• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.1-11
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• 2020

With the activation of OTT and VOD services, the viewing behavior is rapidly changing, but the programming regulation has not escaped the ratio regulation in the same way as in the past. Therefore, this paper aims to examine the policy validity of the current organization ratio regulation and to suggest improvement directions based on this. To this end, the policy objectives and background at the time of the introduction of the domestic organization ratio regulation were considered and compared with the current status of the broadcasting market. As a result, this study found that it is difficult to apply the logical framework of asymmetric regulation at the time of the formation ratio regulation into the current status of broadcasting market, the existing framework was established and hold in the mutual relationship of various stake holders formed based on the asymmetric regulation. It was pointed out that the typical pattern of path dependency repeating only fine adjustment of ratio was shown. Based on this, this study suggests that it needs to be divided into the regulation by the public interest and the regulation by the industrial purpose according to the purpose of regulation, and it is necessary to be limited to the direct regulation corresponding to the public interest of the viewer. Also this study proposes that it is necessary to separate the regulation from promotion policies as well as to resolute asymmetric regulation in broadcasting policies.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.11 no.7
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• pp.192-209
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• 2011

This study looked into coping strategies of local terrestrial broadcasting companies in the media market, since the introduction of comprehensive programming channels was confirmed. Local terrestrial broadcasting companies vulnerable to market competitiveness are driven more out to the difficulty of survival in a limited advertising market with the advent of comprehensive programming channel. and Local terrestrial broadcasting receive discriminative application than comprehensive programming channel. They have reverse discrimination in must-carry, broadcasting area, programming regulation, advertisement regulation, broadcasting development fund. Hence, Local terrestrial broadcasting needs diverse countermeasures at difficult media circumstances. Above all, Competitive content reinforcement is desperately needed. That's why content distribution structure needs diversification. And, It is necessary for local terrestrial broadcasting companies to diversify the content distribution system. As a way to expand distribution structure of local broadcasting, the introduction of local programming regulations for total amount will be highlighted in the nationwide network program. The mandatory policy that programs produced by local terrestrial broadcasting companies will be broadcast regularly in prime time through a nationwide network is an example. In addition to developing high content independently, 2nd Multiple channels of distribution is needed. It has to be supplied to various platforms including local broadcasting, SO and etc. In addition, it is necessary to activate regional co-production program between local terrestrial broadcasting companies and regions. Time rate between central stations and local terrestrial broadcasting companies must be distributed practically. And also, local terrestrial broadcasting companies in addition to ad revenue model to themselves and their own businesses by expanding the sponsorship to strengthen the competitiveness will have to nurture self-sustaining. Moreover they must have enlarge economy of scale through widen of broadcasting area.

• Information and Communications Magazine
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• v.28 no.12
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• pp.32-41
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• 2011

광고는 제조, 유통, 서비스 등의 산업에서 공급하는 재화 등에 대한 정보를 확산시키고 소비자가 이의 재화에 대한 거래를 성립시키기 위한 수단이며 광고주가 미디어 기업 등에게 지불하는 광고비는 미디어 기업에서 양질의 콘텐츠를 제작 유통 할 수 있는 주요한 재원이다. 즉, 미디어는 광고주와 수용자가 공존하는 대표적인 양면시장이며 여기서 광고는 해당 시장을 유지하게 하는 중요한 수단이다. 이처럼 미디어 환경과 광고산업은 밀접한 관계를 가지고 있으며 이는 미디어 환경 및 광고 관련 규제에 국내 광고시장이 의존하고 있다는 것을 보여준다. 이에 본고에서는 최근 논의되고 있는 중간광고, 간접광고, 종합편성 채널 PP도입, 인터넷광고 시장현황 및 전망 등에 대하여 고찰하였다. 중간광고 등의 규제 완화는 국내 광고 시장에 직접적으로 성장 가능성에 영향을 주고 있으나 이는 미디어 이용자의 이용행태를 고려하여야 할 것이다. 또한 종합편성 채널 PP도입은 해당 사업자가 제작비에 투자하는 정도에 따라 시청률에 영향을 주며 이의 효과로서 광고비가 증가된다는 결론이 도출되었다. 다만 지상파, 유료방송 고려시 순증효과와 대체효과가 공존하며 이의 결과 전반적으로 광고시장의 성장이 전망되었다.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.22
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• pp.77-106
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• 2003

As globalization of communication is going on and as the media have become increasingly central to the world economy, media policy matters have become the province of world economic organizations like the IMF and the WTO. The WTO service negotiation is focused primarily on the discriminatory and quantitative barriers associated with the trade of audiovisual services. Domestic measures such as subsidization, content regulation including quotas, and licensing requirements and restrictions on foreign ownership and control are at issues here. These measures have been successfully implemented by countries wishing to withstand competition from the American audiovisual industry. The debate about trade in audiovisual services is permeated by the unstated assumption that these programs are pure commodities whose production, distribution, exhibition and in turn, values are solely determined by the market forces. It is therefore presumed that liberalization of trade in audiovisual services will benefit all, serving cultural pluralism and diversity as well as economic efficiency. However, this assumption is not shared by developing countries, the recipients of U.S. television material. They argue audiovisual sector requires a social and cultural approach, since it plays a key role in the preservation of people's identity and social bonds. They claim that it is the each state's right to define its media policy and to implement it through the means it considers fit. These clashing views over the nature of the audiovisual material and the ways in which protect cultural pluralism and diversity do not confine to be the realm of theoretical debate. Each state's interest and motivation to protect its local industry and to have a competitive advantage in the international market is working in this battle. Consolidation with the countries like Australia, Canada, and EU nations, in favour of cultural exemption, seems to be the best policy for us. However, we are not entirely free from the WTO pressures, considering relation to the U. S. This study analyzes Korean Broadcasting Law compared with those of other OECD countries and tries to propose some strategical guidelines facing WTO service negotiation in the area of broadcasting.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.3-27
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• 1988

시장(市場)과 정부(政府)는 경제영역(經濟領域)에서 상대적(相對的) 존재(存在)이기는 하지만 개인(個人)의 권리(權利)가 존중되고 사회후생(社會厚生)이 증대되려면 양자(兩者)의 관계(關係)가 대체적(大體的)이기보다는 보완적(補完的)으로 설정되어야 하며 이를 실현하기 위해서는 시장기구(市場機構)에 내재하는 논리(論理)와 윤리(倫理)의 본질(本質) 및 그 한계(限界)를 이해하고 동시에 정부(政府)의 정책체제(政策體制)는 행정국가(行政國家)의 정치실패(政治失敗)의 가능성(可能性)을 인식하면서 산업기구(産業機構)의 현실(現實)에 적합한 범위 내에서 편성(編成)되어야 한다. 본고(本稿)는 이러한 시각에서 시장(市場)에 대한 정부(政府)의 경제적(經濟的) 규제(規制)를 완화(緩和) 내지 해제(解除)하기 위한 일반론적(一般論的) 근거(根據)를 규명하고 이를 주안점(主眼點)으로 하여 우리나라에 있어서 정부(政府)와 시장(市場)의 관계(關係)를 역사적(歷史的)으로 조명한 위에 정부규제(政府規制)의 합리적(合理的) 조정(調整)의 당위성(當爲性)을 국가체제(國家體制)의 발전(發展)이라는 관점에서 논의함과 아울러 이를 위한 정부기조(政府基調)를 제시하는 것을 목적으로 한다.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.289-298
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• 2017

This study analyzed the accomplishment of the outsourcing production policy which forces broadcasting companies to schedule and broadcast more than a certain proportion of outsourcing production programs. According to the results from the examination of whether or not the policy increased the diversity of broadcasting programs, it is positive that a rise in the number of production companies resulting from the implementation of the outsourcing production policy increased the diversity of broadcasting program makers, but programs supplied were limited to certain genres, failing to be diverse. According to the results from the examination of whether or not the competitiveness of broadcasting and video contents increased, production conditions had not improved due to the controversy over the ownership of the right of production between terrestrial broadcasting companies and outsourcing production companies. In addition, though there was the positive effect of increasing export of broadcasting programs, the exports were limited to certain genres.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.56
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• pp.26-47
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• 2011

Commercialism of journalism adheres to short-term profit, and the decrease in quality. Commercialization means the process that is deepened low quality of journalism. It is for a purpose and a means to have been transposed. The mid term of 1990's, deregulation of media and commercialism of journalism were gaining power in the developed countries. Korea has come to the similar condition which is most laws of press and broadcasting are deregulated. There is also concern to the commercialization of journalism in Korea. Four broadcasting channels (cross-ownership media) enter in media market, and a huge change is expected. It is for concern regarding commercialization of journalism not to stop to a baseless anxiety. In order to consider more deeply the problems of commercialism, I have approached instances of the art world and the developed countries. Through this, I declared the importance of ethics of journalists.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.658-668
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• 2019

The political influences of general programming channels have grown with the help of the current affairs talk programs for years but also these channels have been criticized as politically biased media. This study investigates the characteristics of the panels who had appeared for 6 months since July of 2017 and examines the relationship between the panels' talk and the position of political parties. The results show that jobs of the casting panels were introduced as neutral ones which are not related to politics. However, after reclassifying them in terms of their political careers, most panels were more likely to be involved in political parties. In addition, they tend to support the positions of the ruling or opposition parties. The more the association with the political party, the stronger the panel's comments. The partisanship of the panels should be clearly presented in the broadcasting programs. It is necessary to distinguish genres of current affair programs by consistent standards to ensure consistency of deliberation. Lastly self-regulation of program producers should be more strengthened.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.54-65
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• 2019

China government recently tries to preserve not only the famous national historic-culture cities, but also the small and medium-sized cities due to the damages and destruction of the cities by the rapid economic development, urban expansion and the development of tourism industry. Hence, this study chose 'Zhoucun ancient mall' which is one of the hotness of cultural heritage located in a mid-sized city named 'Zhoucun district Zibo city Shandong province' that has continuously cared historical landscapes by the protective policy regarding the city as a historic-culture resource from '80s, and considered the character of the city's development process on how the historical landscapes were well protected. In fact, the protection policy in Zhoucun ancient mall had been started in early '80s, however, the viable plan was established in 2001 entitled 'Historical block protection planning of Zhoucun Da street'. And then, 'Regulatory plan for the ancient mall site of Zhoucun Da street' established in 2008 has expanded the area of the blocks for protection. However, this plan organized area only block-by-block so that the small blocks couldn't have the unity when expanded. Later in 2015, 'Regulation Organization Plan' hastried to expanded the protect-area to solve the unity problem. As a result of the study, the historical landscape management plan of Zhoucun in Zibo city has been systematically changed in 2001 after. In other words, this 2001's plans established buffer zones for the maintenance of protected areas and the surrounding environment. And then the detailed regulatory plan for 2008 led to a concrete urban management plan. After that, in 2015, it was found that the expansion plan to protect and manage the whole area of Zhoucun disrict is to manage the landscape of the surrounding area including the historical landscape of 'Zhoucun ancient mall'.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.73
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• pp.56-91
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• 2015

This study examined changes in the independent production environment in the perspectives from flexible specialization of labor and media routines since January 2011, when comprehensive programming television channels (JTBC, MBN, Channel A, TV Chosun) emerged in Korea. In-depth interviews were conducted with thirteen individuals, including producers from independent production companies, broadcast writers, and individuals involved with these TV channels. The interview results indicated that a flexible specialization production system had been established by the comprehensive programming channels. This means that they were heavily dependent on independent producers, except in relations to their own news programs. Moreover, it was identified that the production of diverse programs could be difficult due to absurd contract practices such as those related to TV ratings and performance systems. Second, these channels have implemented some positive changes such as the payment of higher production costs and an incentive system, compared to terrestrial TV stations. However, the incentive system also helps to aggravate internal competition in the channel and also instigate contract competitions among independent companies, which can eventually result in the channels for holding exclusive rights to certain content and, hence, unfair business practices. Third, as a result of the newspaper and broadcast cross-owenership system of the comprehensive programming channels, hierarchical independent production practices can be established under the influence of newspaper proprietors and executives or managers who have previously worked for newspapers. Lastly, as a result of interviews with independent producers and individuals involved with the TV channels concerning the awareness of comprehensive programming channels, it could not be ascertained whether it is difficult to produce programs dealing with diverse items and genres, because programming autonomy has been distorted by capital or the advertisement market. In this circumstance, it is not surprising that some comprehensive programming channels mentioned that they prioritize profit and performance in programming. In conclusion, it is absolutely imperative that complementary and legal measures be implemented institutionally in order to redress the existing systematic dysfunctional routines in the independent productions of the comprehensive programming TV channels in Korea.