• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.77-90
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• 2015

BACKGROUND: The field margins, which are uncultivated area of permanent vegetation located adjacent to field, play an important role in enhancing biodiversity in the agricultural ecosystem. This study focused on floristic characteristics on dry field margins in Korea Peninsula. METHODS AND RESULTS: This study was conducted at margins of 196 dry fields in 32 areas in 8 provinces in May and September 2013. The vascular plants of the dry field margins were listed 347 taxa which contain 73 families, 219 genera, 311 species, 1 subspecies, 30 varieties and 5 forms. Of these 347 taxa, 48 taxa were woody plants and 299 taxa were herbaceous plants. Among total 73 families, Compositae (17.6%) was the most dominant family, and followed Gramineae (15.9%), Polygonaceae (5.8%), Leguminosae (4.9%) and Cyperaceae (3.8%). Based on relative frequency values of survey fields, the appearance frequency of Digitaria ciliaris (89.8%) was the highest, and followed Acalypha australis (86.2%), Artemisia princeps (82.1%), Commelina communis (80.6%) and Portulaca oleracea (80.6%). Disturbance index of dry field margins was 55.0% at national level, and Gangwon region was the highest among the 8 regions at regional level. Life form spectrum was determined to be $Th-R_5-D_4-etype$. CONCLUSION: These results will be used fundamental data for studies to improve or even stabilize the current state of plant biodiversity in agricultural environments.

• Proceedings of the EASDL Conference
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• 2008.10a
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• pp.15-29
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• 2008

"떡"을 대표로 하는 중국 밀 문화는 선사시기의 야생 식물 재배는 역사상의 가공과 이용으로부터 현대 사회의 정밀 가공, 더 깊은 가공의 광범위한 이용에 이르기까지 수천 년의 긴 역사과정을 거쳤다. 그러나 20세기말 이전까지만 해도 밀가루는 중국 사람의 주식 원료 구성에서 그다지 중요하지 않은 위치에 있었다. 하지만 분명해야 할 것은 어떤 종류의 곡물이 한 민족의 주식 원료 구성에서의 높고 낮은 비중이 결코 간단하게 그 사회 의미와 문화가치의 높고 낮음과는 동일시할 수 없다. 중국 사람의 밀 식용 역사가 바로 하나의 전형적인 사례이다. 선진(先秦)시기, 밀의 재배와 식용은 주로 식량 공급이 줄곧 긴장된 상태에 처해있는 각 정권의 "接濟靑黃"(구제식량)하는 전략적 물자였다. 그러나 선진(先秦)시기에서 밀은 경제가치가 아주 높은 곡물은 아니었다. 그 원인은 밀의 무(畝)생산량이 상대적으로 낮을 뿐만 아니라 종자의 수요량도 상대적으로 크기 때문이다. 묵은 곡식은 다 사용되고 새 곡식이 무르익지 않은 공백기에 있는(청황불접) 시기에 전략적 곡식의 사회와 정치 의미 외에 강한 적응성, 광범위한 분포와 낮은 단가가 또한 밀의 상대적 장점으로 될 수 있다. 밀의 경제와 문화가치는 주로 한대(漢代)이후 차츰 드러났다. 혁명적인 변화는 바로 가루 음식의 섭취와 계속적인 확대이다. 밀을 가루로 내어 식용한 후 차츰 기타 곡물의 편의식품 전통 공간을 대체하였고, 한대(漢代)의 딤섬류 식품 "한구(寒具)(고대에 곡물가루 튀김 음식물 현재의 타래떡 등)"에 사용되는 재료도 거의 밀가루를 사용하였다. 오늘날 중국 사람이 자랑으로 여기는 전통식품인 국수, 만두, 혼돈(餛飩), 포자(包子), 소맥(燒麥), 떡, 찐빵(饅頭), 고(糕) 및 공업화 식품인 과자, 빵, 라면, 햄버거 등은 모두 밀가루를 기본 원료로 사용하고 있다. 나아가서 더욱 정밀하고, 다양한 딤섬 종류도 밀가루를 기본 원료로 한 주요 무대이다. 20세기말 이후 밀 소비 인구가 계속 확대되는 추세였으며 높은 소비량은 밀의 재배 면적 확대와 재배지역 확장을 결정하였다. 밀 소비량은 중국 사람의 주식 원료 소비에서 이미 근근이 벼 뒤를 잇는 지위에 올랐다. 통계 자료에 따르면 1949년 중국 밀 면적은 2,185만 헥타르로, 전국 식량 작물 총 면적의 19.6%, 총 생산량 1,380만 톤으로 전국 식량 작물 총 생산량의 12.2%에 달한다. 1980년에 이르러 면적은 2,884만 헥타르로, 총 생산량은 5,416만 톤에 달하였으며, 각각 식량작물 총면적의 24.8%, 총 생산량의 17.0%를 차지하였다. 1981이후 중국 밀 생산량은 또한, 새로운 발전을 가졌으며, 주로 단위 면적 생산량이 비교적 크게 증가되었고 총 생산량도 큰 폭으로 증가되었다. 1981~1985년과 1976~1980년의 5년 평균치를 비교한 결과 재배 면적은 같았으나(단지 0.2%만 증가), 단위 면적당 생산량 및 총 생산량은 46% 증가하였으며, 연평균 증가율이 9.2%에 달하여 50년 이래에 증가 속도가 가장 빠른 시기였다. 비록 지금 중국인의 "배부르게 먹기"문제는 이미 기본적으로 해결되었으나 장기적으로 "배부르게 먹기"의 물질적 보장은 여전히 취약하다. 농사가 가능한 경지면적의 급속한 격감으로 단위 면적당 생산량의 압력을 증가되었다. 국가 표준에 따르면 품질이 좋은 밀은 "탄력이 강한 고품질 밀"과 "탄력이 약한 고품질 밀" 두 가지로 구분된다. 지금 중국 시장의 추세를 보면 밀 품종의 선택에서 주로 탄력이 강한 고품질 밀을 선택하는데 즉 글루텐량이 높고 탄력이 강하며 품질이 좋은 전문 용도에 사용되는 밀을 선택한다. 탄력이 강한 고품질 밀은 주로 빵, 라면, 만두 등 밀가루 탄력을 요구하는 음식을 만드는데 사용된다. 그 중에서 모든 빵은 탄력이 강한 고품질 밀을 사용하고 밀에 대한 품질 요구도 또한 높다. 빵가루의 품질을 높이기 위하여 일부 전문 밀가루 생산 공장에서는 국산 고품질 밀에 수입 고품질 밀을 첨가하여 사용한다. 만두가루를 가공할 경우도 고품질 밀을 첨가하여 밀가루의 품질을 높이고 음식을 맛을 증가한다. 일부 품질이 떨어진 밀에 대하여 고품질 밀을 첨가하여 내부의 품질을 개선하고 찐빵이나 기타 밀가루 음식으로 가공한다. 예를 들면 중국 동북 지역에서는 고품질 밀과 봄밀을 섞어 밀가루의 봄밀의 품질을 개선한다. 총괄적으로 밀에 대한 욕구는 계속 장기적으로 벼에 버금가는 위치를 유지할 것이며 고품질 밀에 대한 욕구는 더욱 강한 추세로 발전할 것이다.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.161-168
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• 2017

BACKGROUND: Rabbiteye blueberry(Vaccinium ashei Reade) has low nutrient uptake efficiency due to its shallow and fibrous root system without root hairs. This study was carried out to establish an efficient nutrient application standard by investigating the effect of nitrogen fertigation on the growth and fruit characteristics of rabbiteye blueberry. METHODS AND RESULTS: 'Brightwell' rabbiteye blueberry was treated with 0, 50, 100 and 200% nitrogen fertigation of recommended fertilizer application (6, 9 and 14 g/bush in the first, second and third years, respectively). The results showed that leaf nitrogen content significantly correlated with the fruit weight and fruit yield. However, canopy area, dry weight, sugar and anthocyanin contents did not correlate significantly with the leaf nitrogen content. The leaf and stem dry weights of 'Brightwell' rabbiteye blueberry during the third year of planting were the highest with 50% nitrogen fertigation (leaf dry weight=723.7 g/bush; stem dry weight=890.7 g/bush). Maximum fruit yield of 'Brightwell' rabbiteye blueberry (12.9 kg/bush) was observed during the third year of planting with 50% nitrogen fertigation and this was about 70% greater than the treatment that received no nitrogen fertigation. The fruit yields of 'Brightwell' rabbiteye blueberry during the third year of planting treated with 100 and 200% nitrogen fertigation were 11.0 and 11.5 kg/bush, and these were 17 and 12%lower than the 50% nitrogen fertigation treatment, respectively. Further, the efficiency of nitrogen utilization was the highest (90%) with 50% nitrogen fertigation and lowest (18%) with 200% nitrogen fertigation. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggests that fertigation with 50% of the recommended fertilizer could be most effective for enhancing the growth and nitrogen use efficiency of rabbiteye blueberry.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.365-375
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• 2017

This study investigated in the vascular plants of special protection zones (the native land of Iris koreana in Gaeamsa Temple and Soeppulbawi Rock) of Byeonsanbando National Park and identified the whole flora. The numbers of vascular plants were summarized as 255 taxa including 71 families, 166 genera, 222 species, 2 subspecies, 27 varieties and 4 forms. Woody plants were identified as 114 taxa (44.7%) and herbaceous plants as 141 taxa (55.3%). A total of 178 taxa were identified in the area of Gaeamsa Temple, and 184 taxa were found in the Soeppulbawi Rock. As a legal protected species, the endangered wild plant II grade Iris koreana designated by the Ministry of Environment was confirmed. A total of 6 taxa of rare plants were identified, each of which was divided into 1 taxa of critically endangered (CR; Iris koreana), 1 taxa of vulnerable (VU; Ilex cornuta), and 4 taxa of least concern (LC; Asarum maculatum, Viola albida, Chionanthus retusa and Tricyrtis macropoda). The Korean endemic plants were 11 taxa (Populus tomentiglandulosa, Lonicera subsessilis, Carex okamotoi, etc.). In the specific plants by floristic region were 38 taxa, a degree I were 23 taxa (Euscaphis japonica, Hedera rhombea, Lophatherum gracile, etc.), 7 taxa of a degree II (Viola violacea, Ainsliaea apiculata, Cephalanthera falcata, etc.), 6 taxa of a degree III (Ilex cornuta, Callicarpa mollis, Mitchella undulata, etc.), 1 taxa of a degree IV (Carex remotiuscula), 1 taxa of a degree V (Iris koreana). The Iris koreana special protection area that is more natural and healthier than any other areas in Byeonsanbando National Park. Therefore, it should be possible to continue its role as a special protection area through regular monitoring in the future.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.226-234
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• 1984

In order ti find out the optimum seeding time(OST) and optimum seed rate(OSR) of Italian ryegrass on seed production, this studies with tetraploid cv. Tetrone were carried out on the experimental field of Livestock Experiment Station. Treatments included seed rates of 1, 2, 3 and 4 kg per 10a and combined with seeding time on 20, 30 Aug, 9, 19 and 29, September 1983. Seeds were sown in rows 50 cm apart and were spaced in a continuous line with width of 15 cm within the rows. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Autumn tillers could be classified into three groups from winter-killing point of view, namely winter-killing completely, damaged growing point only and living tillers. 2. The young inflorescence-bearing stem in Italian ryegrass which were sown earlier than 9. September were more susceptible to winter killing. Tiller buds in those stems which originated from an axillary buds at the stem base within senescent leaf-sheaths emerged lately in spring, and consequently heading was delayed, culm length shortened and seed yield reduced. 3. Tiller buds which originated from damaged growing point only and living tillers in moderate shoots emerged early in spring and those tillers became mainly spike-bearing culm. 4. The emergence-time of tillers influenced on culm-, spike- length and ripenness more than seeding time and seed rate. 5. Seed yield was mostly affected by the number of spikes per unit area. 6. For the safety of over-wintering and enough spikes on seed production, OST and OSR at Suweon were the last part of September and 2-3 kg per 10a, respectively. Especially OSR was 2 kg per 10a for early and 3 kg per 10a for late OST.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.69-74
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• 2012

Using calli of $Muscari$ $armeniacum$ cv. 'Early Giant' that is monocotyledonous ornamental bulb crop with increasing demand in Korea, we carried out current studies to establish an in vitro multiple propagation protocol via somatic embryogenesis. We found that soft pale yellow green calli were induced from leaf explants cultured on all media containing 0.1~3.0 $mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ auxins such as 1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). However, induced calli showed vigorous growth only when they further transferred on same media containing 2,4-D, 4-amino-3,5,6-tri-chloropicolinic acid (picloram), or 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid (dicamba). Although frequency of somatic embryo induction depended on callus source and PGR composition in somatic embryo induction media, somatic embryogenesis was initiated on surface of proliferated calli after transferring on media with no PGR or 0.01 $mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ NAA co-supplemented with various cytokinins such as $N^6$-benzylaminopurine (BAP). Highest number of embryo at 9.3 per callus clump was obtained when calli which were grown under 0.1 $mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ picloram supplementation were sub-cultured on medium with 0.01 $mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ NAA and 0.5 $mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ BAP. In addition, morphological characteristics of somatic embryo were categorized into following nine phases: globular, biased heart, biased torpedo, early cotyledonary, middle cotyledonary, late cotyledonary, early sprouting, middle sprouting, and late sprouting embryos.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.31-40
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• 2000

The flora, vegetation structure and physico-chemical characteristics of surface sediment were investigated in Paksil-nup wetland of Hapcheon-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea in 1990~1998. Ranges of the surface sediment characteristics such as pH, conductivity, organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, exchangeable K, exchangeable Ca, exchangeable Mg, and exchangeable Na were 4.36~4.34, $19.0{\sim}1260.0\;{\mu}mho\;cm^{-1}$, 0.01~6.35%, 0.001~0.14%, 0.01~0.31 mg/l00g, 1.01~13.98 ppm, 16.75~143.80 ppm, 0.93~14.85 ppm and 0.21~3.86 ppm, respectively. Percentages of the particle size such as sand, silt, and clay were 13.0~93.3%, 5.4~71.7%, and 0.5~37.5%, respectively. The flora of the study area was composed of 72 families, 182 genera, 223 species, 36 varieties and 2 form or total 261 kinds, and those were 45 kinds of vascular hydrophytes and 216 kinds of vascular hygrophytes. The life form of vascular hydrophytes was classified as 27 kinds (60%) of emergent plants, 8 kinds (18%) of submerged plants, 6 kinds (13%) of free-floating plants and 4 kinds (9%) of floating-leaved plants, respectively. The importance value of Salix nipponica was highest as 123.78 in the shrub and tree layers, and that of Trapa japonica was highest as 16.69 in the herb layer. The vegetation type was divided into two groups according to the association analysis. The vegetation of the littoral zone was classified into 7 associations according to the cluster analysis based on the coverage data. These results showed significant differences with those of stand ordination by correspondence analysis based on the species composition and by PCA based on the sediment properties. Factors affecting the distribution of the vascular hydrophytes and hygrophytes were the gradient of particle size, altitude, and water depth.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.37-51
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• 2000

The present study compared computer users target-selection response patterns when the targets were varied in terms of their relative location and distance from the current position of the cursor. In Experiment 1, where the mouse was used as an input device, the effects of different directions and distances of simple target(small rectangle) on target-selection response were investigated. The results of Experiment 1 can be summarized as follows: (1) Overshooting was more frequent than either undershooting or correct movement and (2) this tendency was more prominent when the targets were presented in the oblique direction or in farther location from the current cursor position. (3) Although the overshooting and undershooting were more frequent in the oblique direction, the degree of deviation was larger in horizontal and vertical direction. (4) Time spent in moving the mouse rather than that spent in planning, calibrating or clicking was found to be the most critical factor in determining total response time. In Experiment 2, effects of the font size and line-height of the target on target-selection response were compared with regard to two types of input devices(keyboard vs. mouse). The results are as follows: (1) Mouse generally yielded shorter target-selection time than keyboard. but this tendency was reversed when the targets were presented in horizontal and vertical directions. (2) In general, target-selection time was the longest in the condition of font size of 10 and line-height of 100%, and the shortest in the condition of font size of 12 and line-height of 150%. (3) When keyboard was used as the input device, target-selection time was shortest in the 150% line-height condition, whereas in the mouse condition, target-selection time tended to be increased as the line-height increased. which resulted in the significant interaction effect between input device and line-height. Finally, several issues relating to human-computer interaction were discussed based on the results of the present study.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.6
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• pp.87-91
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• 1988

We studied the effects of the seed root weight and the local varieties on the yield and the quality of Cnidium officinale Makino root. The fresh and dried root weight per plant was found to be 92.7 g and 18.5 g in the large seed root(20-25 g), while 94.5 g and 17.0 g in the small seed root(15-20 g), respectively. The fresh and dried roots were produced 906.8kg/10a and 190.2kg/10a in the large seed root, but 721.2kg/10a and 165.2kg/10a in the small seed root, respectively. The root weight per plant, root yield per 10a and diethyl ether extract contents in root of Ul-Reung cultivar were higher than those of the other varieties. The root weight per plant and root yield per 10a were positively correlated with the contents of diethyl ether extracts in the large seed root, and with the ash contents of root in the small seed root. It is recommended for the high quality root production of cnidium officinale Makino to select and cultivate the large seed root(20-25 g) of Ul-Reung cultivar.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.365-372
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• 2014

Imported Valencia oranges were evaluated to determine the relationship between the fruit size and its quality. The orange size was classified into three groups on a commercial basis: small ($140{\sim}160g/113{\pm}5$ fruit/box), medium ($190{\sim}220g/88{\pm}5$ fruit/box), and large ($250{\sim}280g/72{\pm}5$ fruit/box). The physicochemical and sensory properties were analyzed to evaluate the orange quality. No significant difference in the peel thickness and flesh ratio was detected across the fruit sizes. The juice yield of the medium-sized orange and the TSS/TA ratios of the medium-sized and large oranges showed the highest value, respectively (p<0.05). The large orange had the highest vitamin C content, which was positively correlated with both its DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging abilities (p<0.05). In the sensory evaluation of the fruits and their juice, the scores for sourness and overall preference were significantly higher in the medium-sized and large oranges than in the small ones. The total soluble solids, total acidity, TSS/TA ratio, and reducing sugar content were significantly related to the sensory properties. Finally, the quality and sensory properties were considered superior in the medium-sized and lager Valencia oranges. Further studies on the effects of the variety and origin of Valencia oranges on their quality and sensory properties are required.