We defined upper 25% of IAS as 'addiction group' and lower 25% as 'non-addiction group'. Results : The results were as follows ; 1) Male students had significantly higher mean scores on Internet addiction scale than females and there was significantly higher rate of male students in addiction group. 2) The addiction group spent more time for internet use, especially for games than non-addiction group. 3) The addiction group showed significantly higher total scores on BDI, BIS, and MOCI than non-addiction group. 4) Significant associations have been found between the level of internet addiction and depression, impulsivity, and obsessive-compulsivity, respectively. Conclusion : Depression, impulsivity, and obsessive-compulsivity could be significant factors predicting internet addiction. Especially, direct effect of impulsivity could be the most significant to explain internet addiction. Adolescents with high impulsivity may be vulnerable to internet addiction.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2012.05a
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• pp.10-10
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• 2012

독일의 와인 생산지는 라인 강과 그의 지류를 따라 대개 서남쪽에 산재해 있다. 독일은 102,000 헥타르(2005년, 전 세계 포도밭의 1.3%)의 포도밭을 가지고 있으며, 매년 약 915만 3천 헥토리터(2005년, 전 세계 생산량의 3.24%)의 와인을 생산하고 있다. 이는 독일이 포도 재배면적으로는 세계 13번째 국가이며, 와인 생산량으로는 세계 8위를 나타내는 수치이다. 독일은 원래 화이트와인의 나라였으나, 레드와인의 생산이 1990년대와 2000년대에 급속히 증가하였다. 현재(2011년) 독일 포도밭의 64%가 화이트와인을 위해 경작되고 있으며, 36%가 레드와인을 위해 경작되고 있다. 화이트와인을 위한 주요품종이 리슬링(Riesling, 22%), 레드와인을 위한 주요품종은 쉬페트부르군더(Sp$\ddot{a}$tburgunder, Pinot Noir, 11.5%)로 알려져 있다. 독일은 다양한 형태의 와인을 생산한다. 드라이(dry), 세미스위트(semi-sweet)와 스위트한 화이트와인들(sweet white wines), 로제와인, 레드와인과 발포성 와인인 젝트(Sekt, 독일형 샴페인)이다. 독일 포도밭의 위치가 북쪽이므로, 독일은 유럽의 다른 나라와는 전혀 다른 다수의 훌륭한 품질의 와인을 생산한다. 오늘날 독일의 포도재배는 1세기에서 4세기쯤의 고대 로마시대부터 시작된 것으로 알려져 있다. 카롤루스 대제(Carolus Magnus, 747/748-814)의 시대 전에 독일의 포도재배는 비록 독점적이지는 않았으나 라인의 서부지역에서 주로 경작되었다. 카롤루스 대제는 포도재배를 라인가우에 보급한 것으로 추측되고 있다. 1787년에 아우스레제(Auslese)로 시작한 수확된 성숙도에 기반을 둔 와인의 후속 분류는 품질보증 고급와인 체계의 초석을 놓았다. 대부분의 현재 독일 와인법은 1971년에 도입되었으며, 그 이후 사용되어온 바와 같이 품질보증 고급와인의 이름이 정의되었다. 독일와인 지역은 세계에서 가장 북쪽인 북위 $50^{\circ}$도 부근에 위치한다. 북쪽의 기후이기 때문에 적합한 포도 품종에 대한 연구가 되어왔으며, 가이젠하임 포도 육종 연구소에서 뮐러-투르가우와 같은 많은 교배종이 개발되어 왔다. 최근에 지역 및 국제 수요가 높은 품질의 와인을 요구함으로서 리슬링의 재배가 증가해 왔다. 와인은 모두 자주 산맥으로 보호된 주로 라인 강과 그 지류인 강 주변에서 생산된다. 강들은 온도를 조절하는 충분한 미기후 효과를 갖는다. 토양은 태양의 열을 흡수해서 그것을 밤에 보존하는 점판암이다. 독일 와인산업은 다수의 작은 포도밭 소유자로 이루어져 있다. 1989/90년에 서부독일에 76,683개의 크고 작은 기업이 있었으나, 1999년에는 68,598로 줄어들었으며, 2010년도의 조사에 의하면 48,009개의 기업이 조업 중인 것으로 나타났다. 그들 자신의 와인을 팔지 않거나 상업화할 수 없는 더 작은 포도 재배자는 여러 가지 선택이 가능하다. 즉 포도를 팔거나, 와인-생산 조합의 기본 와인으로서 그것을 사용하는 와인제조 회사에게 대량으로 와인을 판다. 정말로 좋은 장소에 포도밭을 가진 사람들도 포도밭을 전체적으로 경작하기를 원하는 대량 생산자들에게 빌려주는 선택을 할 수 있다. 2010년에 각각 5ha 이상을 지닌 5,974개의 포도밭 소유자가 독일 전 포도밭 면적의 70.3%를 소유하며, 생업 와인생산자와 기업이 여기에 속한다. 그러나 그들 자신의 포도밭을 지닌 진정으로 큰 와인 양조장은 독일에서는 희귀하다. 2007년의 고에 묘 와인가이드(Gault & Millau Weinguide)에 의한 독일에서 가장 좋은 것으로 생각되는 10개의 와인 양조장 중에 10개가 10.2-19ha의 포도밭, 하나(Weingut Robert Weil, 산토리 소유)가 75ha의 포도밭을 소유하였다. 이것은 대부분의 높은 순위의 독일 와인 양조장 각각 매년 약 100,000병의 와인을 생산한다는 것을 의미한다. 가장 큰 포도밭 소유자는 헤센의 주 와인 양조장(Hessische Staatsweing$\ddot{u}$ter)으로 헤센의 연방주에 의한 소유이며, 200ha의 포도밭을 지니고, 3개의 별도 와인 양조장에서 제조된다. 가장 큰 개인이 소유한 와인 양조장은 팔츠에 있는 85.5ha를 지닌 독토르 뷔르클린-볼프(Weingut Dr. B$\ddot{u}$rklin-Wolf)이다. 2009년도의 독일에서 총 와인 생산량은 910만 헥토리터였으며, 그중에 206만 8천 헥토리터를 수출하였다. 그러나 그해에 총 수입와인 양은 1,266만2천 헥토리터였다.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.12
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• pp.1625-1630
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• 2008

A microorganism capable of producing high level of poly-3-hydoxybutyrate (PHB) from xylose was isolated from soil. The isolated strain J-65 was identified as Bacillus megaterium based on the morphological, biochemical and molecular biological characteristics. The optimum temperature and pH for the growth of B. megaterium J-65 were $37^{\circ}C$ and 8.0, respectively. The optimum medium composition for the cell growth was 2% xylose, 0.25% $(NH_4)_2SO_4$, 0.3% $Na_2HPO_4{\cdot}12H_2O$, and 0.1% $KH_2PO_4$. The optimum condition for PHB accumulation was same to the optimum condition for cell growth. Copolymer of ${\beta}$-hydroxybutyric and ${\beta}$-hydroxyvaleric acid was produced when propionic acid was added to shake flasks containing 20 g/l of xylose. Fermenter culture was carried out to produce the high concentration of PHB. In batch culture, cell mass was 9.82 g/l and PHB content was 35% of dry cell weight. PHB produced by B. megaterium J-65 was identified as homopolymer of 3-hydoxybutyric acid by GC and NMR.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.385-394
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• 2015

Pine wilt disease has greatly damaged pine forests not only in East Asia including South Korea and China, but also in European region. The damage caused by pine wood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) is expressed in bundles within stands and rapidly spreading, however, present field survey methods have limitations to detecting damaged trees at regional level. This study extracted the damaged trees by pine wilt disease using time series hyperspectral aerial photographs, and analyzed their distribution characteristics. Hyperspectral aerial photographs of 1 meter spatial resolution were obtained in June, September, and October. Damaged trees by pine wilt disease were extracted using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Vegetation Index green (VIgreen) of the September photograph. Among extracted damaged trees, dead trees with leaves and without leaves were classified, and the spectral reflectance values from the photographs obtained in June, September, and October were compared to extract new outbreaks in September and October. Based on the time series dispersion of extracted damaged trees, nearest neighbor analysis was conducted to analyze distribution characteristics of the damaged trees within the region where hyperspectral aerial photographs were acquired. As a result, 2,262 damaged trees were extracted in the study area, and 604 dead trees (dead trees in last year) with leaves in relation to the damaged time and 300 and 101 newly damaged trees in September and October were classified. The result of nearest neighbor analysis using the data shows that aggregated distribution was the dominant pattern both previous and current year in the study area. Also, 80% of the damaged trees in current year were found within 60 m of dead trees in previous year.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.59-67
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• 2006

To evaluate the functional status of ovarian cyst in Korean native cows, progesterone ($P_4$) and estrogen ($E_2$) level of cystic follicular fluid, ultrasonography for measuring the cystic diameter and thickness of cystic wall, and histological findings were investigated in cystic ovaries from slaughtered Korean native cows. Ovarian cysts were classified as single follicular cyst 51 cows (59.3%), multiple follicular cysts 19 cows (22.1%), single luteal cyst 13 cows (15.1%) and multiple luteal cysts 3 cows (3.5 %) by anatomical and ultrasonography. Ovarian cysts were classified as follicular cysts (54 cows), luteal cyst (16 cows) and non-functional ovarian cyst (16 cows) by hormone analysis, anatomical finding and ultasonography The luteal cyst was accurately diagnosed by cystic wall thickness, but follicular cysts was misdiagnosed 16 cows of 70 cystic cows The cystic fluid $P_4$ concentration was 3.3 ng/ml in follicular cysts and 30.1 ng/ml luteal cysts. There was significantly positive correlations between cystic wall thickness and serum $P_4$ concentration in follicular ($r^2=0.59$, p<0.001) and luteal cysts ($r^2=0.65$, p<0.001). These results indicated that ovarian cysts had various stages of degeneration and luteal cyst was accurately diagnosed measurement of cystic wall thickness by ultrasonography, but follicular cysts were not diagnosed only cystic diameter and cystic wall thickness.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.183-195
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• 2002

흑색 색소를 형성하는 그람음성 혐기성 세균은 급성 임상 증상을 가진 환자의 근관에서 자주 발견되는 세균으로서 세균 및 세균의 성분과 산물이 치근단 병소의 생성과 밀접하게 연관된 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 흑색 색소를 형성하는 그람음성 혐기성 세균 중 가장 발현율이 높은 Prevotella nigrescens가 배양된 세포에 미치는 세포 독성을 연구하고자 하였다. 두 가지 세포주 및 사람의 치은섬유모세포를 일차배양하여 사용하였으며, 세포주에 따른 독성 발현에 차이가 있는지를 비교하였다. P. nigrescens ATCC 33563 표준 균주 및 임상 균주로는 환자의 감염된 근관으로부터 165 rRNA primer를 사용한 중합효소 연쇄반응으로 P. nigrescens 6 균주를 동정하여 사용하였다. 세균배양액, 세균의 초음파 추출단백질 및 lipopolysaccharide (LPS)를 MC3T3-El 조골세포, NIH3T3 섬유모세포 및 치은섬유모세포에 첨가한 후 MTT분석법으로 세포의 활성을 측정하였으며, 세포의 형태학적 변화를 도립현미경으로 관찰하였다. 세균배양액을 100$\mu\textrm{l}$ 첨가한 경우는 세가지 세포주 모두에서 통계적으로 유의하게 세포의 활성을 억제하였다. 세균의 초음파 추출단백질 12.5$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml 와 25$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml 는 NIH3T3세포에 통계적으로 유의한 세포독성을 보였다. 세 가지 세포주에 대한 LPS의 세포 독성 효과는 첨가된 LPS의 농도 및 균주에 따라 다양하게 나타났다. 심하게 손상된 세포는 세포의 단일층이 수축되고 세포가 응집되었으며 세포가 배양용기의 바닥에서 떨어지는 양상이 도립 현미경하에서 관찰되었다. 본 연구의 결과 P. nigrescens가 숙주 반응을 조절하여 치수 및 치근단 병소의 유발 및 악화에 기여하는 세균으로 작용할 수 있음을 시사한다. 조직과 함께 제거하고 포르말린에서 48시간 고정시킨 후 파라핀에 포매한 다음에 micro-tome을 사용하여 6$\mu\textrm{m}$로 serial section을 시행하였다. 정중선 부위의 시편에 Hematoxylin-Eosin staining을 시행한 후 Olsson, Orstavik 그리고 Mjor 등의 방법에 따라 조직학적 변화를 관찰한 후 slight(1), moderate(2), severe inflammation(3)의 단계로 분류하였다. 얻어진 결과를 통계처리 프로그램인 Jandel사의 Sigmastat을 이용하여 Kruskal Wallis Test로 통계처리를 하였다. 결과 : (Table omitted) 결론 : 1) Pulp Canal Sealer를 제외한 모든 군에서 시간이 지남에 따라 유의성 있게 염증이 감소되는 양상을 보였다(p<0.05). 2) Pulp Canal Sealer는 1주, 2주, 12주에서 강한 염증반응을 보였다. 3) AH 26과 AH Plus에서는 1주, 2주에서 강한 염증반응을 보였으나 12주에서는 염증반응이 감소하였다. 4) 새로 개발된 봉함제 Adseal-1,2는 1주, 2주에서는 가장 약한 염증반응을 보이나 4주, 12주 후에는 AH Plus와 비슷한 수준의 염증 반응을 보였다. 5) Pulp Canal Sealer를 제외한 모든 군에서 인정할 만한 생체친화성을 보였다. 6) Adseal-2가 Adseal-1에 비하여 전반적으로 낮은 염증반응을 보였다. 7) 각 군간 결과의 차이에 통계적 유의성은 없었다(p>0.05).mmunity. Then, a hierarchical language is to defeat its own purpose.중 행정부가 북한에 대해 실시한 포용정책이 어떠한 성과를 거두고 어떠한 문제점을 간과하고 있는가에 대해 논의하고, 대북 정책의 새로운 지평을 논의하는 것을 목적으로 하고 있다. 1) 포용 정책은 세계의