• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.109-118
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• 1985

This experiment was carried out to evaluate the water quality in the lower part of the Nagdong river in Korea. Three hundred and sixty water samples were collected from the 15 stations from December 1981 to November 1982 by tide(see Fig.1). Water temperature, pH, chloride ion, salinity, total coliform, fecal coliform, viable cell count and the composition of coliform were observed to evaluate the water quality. The variations of water temperature was ranged from $2.0^{\circ}C\;to\;29.5^{\circ}C$ and as mean value from $15.8^{\circ}C\;to\;18.9^{\circ}C$. The range of pH was 6.00-8.88 and 7.20-7.96 as mean value. The concentration of chloride ion from St. 1 to 5 was higher as 17.51-771 mg/l in flood tide than 13.12-264.58 mg/l in ebb tide. Specially, water quality at St.1 (Samrangjin) which located about 46 km far from Hadan was also influenced by tide. Salinities of water in flood tide were a litte higher ($11.05{\sim}31.08\%0$) than those of in ebb tide ($7.80{\sim}29.28\%0$). Total coliform MPN's ranged from 3.6/100 m/l to 460,000/100ml. The geometric mean value of the upper area (included St. $1{\sim}3$) was $259{\sim}538/100ml$, that of the middle area (included St. $4{\sim}6$) was $1,097{\sim}39,544/100ml$ for it leveled heavy contamination. Specially, in the ebb tide St. 10 was influenced by St. 6 and 7. In the upper area, the geometric mean value of fecal coliform MPN's was $109{\sim}199/100ml$ but in the area in cluded St. 5, 6 and 7 were heavily contaminated by domestic sewage, waste water from the factories area and bird's excrement. Composition of coliform was $17\%$ Escherichia coli group, $33\%$ Citrobacter freundii group, $28\%$ Enterobacter aerogenes group and $21\%$ others. Plate count of samples was varied from <30 to $3.9{\times}10^4/ml$ during the study period.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.100-108
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• 1989

Thirty-six aromatic compound biodegraders; 10 strains for benzoate, 10 for salicylate, 6 for m-toluate, and 10 for DL-camphor were isolated and taxonomically characterized. A mutant Pseudomonas strain, Ben 6-2, derived from Ben 6 revealed remarkably improved ability to metabolize benzoate. Thus enhancement of the average substrate removal rate from 5.2 to 11.0mg/$\ell$/ hr was attained by the mutant. Both of strains Sal 7 and Tol 2, degraders of salicylate and m-toluate respectively, were classified as Pseudomonas sup. Both strains were found to be extremely effective in metabolizing each aromatic substrates. The average substrate degradation rates in minimal salt media containing 2,200mg/$\ell$ of the substrate were calculated to be 40.1 mg/$\ell$/ hr for strain Sal 7 and 33.0mg/$\ell$/ hr for Tol 2. Cam 10, a camphor degrading strain was demonstrated to be capable of mineralizing benzoate, phenol, toluene, octane, cyclohexane and xylene as well as camphor. Strain 1040 isolated from Cam 10 after repented adaptation to 1,000 mg/$\ell$ m-toluate gained the ability to utilize toluate as a sole carbon source. The mutant Brew actively at the expense of a mixture of car-bon sources; camphor, m-toluate, benzoate and phenol (each: 200 mg/$\ell$) and utilized the substances in the preferential order of camphor, phenol, benzoate, and m-toluate. Among the biodegraders examined Cam 1040 and Tol 2 were detected to harbor plasmid. The plasmid from Cam 1001 was determined to be about 98kb, and evidenced to encode the enzyme(s) for the degradation of camphor. For the further diversification of the metabolic potentials of Cam 1040, the NAH 2 plasmid of Pseudomonas putida NCIB 9816 was transferred to Cam 1040 by conjugation. The exconjugant obtained, Cam 1043, proved to gain an additional ability to metabolize salicylate and naphthalene.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.40-50
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• 2011

We study the characteristic and total flux of non-point pollutants such as total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved nutrients, total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) in the storm water runoff from urban streams and sewer outlets of Banweol Industrial Complex around Shihwa Lake. The concentrations of non-point pollutants were generally increased with increasing of the duration and intensity of rainfall. Mean TSS concentration of Ansan stream was higher than that of sewer outlets but mean concentrations of COD, TP and TN were approximately 2~5 times higher of sewer outlet than of urban stream. TSS showed statistically positive relationships with COD and TP but it had negative correlation with dissolved nutrients. There was a significant correlation between total flux of non-point pollutants in the storm water runoff and total basin area of each sewer outlet, showing that the highest runoff flux was observed at 3rd sewer outlet which represents the largest basin area from Banweol industrial complex. Total runoff fluxes for TSS, COD, TP and TN in this study were 187,536 kg, 17,118 kg, 922 kg, 13,519 kg, respectively. Given the basin area of sewer outlet in Banweol industrial complex which corresponds only 3% from total catchment area around Shihwa Lake, enormous amount of non-point pollutants will be entered into Shihwa Lake without any treatment. It is necessary to manage and reduce of various non-point sources and pollutants because the runoff of nonpoint pollutants during storm events should be deteriorating the water quality of Shihwa Lake. Our results provides useful informations on the development of best managements practices (BMPs) for effective implementation of total pollution loads management system of Shihwa Lake.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.263-272
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• 2012

Carbon dioxide, emitted by human activities since the industrial revolution, is regarded as a major contributor of global warming. There are many efforts to mitigate climate change, and carbon dioxide capture and geological storage (CCS) is recognized as one of key technologies because it can reduce carbon dioxide emissions from large point sources such as a power station or other industrial installation. The inclusion of CCS as clean development mechanism (CDM) project activities has been considered at UNFCCC as financial incentive mechanisms for those developing countries that may wish to deploy the CCS. Although the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the UNFCCC's Kyoto Protocol (CMP), at Cancun in December 2010, decided that CCS is eligible as CDM project activities, the issues identified in decision 2/CMP.5 should be addressed and resolved in a satisfactory manner. Major issues regarding modalities and procedure are 1) Site selection, 2) Monitoring, 3) Modeling, 4) Boundaries, 5) Seepage Measuring and Accounting, 6) Trans-Boundary Effects, 7) Accounting of Associated Project Emissions (Leakage), 8) Risk and Safety Assessment, and 9) Liability Under the CDM Scheme. The CMP, by its decision 7/CMP.6, invited Parties to submit their views to the secretariat of Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA), SBSTA prepared a draft modalities and procedure by exchanging views of Parties through workshop held in Abu Dhabi, UAE (September 2011). The 7th CMP (Durban, December 2011) finally adopted the modalities and procedures for CCS as CDM project activities (CMP[2011], Decision-/CMP.7). The inclusion of CCS as CDM project activities means that CCS is officially accredited as one of $CO_2$ reducing technologies in global carbon market. Consequently, it will affect relevant technologies and industry as well as law and policy in Korea and aboard countries. This paper presents a progress made on discussion and challenges regarding the issue, and aims to suggest some considerations to policy makers in Korea in order to demonstrate and deploy the CCS project in the near future. According to the adopted modalities and procedures for CCS as CDM project activities, it is possible to implement relevant CCS projects in Non-Annex I countries, including Korea, as long as legal and regulatory frameworks are established. Though Korea enacted 'Framework Act on Low Carbon, Green Growth', the details are too inadequate to content the requirements of modalities and procedures for CCS as CDM project. Therefore, it is required not only to amend the existing laws related with capture, transport, and storage of $CO_2$ for paving the way of an prompt deployment of CCS CDM activities in Korea as a short-term approach, but also to establish the united framework as a long-term approach.

• The Transactions of the Korea Information Processing Society
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• v.5 no.10
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• pp.2575-2583
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• 1998

The productionof the highly relible softwae systems and theirs performance evaluation hae become important interests in the software industry. The software evaluation has been mainly carried out in ternns of both reliability and performance of software system. Software reliability is the probability that no software error occurs for a fixed time interval during software testing phase. These theoretical software reliability models are sometimes unsuitable for the practical testing phase in which a software error at a certain testing stage occurs by causes of the imperfect debugging, abnornal software correction, and so on. Such a certatin software testing stage needs to be considered as an outlying stage. And we can assume that the software reliability does not improve by means of muisance factor in this outlying testing stage. In this paper, we discuss Bavesian software reliability growth modeling and estimation procedure in the presence of an imidentitied outlying software testing stage by the modification of Jehnski Moranda. Also we derive the Bayes estimaters of the software reliability panmeters by the assumption of prior information under the squared error los function. In addition, we evaluate the proposed software reliability growth model with an unidentified outlying stage in an exchangeable model according to the values of nuisance paramether using the accuracy, bias, trend, noise metries as the quantilative evaluation criteria through the compater simulation.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.7 no.4 s.26
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• pp.151-162
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• 2005

Variable Message Sign (VMS), which provides drivers with direct information about state of traffic congestion and for prevent an accident, is the most effective method among the methods of providing information in Advanced Transportation Management System. Currently establishment and the VMS which is operated foundation lets in Guidelines on the use of Variable message sign (a book of the VMS) of 1999 November the Ministry Construction & Transportation, these contents mean main viewpoint on physical part such as message special quality variable (font, character size and line space, word interval) and position mainly among standard about establishment in general. But, it is true that using without effect verification on the character of VMS display and that using mode of stationary-centered. In this paper, it executed significance test to effort verification on the character of VMS display for more practical and effective information transmission based on the driver viewpoint For the researches; develop 3D-Simulation, select characteristics of driver's visual cognition behavior (the conspicuity, the legibility and the comprehensibility), evaluation each issue (day or night, 80km/h or 100km/h). Especially, that used the Eye Marker Recorder to measure of reading-time (legibility) thus, confirmed objectivity and reduce an observational error. The results showed that the conspicuity is Flashing> Stationary>Scroll. The legibility is not deference that Flashing between stationary form. Also the comprehensibility result showed that Flashing> Stationary>Stroll form.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.12
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• pp.149-175
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to understand and analyze the character of Islamic fundamentalism and Middle-Ease Terrorism. The aim of Islamic fundamentalism is reconstruction of Ummah(Muslim Unity), thee early society of Muhammad's age. Islamic movement insist to restore the spirit of Islam and purify the society of Islam from the United State and Western world. Now, Islamic fundamentalism movement as a new ideology, appeals to muslim in the world. The concept of modern national state from the Western countries do not accord with the traditional Islamic principles of reign and a spirit of nationalism. On the other hand, Islamic movement have no legitimacy in the system of modern state which govern the Arab world, regardless of the form of government. For this reasons, Islamic fundamentalist have an insecure position and their political activities. It is yet far from their purpose, to reconstruct the muslim unity, to realize the Islamic political principle close to their practical methods. Yet Islamic fundamental movement have not overcome the system of secular state. The Middle East terrorism supported by government might be eradicated by America's anti-terrorism policy. However, it will be serious and spread all over the world that the terrorist attack against the U. S. and western countries is acted by militant warriors of Islamic fundamentalism, uniting Arab and Islamic people's emotions against America and western countries. There are some reasons that we need to focus on the Arab and Islamic fundamentalism. We need to get out of misunderstanding and discrimination about Islamic religion and culture from America's and Western' standard Which are only their new world order. The discrimination of America and western nations against muslim could make other ideologies, opposite to the world peace. There are a lot of foreign workers from Islam countries in Korea. We need to give consideration and attention to them for the our globalization and world peace. It is time to consider what to do for the nation's profit(economical, political, strategic)with right understanding. We are not safe and free from the terrorism yet.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.59
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• pp.37-69
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• 2019

According to viewpoints of researchers and stakeholders, various opinions can be suggested on self-governing police system. Therefore, success of Korean self-governing police system will be defending on how to balance among conflicting values such as Empowerment, Political neutrality, Financial issues, Comprehensive competence in maintaining public safety. Before the launching of self-governing police system nation-wide, the experience of Jeju provincial police will be valuable model case. In specific, enlargement of work scope of self-governing police in Jeju province which has been introduced since last year will be a useful reference. There is more pessimism about self-governing police of Jeju province so far. However, this perspective is mostly based on the issue regarding hardwares such as manpower, equipment, law and organization. Issues regarding softwares such as organizational culture, operation system and work process need more attention to evaluate self-governing police system properly. To mark the first year after enlargement of work scope of Jeju police, this study demonstrate the overall result and implications of self-governing police of Jeju province based on documents, statistics, reports and media reports. In result, several preconditions are needed to implement the self-governing police system nation-wide successfully. 1. Strengthen the link between local government and local police 2. Establish the foundation for collaboration of state and local police 3. Enhance the aspect of citizen autonomy in local level 4. Reinforcing the capability of handling situation of state and local police 5. Invigorating the inter-organizational working group to operate self-governing police system effectively. The self-governing police system is unclosed topic to discuss. After this study, in-depth studies should be followed with more resources. Particularly, additional perspective including redundancy and equity need to be considered regarding self-governing police. By getting with the changes of macroscopic trends - lowbirth and aging, the fourth industrial revolution and possible reunification of north and south Koreas - these studies should suggest the long-term blueprint of self-governing police system of Korea.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.35-45
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• 2018

The seaweed Ulva spp., which is frequently bloomed in coastal areas, have negatively affected on marine ecosystem and industrial activities. Therefore, many researches have been conducted to solve this problem in the worldwide. In this study, we carried out several experiments to develop the methods for effectively controlling Ulva growth through an alone or mixture application of chemical and temperature. Three chemical mixtures ($H_2O_2$+N-vanillylnonanamide; $H_2O_2$+nonanoic acid; $H_2O_2$+sodium citrate), those had a synergistic effect to the death of Ulva australis (ULAUS), were found out. On the other hand, the death of ULAUS was significantly enhanced and accelerated as some chemicals were briefly treated with warm water of $40^{\circ}C$ rather than $25^{\circ}C$, showing that peracetic acid 100 ppm, sodium percarbonate 100 ppm, and hydrogen peroxide 30 ppm has a better activity than that of sodium chlorite 200 ppm and menadione sodium bisulfite 4 ppm. In addition, a strong synergistic effect to the death of ULAUS thallus was also observed when the sodium citrate 1,000 ppm (pH 3.0) or acetic acid 200 ppm (pH 3.5) solution prepared in f/2 medium were treated in a short time at $40^{\circ}C$. However, an additive effect was only appeared as pH values of their solutions were increased to 8.0. Taken together, It seemed that our results could be developed as one of an eco-friendly practical measures useful for alleviating Ulva bloom in the future.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.361-368
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to investigate the nutritional composition and antioxidant activity of a mixture of rice bran and bodies of Sparassis crispa fermented with lactic acid bacteria (LAB). LAB-fermented S. crispa mixture had higher water, crude lipid and crude ash content than that of S. crispa. Insoluble dietary fiber contents of the dried powder of S. crispa and LAB-fermented S. crispa mixture were 46.13% and 33.46%, respectively. ${\beta}$-glucan was higher in dried S. crispa (38.03%) than in LAB-fermented S. crispa mixture (5.44%). Dried S. crispa contained mainly fructose and glucose instead of containing sucrose in LAB-fermented S. crispa mixture. No significant differences in the total polyphenol contents were found in between dried S. crispa and LAB-fermented S. crispa mixture. Total flavonoid content was significantly higher in LAB-fermented S. crispa mixture than in dried S. crispa. No significant differences were found in the DPPH radical scavenging activity and in the antioxidant index between dried S. crispa and LAB-fermented S. crispa mixture. Finally, ABTS radical scavenging activity of LAB-fermented S. crispa mixture was significantly higher than that of dried S. crispa. These results may provide the basic data for future studies for a better understanding of the biological activities of LAB-fermented S. crispa mixture.