• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.42 no.6
• /
• pp.527-539
• /
• 2009

The Kumho River flows through volcanic and sedimentary rocks at upstream and downstream regions and also through industrial district including dyeing complex before it meets the Nakdong River, and as a result, many factors can influence the geochemistry of river water. The concentrations of dissolved ions generally increased as it flows downstream. The concentrations of cations are in the order of Ca>Na>Mg>K, and those of anions are $HCO_3$>$SO_4$>Cl>$NO_3$. These results show that the weathering of sandstone and shale containing carbonate including calcite caused the enrichment of Ca and $HCO_3$. At first 4 sampling sites, Si contents are relatively high mainly due to the weathering of silicate minerals of volcanic rocks. However, Na and $SO_4$ contents are higher at downstream sites due to the industrial and municipal sewage. Piper diagram also shows that the geochemical patterns changed from Ca-$HCO_3$ to Ca-Cl/Ca-$SO_4$ and Na-Cl/Na-$SO_4$ type. When comparing the samples collected in May and July, the concentrations of dissolved ions in July are generally lower than those in May, which indicates that dilution by precipitation played an important role. In July the relative concentration of Ca increased, indicating that Ca in soils probably from fertilizer were mixed into the river water by precipitation. The river waters are mainly from precipitation. The dissolved ions are mainly from weathering of carbonate minerals and pollutants from municipal sewage and discharged water from industrial complex. The composition of oxygen and deutrium isotope in July showed higher values, which is contrary to the amount effect, maybe due to Youngchon Dam. The nitrogen isotope showed lower values in July than those in May, which can be interpreted to indicate mixing of nitrate from soils and fertilizer in the cultivated land by the heavy rain. The isotope composition of nitrate increased downstream, indicating that the influence of sewage and animal manure also increased downstream.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.43 no.6
• /
• pp.872-879
• /
• 2010

Layered copper hydroxides [LCHs, $Cu_2(OH)_3{\cdot}NO_3$] has the agricultural potentials as a fungicide because of its high crystallinity, excellent anion exchange capacity, and its regular layered particle size. The study, for the first time, has synthesized LCHs in highly concentrated solution and evaluated its physicochemical properties including the crystallinity and suspension stability. Optimal synthetic condition of LCHs was determined by crystallinity and stability of suspension as follow; 1) concentrations of $Cu(NO_3)_2$ and NaOH solutions were 3.0 M respectively, 2) reaction temperature and solution pH were $25^{\circ}C$ and 6.0, respectively, and 3) aging time after reaction was 2hr. Crystallinity of LCHs enhanced with increase in pH up to 9.0. Whereas, stability of suspension was decrease by increase in crystal size. Especially, increase in reaction temperature decreased stability of suspension. XRD patterns and SEM images exhibited that LCHs had regular layered particle size with 0.2~0.8 ${\mu}m$ and high crystallinity in optimal synthetic condition. The particle size was increased with increase in reaction temperature and pH. These results showed that LCHs synthesized in highly concentrated solution exhibited high stability of suspension as well as high crystallinity suitable to their potential as a fungicide.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.43-50
• /
• 2008

This study was conducted to investigate the proper supplied conditions of sodium selenate supplied by fertigation to improve functionality of major western vegetables; beet, broccoli, cabbage lettuce, celery, and parsley in highland. In this work, the growth and content of minerals, ascorbic acid, nitrate, and selenium were measured in western vegetables that treated sodium selenate by different concentration, treatment time and treatment frequency. While there was not different in early growth of some western vegetables among different concentration of sodium selenate; 1,2, 5 and $20\;mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$, at 20 days after treatment, the fresh weight was reduced 33% at cabbage lettuce,47% at broccoli, and 74% at parsley compared control in $5\;mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ treatment. But the fresh weight of beet and celery reduced just 20% and 15% compared control in even $20\;mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$. The ascorbic acid of cabbage lettuce, celery, and beet increased as sodium selenate concentration increased, so that of cabbage lettuce showed 1.2 times compared control in $20\;mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ treatment and also that of beet and celery increased 10%. But the ascorbic acid of broccoli and parsley was not influenced by treated sodium selenate. As the concentration of sodium selenate increased, the nitrate contents decreased regardless of crops compared control. This reduced effect of nitrate was highest in cabbage lettuce, followed by beet and celery. The mineral contents, such as K, Ca, and Mg, decreased in all crops, as the concentration of sodium selenate increased. The potassium content showed an obvious negative correlationship with the concentrations of sodium selenate regardless of crops, but the magnesium and calcium content did not show significant difference between treatments. The selenium content increased in proportion as increasing sodium selenate concentrations. The broccoli, celery and parsley treated $20\;mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ sodium selenate showed 24.4 times, 76.4 times, and 560 times higher than control, respectively. When the sodium selenate supplied to some western vegetables in different growth stage, the selenium content increased 1.3 times and 1.4 times higher in early stage than in late stage in cabbage lettuce and broccoli, respectively. However in parsley and celery, the selenium content showed the highest in middle stage. The selenium content increased in proportion as increasing the sodium selenate treatment frequency, but in above 10 times treatment, the increased effect alleviated in parsley, celery, and cabbage lettuce. On the contrary, the selenium content of broccoli increased constantly as treatment frequency increased.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.15 no.3
• /
• pp.372-382
• /
• 1996

In order to elucidate the relationship between the mobility of heavy metals in soil and their uptake by plants, the soil samples collected from the Mangyeong River area were analyzed for the contents and existing forms of the heavy metals and the correlation between the contents of heavy metals in the soil and those in various parts of rice plants therefrom. The soil samples were collectes from ten sites in the paddy fields in 1982 and 1990, respectively, and the analysis on heavy metals including Cd, Zn, Cu and Pb was performed. The results are as follows: Total contents of heavy metals in the samples of 1990 were higher than those of 1982. The extent of increase was that Cd, Zn, Cu and Pb were 3, 29, 59 and 8% in top soil and 8, 50, 91 and 8% in sub-soil, respectively. The order of increasing ratio was Cu > Zn > Pb > Cd and the variation of Cd content by sequentially different extraction was organically bound > dilute acid-extractable=Fe-Mn oxide bound > exchangeable > residual fractions and the content of Cd with organically bound was $46.62{\sim}48.08$ and $41.18{\sim}50.18%$ of total Cd in top and sub-soil, respectively. The ratios of immobile heavy metals, Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn, bound within an oxide or silicate matrix of Fe-Mn oxide in top-soil were 21.25, 35.98, 74.18 and 82.12%, respectively, and consequently their mobile ratios of exchangeable, dilute acid-extractable and organically bound were more than 17.88%. Those of mobile Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn were 78.25, 64.02, 25.82 and 17.88%, respectively. Except for Pb a correlation between the contents of Cd, Zn, and Cu of exchangeable and dilute acid-extractable in top-soil and those in leaf blade, stem and panicle axis was significant, but was not significant in sub-soil.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.29 no.1
• /
• pp.138-144
• /
• 1997

A new biopolymer YU-122 from Metarrhizium anisopliae (Metschn.) Sorok consisting of glucose and galactose was tested for its physical properties and flow behavior characteristics. Xanthan gum showed slightly higher viscosity than biopolymer YU-122. Viscosity of biopolymer YU-122 at various pHs and temperatures was also tested. The viscosity of biopolymer YU-122 was very stable up to pH 11 and $60^{\circ}C$, indicating that it has a great possibility for the application such as food additives, emulsifier, and drug release agents. Flow behavior index (n) from Power Law equation is 0.173. Biopolymer YU-122 solution was a pseudoplastic non-Newtonian fluid, which indicated that it had one or more side chains. When biopolymer YU-122 was used as a emulsifier, it stabilized the emulsion up to 120 hours, which was much better than xanthan gum. The biopolymer YU-122 could form an excellent but less clear film compared with xanthan and pullulan.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.32 no.3
• /
• pp.309-316
• /
• 2012

This study was performed to investigate the effects of forage cropping system and cattle slurry on productivity of whole crop rice, whole crop barley and Sorghum-Sudangrass hybrid and environmental pollution in paddy land. Forage cropping system used in this study was consisted of double-cropping whole crop barley followed by whole crop rice applied with cattle slurry (DWBRC) and double-cropping whole crop barley followed by Sorghum-Sudangrass hybrid applied with cattle slurry (DSSBC). The field experiments were conducted on the clay loam at Backsanmyun, Kimje, Chunlabukdo province in Korea for three years (May 2006 to Apr. 2009). This study was arranged in completely randomized design with three replicates. The field had been sown with whole crop rice 'Nampyung', Sorghum-Sudangrass hybrid 'Sordan79' and whole crop barley 'Younyang'. The yields of whole crop barley in DWBRC and DSSBC were 7,515 kg/ha and 8,515 kg/ha, respectively. The yields of whole crop barley in DSSBC significantly increased as compared with that of DWBRC (p<0.05). The contents of crude protein, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), total digestible nutrient (TDN) of whole crop barley in DWBRC were not difference as compared with those of DSSBC. The pH, and contents of total nitrogen and organic matter in soil samples collected at the end of the experiment increased as compared with those at the beginning of the experiment (p<0.05). However, The content of phosphate in DWBRC was no difference as compared with DSSBC. In addition, after the end of experiment, the concentrations of exchangeable cations (Ca, Na, Mg and K) in soil samples collected at the end of the experiment were remarkably higher than those at the beginning of the experiment (p<0.05). The concentrations of $NH_4$-N, $NO_3$-N, $PO_4$-P, Cl, Ca, K, Mg and Na in leaching water were hardly influenced by the cropping system and application of cattle slurry.

• Journal of the Korean Society of International Agriculture
• /
• v.23 no.5
• /
• pp.537-545
• /
• 2011

This study was conducted to obtain basic information on physiological and proteomic responses of barley seedlings to salt stress. Shoot dry weight decreased significantly as the level of soil salinity increased. Salt stress-induced decrease of relative shoot dry weight was lower in cv. "Sanglok" than in cv. "Sunwoo". Under the salt stress, SPAD value decreased, and the value was higher in cv. "Sanglok" than in cv. "Sunwoo". Sodium ion content in the leaves increased as NaCl concentration increased, and the content was higher in cv. "Sunwoo" than in cv. "Sanglok". The K⁺/Na⁺ ratio was higher in cv. "Sanglok" than in cv. "Sunwoo". Salt stress-induced alterations in protein expression of the leaves were detected by two dimensional electrophoresis, and 47 protein spots showing altered expression were selected. Among the selected protein spots, 17 protein spots were up-regulated and 28 spots down-regulated in cv. "Sanglok". In cv. "Sunwoo", 14 protein spots were up-regulated and 27 spots down-regulated. Out of 47 deferentially expressed protein spots, 18 protein spots were identified using mass spectrometry and NCBI protein database. Among the identified proteins, ten proteins are known to be involved in various stress responses, but the others are not directly involved in stress responses.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
• /
• v.10 no.3
• /
• pp.295-301
• /
• 1997

Among 120 microorganisms isolated from soil, KF-67 was the best producer of flocculant and was examined for flocculating ability in the kaolin clay and CaCl2 suspension. KF-67 was identified to be a species belong to the genus Agrobacterium sp. The influence of components of the culture medium for flocculant production by Agrobacterium sp. KF-67 was studied. The favorable carbon and inorganic nitrogen source for production of the flocculant were glucose and NH4NO3 and their addition concentrations were 2% and 0.1%, respectively. Addition of the organic nitrogen such as yeast extract, peptone and inorganic salt such as CaCO3 significantly increased the production of flocculant. These result indicated that the production of flocculant by Agrobacterium sp. was significantly affected by both organic nitrogen and inorganic salt. The components of the optimum culture medium were 2% glucose, 0.1% NH4NO3, 0.01% yeast extract, 0.01% peptone, 0.04% CaCO3, 0.03% NaCl in initial pH 7.5 when cultured with rotary shaker controlled at 3$0^{\circ}C$ and 120 rpm. Under the optimum culture medium, flocculant production was highly improved about 76% than that isolation medium.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.25-32
• /
• 2009

The analyzed results of the heavy metal concentration of air and soil at the D iron-manufacturing company area were as follows; The concentration of $PM_{2.5}$ in the case area exceeded the air standard level in 3 seasons except summer. The $PM_{10}$ level was similar to the standard level, which was similar to the standard level, which was $50{\mu}g/m^3$. The Pb concentration of air in the case area was $0.13{\mu}g/m^3$, which was slightly higher than $0.11{\mu}g/m^3$ in the control area. The concentration of Cd and Cr were higher in the control area. The heavy metal (Pb) concentration of soil in the case area was $10.7{\mu}g/m^3$, which was higher than that of the control area. For these results, it is necessary for the D iron-manufacturing company area to consider a counter plan for dusts and are duction plan for the heavy metal (Pb).

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.8-20
• /
• 2006

This research was conducted to determine the plant growth and nutrient contents of potted chrysanthemum 'Lima Honey' as influenced by application rate of dolomite in three root media, peatmoss+vermiculite (1:1, v/v), peatmoss+composted rice hall (1:1, v/v), and peatmoss+composted pine bark (1:1, v/v). All root media contained polyacrylic acid sodium salt (PASS) at a rate of $4.5g L^{-1}$. In crop growth at 40 and 80 days after transplanting, elevated application rates of dolomite up to $6.0g L^{-1}$ in three root media increased fresh and dry weights per plant. But the treatment of $9.0g L^{-1}$ had less fresh and dry weights than those of $6.0g L^{-1}$. Tissue phosphorus content decreased and those of Ca and Mg increased by the elevated application rates of dolomite. Elevated application rates of dolomite in three root media resulted in the increase of pH, EC, and the concentrations of K, Ca, and Mg at 43 days after transplanting. Those at 80 days after transplanting were also increased, but the differences among treatments were less significant as compared to those at 43 days after transplanting. From the results of dry weight in potted chrysanthemum 'Lima Honey', the proper application rate of dolomite to three root media containing PASS at a rate of $4.5g L^{-1}$ were $6.0g L^{-1}$.