• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.462-470
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• 2021

To find out the wood species used in national wood structures in the late Joseon Dynasty, 11 volumes of Yeonggeon-Uigwes were reviewed. It was confirmed that the wood was mainly used for the repair and restoration of palaces, shrines, and fortresses. In the 17th to 20th centuries, the wood species specified in Yeonggeon-Uigwes have revealed either hardwood or softwood. As hardwood species, Juglans mandshurica, Zelkova serrata, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Betula schmidtii, Paulownia coreana, or Quercus spp. (Quercus aliena; Q, variabilis; Q, dentata; Q, acutissima; Q, mongolica; Q, serrata) were used. As softwood species, Pinus densiflora and Pinus koraiensis were used. Investigation of the wood species is important part because the same species is required as a principle when reparing cultural heritage. In this study, the anatomical images of the wood species were investigated for some samples which were taken from the same species that has been stored in the wood specimen room of the National Institute of Forest Science, instead of the actual wood material used. It was possible to find out the wood species of each member in the wooden cultural heritage buildings by reviewing the Yeonggeon-Uigwes in the late Joseon Dynasty, and the anatomical images of the wood species required for determining the wood species in the repair or restoration of the buildings.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.129-137
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• 2021

External shading devices are well known solar control devices that can help reduce the cooling load of commercial buildings. For this study, experiments were conducted to examine the feasibility of shading devices in reducing both the cooling and heating loads. The influence of sky radiant cooling during winter was verified for the external shading device, internal roller blind, and window. Results can be summarized as follows. The temperature difference between the inner and outer surfaces of the window with the external shading device was 11.8℃ compared to 14.6℃ for one without the external shading device. This 2.8℃ difference was due to heat exchange by sky radiation when the surface temperature of the shading device was lower than the ambient outdoor air temperature. The roller blind resulted in a lower temperature of 0.8℃ compared to the average temperature of the window's air cavity. This was due to heat exchange by sky radiation of the roller blind surfaces. Without shading devices, the outside surface temperature of the window is about 3℃ higher. The study also found that when external shading devices were installed on both the southwest and southeast sides, the outside surface temperature of the windows were lower on the southwest side than the southeast side.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.197-204
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• 2021

This study investigated the smoke risk assessment of woods and plastics for construction materials, focusing on the smoke performance index-V (SPI-V), smoke growth index-V (SGI-V), and smoke risk index-VI (SRI-VI) according to a newly designed methodology. Spruce, Lauan, polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), and polycarbonate (PC) were used for test pieces. Smoke characteristics of the materials were measured using a cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1) equipment. The smoke performance index-V calculated after the combustion reaction was found to be 1.0 to 3.4 based on PMMA. Smoke risk by smoke performance index-V was increased in the order of PC, Spruce, Lauan and PMMA. Lauan and PMMA showed similar values. The smoke growth index-V was found to be 1.0 to 9.2 based on PMMA. Smoke risk by smoke growth index-V increased in the order of PMMA, PC, Spruce, and Lauan. COpeak production rates of all specimens were measured between 0.0021 to 0.0067 g/s. In conclusion, materials with a low smoke performance index-V and a high smoke growth index-V cause a high smoke risk from fire. Therefore, it is understood that the smoke risk from fire is high. It is collectively summarized by the smoke risk index-VI.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.53
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• pp.1-24
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• 2018

This following research is a study on the use of French and de-locality in the modern Korean poet Lee Sang's poetry (1910-1937). His hometown was Kyung Sung, Seoul. He mainly wrote his works in Korean, Chinese character, and Japanese, using the language of education and his native language at that time. So then, what was the spirit that he wanted to embody through use of French words? By using words like "ESQUISSE", "AMOUREUSE", Sang's French was not a one-time use of foreign words intended to amuse, but to him the words were as meticulously woven as his intentions. French words were harmonized with other non-poetic symbols such as "${\Box}$, ${\triangle}$, ${\nabla}$", and described as a type of typographical hieroglyphics. Instead of his mother-tongue language, French was applied as a surrealistic vocabulary that implemented the moral of infinite freedom and imagination, and expressed something new or extrasensory. Subsequently, the de-localized French (words) in his poetry can be seen as poetic words to implement a "new spirit", proposed by western avant-garde artists. Analysis of French in his poetry, showed a sense of yearning for the scientific civilization, calling for his sense of defeat and escape from the colonized inferior native land. Most of all, comparing his pursuit of western civilization and avant-garde art to French used in his poetry, is regarded as world-oriented poetry intended to implement the new tendency of the "the locomotive of modernity," transcending the territory of the native country.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.195-205
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• 2018

Noerok is a green pigment made of mineral used the Gachil(priming coat) of wooden architecture in Chosun Dynasty era. It has been reported that various Noerok are discovered in Janggimyeon, Pohang. In this study, The Noerok from two places is compared and discussed. Noerok in the two places has blulsh-green to green color, and it is similar to their occurrences on fracture filling, vein and dike on outcrop. However, there are differences between two sites according to its petrological feature, mineral composition and geochemistry. While the Noeseongsan sample is mostly celadonite, Gwangjeongsan samples are characterized by celadonite with varying contents of cristobalite, tridymite, feldspar, along with some vitrified contents. In terms of major elements, the amount of $Al_2O_3$, $Fe_2O_3$, MgO and $K_2O$ decreases linearly with increasing $SiO_2$, whereas $Fe_2O_3$ is linearly proportional to MgO. In summary, Noerok in the study areas can be classified into 4 types (type 1, type 2, type 3-1, type 3-2) base on color, mineral composition, elemental composition, and vitrification grade.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.172-183
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• 2019

The generalized Hoek-Brown (GHB) failure criterion developed by Hoek et al. (2002) is a nonlinear function which defines a stress condition at failure of rock mass. The relevant strength parameter values are systematically determined using the GSI value. Since GSI index is a value quantifying the condition of in-situ rock mass, the GHB criterion is a practical failure condition which can take into the consideration of in-situ rock mass quality. Considering that most rock mechanics engineers are familiar with the linear Mohr-Coulomb criterion and that many rock engineering softwares incorporate Mohr-Coulomb criterion, the equations for the equivalent friction angle and cohesion were also proposed along with the release of the GHB criterion. The proposed equations, however, fix the lower limit of the minor principal stress range, where the linear best-fitting is performed, with the tensile strength of the rock mass. Therefore, if the tensile stress is not expected in the domain of analysis, the calculated equivalent friction angle and cohesion based on the equations in Hoek et al. (2002) could be less accurate. In order to overcome this disadvantage of the existing equations for equivalent friction angle and cohesion, this study proposes the analytical formula which can calculate optimal equivalent friction angle and cohesion in any minor principal stress interval, and verified the accuracy of the derived formula.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.441-454
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• 2018

Since the permanent shutdown of Kori Unit 1 in 2017, a full-scale decommissioning project for a commercial nuclear reactor has been approaching. It is estimated that about 160,000 t of low-activity concrete waste will be produced from decommissioning of one unit of this commercial nuclear power reactor. Accordingly, it is necessary to review whether the effectiveness of the current regulatory framework for clearance waste (i.e. waste stream that meets activity concentration guidelines or dose criteria for clearance set forth in NSSC Notice No. 2017-65) can be maintained for the clearance of a bulk amount of concrete waste. In this regard, the IAEA SRS No. 44, which was used as a basis for revision of the Korean clearance regulations, is thoroughly analyzed and the radiological effects from four different clearance scenarios, along with input values and parameters derived from industrial practices in Korea, were evaluated. Though it is shown that the maximum annual dose from most recycling scenarios will be less than the clearance dose criterion for the normal scenario (i.e. an order of magnitude of $0.01mSv{\cdot}y^{-1}$), the radiation dose, estimated with conservative assumptions for the banking scenario, may exceed the above clearance dose criteria. Therefore, for safe and sustainable clearance of the bulk amount of concrete waste, it is required to diversify the concrete waste processors, perform more detailed site-specific assessment, and apply limiting conditions to the banking scenario.

• The Journal of Sustainable Design and Educational Environment Research
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.26-34
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• 2018

This research is a pre-research to find out profit module of 20 students in a classroom. I researched the widths of passages in the 30 classrooms of 5 elementary schools in Nothern Kyeonggi-do. I found the conclusions as follows. 1st, the area of 1 student's unit is $650(W){\times}950(D)$ 2nd, most of classrooms' students table placements are one-way types(77%). U-types are 13%. group study-types are 7% 3rd, The width between blackboard and front student's table is 2.08m. The width of passage between back seat and backboard is 1.12m. The width of passage between side wall and near student's table is 0.89m. The width of passage between window and near student's table is 0.74m. The width of vertical passage(A) between student's tables is 0.68m. The width of vertical passage(B) between student's tables is 0.7m. 4th, The area of teachers' is $2.1m{\sim}2.25m{\times}2.1m=4.41{\sim}4.73m^2$

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.425-441
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• 2019

In this study, sound absorption capability and sound transmission loss of several kinds of target densities and thickness for six species of wood bark particle were estimated by the transfer function and transfer matrix methods. Resultantly, the mean sound absorption coefficient of a 100-mm thick Hinoki wood bark particle mat was 0.90 in the frequency range of 100-6400 Hz, whereas the mean sound absorption rate of a 50-mm thick Hinoki wood bark particle mat was 0.84 in the same frequency range. Particularly, at a thickness of 100 mm, it reached almost up to 100% in the frequency range of 1 KHz. The sound transmission losses of 100-mm thick Hinoki wood bark particle mat with a target density of 0.16 at 500 and 1000 Hz were 15.30 and 15.73 dB, respectively. When a 10-mm thick plywood was attached to the back of the wood particle mat, the sound transmission losses was increased by 20-30 dB. Wood bark can be used as an acoustical material owing to its high sound absorption rate and transmission loss.

• Informatization Policy
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.69-89
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• 2019

In order to implement smart cities that will become living spaces in the fourth industrial revolution era, detailed privacy information such as residents' living information, buildings and facilities information must be collected and processed in real time. While city functions and convenience for individuals are being facilitated, threats to personal information exposure and leakage are also likely to increase at the same time. Therefore, the design concept for personal information protection should be considered and accordingly reflected from the stages of smart city design, technology development and operation planning of intelligent information (AI) facilities. The results of the analysis show that for activation of smart cities and operation of data-driven cities, the concept of Privacy by Design (PbD) has already been introduced in the institutional, industrial and technological aspects, particularly in the cases of European countries and the US. In order to strengthen the local and global competitiveness of smart cities and the country, Korea also needs to actively deploy PbD as a strategy to secure a data-driven economy, which is the core strategy for smart cities. Therefore, the study suggests policy implications focused on approaches to legislative improvement and technology development support, which reflect the basic properties of PbD as defined in the study.