• Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research
• /
• v.16 no.3
• /
• pp.5-23
• /
• 2010

Purpose: This study was conducted to determine the validity and reliability of performance measurement tools based on the nursing process for prevention and management of pressure ulcers, falls and pain. Methods: The performance measurement tools were reviewed by a panel of experts and refined on the basis of the panel's suggestions. The validity of the performance measurement tools was measured by surveying hospital nurses. The reliability of these tools was tested by having nursing experts use the tools in five nursing units to assess nursing performance in prevention and management of pressure ulcers, falls and pain. Results: The performance measurement tools in this study were found to be acceptable as tools to evaluate quality of nursing care in pressure ulcers, falls and pain. The reliability of the performance measurement tools was acceptable. Conclusion: These results indicate that the performance measurement tools developed in this study are valid and reliable instruments to monitor and improve quality of nursing care in prevention and management of pressure ulcers, falls and pain.

• Asian Oncology Nursing
• /
• v.11 no.2
• /
• pp.108-115
• /
• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of preoperative pain management education on postoperative pain control in patients with uterine tumor using patient controlled analgesia. Methods: This study used non-equivalent control group non-synchronized design. Data were collected from September, 2008 to March, 2009 at one university hospital in Daegu, Korea. There were 60 participants, 30 in both the experimental and control group. The experimental group was given preoperative pain education using videos, leaflets, and a PCA model. Postoperative pain intensity, frequency of the PCA button being pressed, and doses of additional analgesics were observed through 24 hours postoperative and knowledge of pain and attitude about the use of the pain medicine were measured at 3 days postoperative. Collected data were analyzed using t-test, ${\chi}^2$ test, repeat measured ANOVA, and Bonferroni methods. Results: There were no significant differences in the postoperative pain level between the experimental and control group. Postoperative frequency of the PCA button pressed, doses of additional analgesics, pain knowledge and attitude about the use of the pain medicine of the experimental group were significantly higher than those of the control group. Conclusion: Pain management education is an effective nursing intervention for pain control after surgery.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
• /
• v.22 no.1
• /
• pp.5-16
• /
• 1992

The purposes of this study were : 1) to evaluate validity of a pain rating scale using the level of correlation between the Korean Pain Rating Scale(KPRS), Short -Form KPRS(SKPRS) and the Graphic Rating Scale(GRS). 2) to identify sensitivity of the scale using pain behavior of patients with chronic pain. Of the 2025 patients with chronic pain who visited the orthopedic and neurosurgical out - patients departments of 11 university hospitals in various districts of Korea, 520 subjects were selected through convenient sampling and responded to the questionnaires by mail. The results of the study can be summarized as follows : 1. The mean pain score measured by the KPRS was 444,85 : the mean sensory score was 209.47, the mean affective score, 147.63 and the mean miscellaneus score. 87.75. The mean pain score measured by the GRS was 20.11 : the mean sensory intensity score, 10.54. and the mean distress score, 9.57. 2. The average number of hours of rest during the day was 3.3, the average score of discomfort in carrying out ADL was 99, the average frequency of pain relieving practices was 3.0, the average number of pain sites was 3.6. 3. The most sensitive scale to differentiate each group was the GRS, the KPRS and SKPRS were less sensitive than the GRS. 4. The intercorrelation between the KPRS total score and the GRS score(.500) as well as that of the SKPRS score were highly correlated(.652), but intercorrelation between the SKPRS score and the GRS score(.172) was not high. Based on the above results, it was found that the SKPRS must be studied further to obtain validity.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
• /
• v.14 no.3
• /
• pp.306-314
• /
• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify factors that have an influence on the pain which patients recognize when receiving an intravenous injection. Method: Participants were 111 patients who were admitting to C University Hospital. The collected data were analyzed using the SPSS 11.0 program. Results: For the participants, factors related to administration of medication were the following: Phlebitis scale, who administers the IV injection, failure to complete the IV injection, explaination of the IV injection and rate of injection. Level of pain, depression and anxiety in the participants was as follows: Pain ($4.86{\pm}2.09$), depression ($35.76{\pm}9.91$), anxiety ($32.34{\pm}8.87$). There were positive correlations between pain and depression (r= .437, p< .000), between pain and anxiety (r= .478, p< .000), and between depression and anxiety (r= .544, p< .000). Conclusion: Such findings provide new insights into the dynamic relationships between depression, anxiety and pain which patients recognize when having an intravenous injection. Further studies should be conducted to establish the causal relation between depression, anxiety and pain and to determine appropriate nursing interventions.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
• /
• v.14 no.3
• /
• pp.315-322
• /
• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of three kinds of modes using bolus button of PCA on level of pain and side effects of analgesic and amount of drug consumption in post-operative patients according to whether the medication is controlled by the patient, the caregiver or the nurse. Method: The participants were 684 patients using PCA after an operation. The data collection period was from March 19 to April 6, 2007. Results: It was found that there were statistical differences in gender, age, type of surgery, pain on first post-operative day, amount of drug consumption, nausea, and vomiting. The ratio for patient controlled medication was 55.7% for women, and 70.5% for men, and for care-giver controlled medication, 35.1% for women, and 20.0% for men. Average pain scores for the first post-operative day were $3.9{\pm}2.2$ for patient controlled medication and $4.5{\pm}2.3$ for care-giver controlled medication. There were statistical differences according to mode used for PCA for amount of drug consumptions, nausea and vomiting but not for pain, operation day or pruritus. Conclusion: This study was carried out to examine risks according to who controls the PCA for post-operative patients. The results can help to develop education program for everyone who is involved in PCA, patients, caregivers, nurses and doctors.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.5-17
• /
• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of education regarding postoperative pain management provided for nurses as well as patients on related factors of pain management, including nurses' knowledge and attitude of postoperative pain, and the level of pain that patients felt after surgery. Method: A quasi-experimental research design was used in this research. Twenty-one nurses currently working in general surgery units and 32 patients who were taking on abdominal surgery in A university hospital were participated in this study. The three week-educational program of postoperative pain management including lecture, quiz, poster and discussion was provided for nurse participants. The postoperative pain management education for each patient was provided one day before his/her own operation for 20 minutes with the pamphlet developed by researchers. For assessing the effects, nurses' knowledge and attitude about pain management, patients' postoperative pain, pain control barriers, and satisfaction of pain management were measured. Results: The nurses' knowledge about pain management and the patients' satisfaction of pain management in the experimental group were higher than in the control group. The patients' postoperative pain in the experimental group was lower than in the control group. Conclusion: With the above results, the postoperative pain management education could be an effective nursing intervention for pain management of patients who were taking surgery.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
• /
• v.16 no.4
• /
• pp.402-411
• /
• 2009

Purpose: This study was done to examine differences in chronic pain, pain coping, and depression according to attributions of somatic symptoms among the elderly. Method: Data were collected by self-report questionnaires from 195 persons age 65 or over. Descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and Scheffe's test were used to analyze the data. Results: There were statistically significant differences in chronic pain among the elders according to educational level and duration of pain, and in passive coping according to gender, physical function and duration of pain. There were statistically significant differences among the elders in active coping according to amount of spending money, in depression according to age, educational level, amount of spending money, and physical function. There also were statistically significant differences in chronic pain, pain coping, and depression according to attributions of somatic symptoms. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that elders who have somatic attributions are incline to complain more severe chronic pain, to cope passively, and to manifest more severe depression than elders who have normalizing attributions. Continuous research is needed to improve effective nursing interventions for attributions of somatic symptoms among elders.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.162-172
• /
• 2011

Purpose: This study was conducted to evaluate differences in pain, pain interference, and fatigue, according to the level of physical activity in the elderly with chronic pain. Methods: Data were collected between January and March 2011 from 116 elders with chronic pain living in community settings. The data were analyzed using the SPSS/WIN 17.0 program for descriptive statistics, $x^2$ test, t-test, ANOVA and ANCOVA. The reliability of the instruments was tested with Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ coefficient, which ranged from .91 to .93. Results: The results were as follows. The mean total physical activity was 2287.4 MET-min/week, and 41.4% of the investigated subjects were classified into the low physical activity group. After adjusting for age and sex, the moderate and high physical activity groups were significantly lower in pain (F=6.33, p=.002), pain interference (F=11.57, p<.001), and fatigue (F=3.16, p=.046) than the low physical activity group. Conclusion: Results from this study suggest that the level of physical activity can influence pain, pain interference and fatigue. Therefore, incorporating more physical activities into daily routines, inactive elderly individuals may improve their pain, pain interference and fatigue.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research
• /
• v.14 no.3
• /
• pp.47-59
• /
• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to compare the active pain management (APM) with structured physiotherapy (SPT) with the conservative care on postoperative pulmonary complications, pain, and comfort in children under three year. Method: A non-equivalent control group, non-synchronized design study was used. A total of 64 children participated in the study. The children in the experimental group (n=32) received APM with SPT after surgical operation. After transferred to the general unit, the parents were instructed to hold the child for 30 minutes to relieve anxiety and have him/her sleep comfortably for 2 hours. Scheduled 20 minutes chest percussion was performed by the parents for 2 days: twice every 4 hours, one in 6 hours, then one every 8 hours for the rest of two days. Analgesic was administered as needed. Pain and comfort were observed and recorded by nurses using the FLACC and COMFORT Behavior Scale. Results: One child in the control group was diagnosed with postoperative pneumonia. The children in the experimental group who were received the APM with SPT reported higher scores in comfort and lower scores in pain than those in the control group. Conclusion: The findings suggest that APM with SPT can help prevent postoperative pulmonary complications and pain.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.86-95
• /
• 2006

Purpose: This study was done to investigate the relationship among the variables, chronic pain, pain coping, fatigue, self-esteem, and depression in elders. Method: Data were collected by self-reported questionnaires from 270 older adults. Data analysis was done with SPSS 10.1 for descriptive statistics and a PC LISREL program for covariance structural analysis. Results: According to modified model, chronic pain was found to have a significant direct and total effect on pain coping. Chronic pain and pain coping were found to have a significant direct and total effect on fatigue. Chronic pain, pain coping and fatigue were found to have a significant direct and total effect on self-esteem. Chronic pain, pain coping, and self-esteem were found to have a significant direct effect on depression. Conclusion: This modified model is considered appropriate for explaining the relationship among chronic pain, pain coping, fatigue, self-esteem, and depression in elders. Also, the findings support the development of an intervention strategy to relieve chronic pain in elders.