• Resources Recycling
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.21-27
• /
• 2015

The present study describes the process of producing low oxygen content alloy powder from Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-8Al-1Mo-1V (AMS 4972) alloy scraps using hydrogenation-dehydrogenation (HDH) and deoxidation in solid state (DOSS) processes. Each prepared powder was deoxidized with Ca contact and non-contact method to compare the deoxidation capability. It is known that the non-contact deoxidation method, using Ca vapor above the melting temperature $T_m$ of Ca, has greater deoxidation capability. However, Oxygen contents in Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-8Al-1Mo-1V powder after non-contact deoxidation method were higher than those after contact deoxidation method. Therefore, we investigate the effect of Al - the richest alloy element in theses Ti based metals - on the deoxidation processes.

• Journal of Powder Materials
• /
• v.28 no.2
• /
• pp.164-172
• /
• 2021

Titanium is the ninth most abundant element in the Earth's crust and is the fourth most abundant structural metal after aluminum, iron, and magnesium. It exhibits a higher specific strength than steel along with an excellent corrosion resistance, highlighting the promising potential of titanium as a structural metal. However, titanium is difficult to extract from its ore and is classified as a rare metal, despite its abundance. Therefore, the production of titanium is exceedingly low compared to that of common metals. Titanium is conventionally produced as a sponge by the Kroll process. For powder metallurgy (PM), hydrogenation-dehydrogenation (HDH) of the titanium sponge or gas atomization of the titanium bulk is required. Therefore, numerous studies have been conducted on smelting, which replaces the Kroll process and produces powder that can be used directly for PM. In this review, the Kroll process and new smelting technologies of titanium for PM, such as metallothermic, electrolytic, and hydrogen reduction of TiCl₄ and TiO₂ are discussed.

• Journal of Powder Materials
• /
• v.26 no.4
• /
• pp.311-318
• /
• 2019

The objective of this study is to investigate the influence of powder shape and densification mechanism on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V components. BE powders are uniaxially and isostatically pressed, and PA ones are injection molded because of their high strengths. The isostatically compacted samples exhibit a density of 80%, which is higher than those of other samples, because hydrostatic compression can lead to higher strain hardening. Owing to the higher green density, the density of BE-CS (97%) is found to be as high as that of other samples (BE-DS (95%) and P-S (94%)). Furthermore, we have found that BE powders can be consolidated by sintering densification and chemical homogenization, whereas PA ones can be consolidated only by simple densification. After sintering, BE-CS and P-S are hot isostatically pressed and BE-DS is hot forged to remove residual pores in the sintered samples. Apparent microstructural evolution is not observed in BE-CSH and P-SH. Moreover, BE-DSF exhibits significantly fine grains and high density of low-angle grain boundaries. Thus, these microstructures provide Ti-6Al-4V components with enhanced mechanical properties (tensile strength of 1179 MPa).

• Journal of Powder Materials
• /
• v.25 no.1
• /
• pp.48-53
• /
• 2018

One-dimensional rutile $TiO_2$ is an important inorganic compound with applicability in sensors, solar cells, and Li-based batteries. However, conventional synthesis methods for $TiO_2$ nanowires are complicated and entail risks of environmental contamination. In this work, we report the growth of $TiO_2$ nanowires on a Ti alloy powder (Ti-6wt%Al-4wt%V, Ti64) using simple thermal oxidation under a limited supply of $O_2$. The optimum condition for $TiO_2$ nanowire synthesis is studied for variables including temperature, time, and pressure. $TiO_2$ nanowires of ${\sim}5{\mu}m$ in length and 100 nm in thickness are richly synthesized under the optimum condition with single-crystalline rutile phases. The formation of $TiO_2$ nanowires is greatly influenced by synthesis temperature and pressure. The synthesized $TiO_2$ nanowires are characterized using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM).

• Journal of Powder Materials
• /
• v.26 no.4
• /
• pp.319-326
• /
• 2019

Additive manufacturing (AM) is a highly innovative method for joining dissimilar materials for industrial applications. In the present work, AM of STS630 and Ti-6Al-4V powder alloys on medium entropy alloys (MEAs) NiCrCo and NiCrCoMn is studied. The STS630 and Ti64 powders are deposited on the MEAs. Joint delamination and cracks are observed after the deposition of Ti64 on the MEAs, whereas the deposition of STS630 on the MEAs is successful, without any cracks and joint delamination. The microstructure around the fusion zone interface is characterized by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Intermetallic compounds are formed at the interfacial regions of MEA-Ti64 samples. In addition, Vicker's hardness value increased dramatically at the joint interface between MEAs and Ti-6Al-4V compared to that between MEAs and STS630. This result is attributed to the brittle nature of the joint, which can lead to a decrease in the joint strength.

• Resources Recycling
• /
• v.33 no.1
• /
• pp.22-30
• /
• 2024

To synthesize the Ti₃AlC₂ MAX phase, a crucial precursor for generating the two-dimensional material MXene, the use of Ti scrap as an initial material is an economically feasible approach. This study aims to optimize the synthesis conditions for the phase fraction of the Ti₃AlC₂ MAX phase utilizing Ti scrap as the Ti source. The deoxidation of Ti powders, prepared through the hydrogenation-dehydrogenation process from Ti scrap, was effectively accomplished using the deoxidation in solid-state (DOSS) process. The optimal synthesis conditions were established by blending DOSS-Ti, Al, and graphite powders with particle sizes ranging from 25 ~ 32 ㎛ in a molar ratio of 3:1.1:2. The resulting phase fractions were as follows: Ti₃AlC₂ at 97.25 wt.%, TiC at 0.93 wt.%, and Al₃Ti at 1.82 wt.%. Furthermore, the oxygen content of the Ti₃AlC₂ MAX powder, spanning from 25 ~ 45 ㎛, was measured at 4,210 ppm.

• Journal of Powder Materials
• /
• v.18 no.6
• /
• pp.488-495
• /
• 2011

This study was performed to fabricate the porous titanium foam by space holder method using NaCl powder, and to evaluate the effect of NaCl volume fractions (33.3~66.6 vol.%) on the porosities, compressive strength, Young's modulus and permeability. For controlling pore size, CP titanium and NaCl particles were sieved to different size range of 70~150 ${\mu}m$ and 300~425 ${\mu}m$ respectively. NaCl of green Ti compact was removed in water followed by sintered at $1200^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours. Total porosities of titanium foam were in the range of 38-70%. Pore shape was a regular hexahedron similar that of NaCl shape. Porous Ti body showed that Young's modulus and compressive strength were in the range of 0.6-6 GPa and 8-127 MPa respectively. It showed that pore size and mechanical properties of Ti foams was controllable by NaCl size and volume fractions.

• Journal of Powder Materials
• /
• v.25 no.4
• /
• pp.327-330
• /
• 2018

This study is conducted as a preliminary research to verify the feasibility of Ti-based Oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) alloy. Pure-Ti powder is mixed with $Y_2O_3$ powder and subsequently, mechanically alloyed at $-150^{\circ}C$. The Ti-based ODS powder is hot-isostatically pressed and subsequently hot-rolled for recrystallization. The microstructure consists of elongated grains and Y excess fine particles. The oxide particle size is larger than that of the typical Fe-based ODS steel. Tensile test shows that the tensile ductility is approximately 25%, while the strength is significantly higher than that of pure Ti. The high-temperature hardness of the Ti-ODS alloy is also significantly higher than that of pure Ti at all temperatures, while being lower than that of Ti-6Al-4V. The dimple structure is well developed, and no evidence of cleavage fracture surface is observed in the fracture surface of the tensile specimen.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
• /
• 2017.05a
• /
• pp.115-115
• /
• 2017

티타늄에 있어서 주요 침입형 원소인 산소는 결함을 일으키는 원인으로 산소함량을 줄이는 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 최근 가장 많이 이용되는 탈산 방법은 칼슘 및 칼슘염화물의 높은 산소 친화력을 이용하는 것이다. 칼슘염화물 플럭스를 사용하여 칼슘을 용해하고, 티타늄과 반응한 탈산생성물인 칼슘산화물을 플럭스 내에 용해시키는 방법이다. 이러한 방법으로 티타늄 와이어 및 시트 내 산소를 저감한 연구가 보고되었다. 티타늄 탈산의 제일 큰 구동력은 티타늄 내 산소원자의 확산이다. 티타늄의 탈산온도가 1,155K 이상으로 증가하면 hcp에서 bcc 구조로 변태되는데 이러한 구조에서 산소의 확산은 더 활발해진다. 실제로 티타늄의 변태온도 이전에서는 확산속도가 낮아서 큰 변화가 없지만, 1,273K 고온의 bcc 구조에서는 확산속도가 빨라서 그 이전에 비해 100배 이상 빠르게 원자 이동이 일어나는 것으로 알려져 있다. 하지만 이러한 탈산 방법은 티타늄 원재료가 벌크 형태에서 주로 연구되었으며 티타늄 분말에 대한 탈산 연구는 보고된 바가 많지 않다. 이는 높은 탈산온도에서 칼슘의 용해로 인한 분말의 건전한 회수가 어렵기 때문이다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 본 연구진은 칼슘 증기를 이용한 비접촉식 탈산 용기를 제작하여 티타늄 분말을 변태온도 이상에서 탈산하여 1,000ppm 이하 저산소 티타늄 분말을 회수하였다. 칼슘을 이용한 티타늄 내 산소의 제거 메커니즘을 깁스자유에너지와 각각의 분압에 의해 설명하고 있다. 가장 일반적인 설명은 티타늄 내 산소가 탈산온도에 따라 확산하게 되며 이러한 산소는 티타늄의 표면에서 티타늄 산화층을 형성한다. 이때 탈산제인 칼슘의 높은 산소 친화력으로 티타늄 산화층은 분해되어 칼슘산화물을 형성한다. 이러한 과정으로 티타늄 내 산소가 제거되는 것으로 알려져 있다. 하지만 많은 탈산 연구에도 불구하고 대부분의 연구 보고에서는 탈산 전후의 산소 농도 변화만 측정하였으며, 실제적으로 티타늄 탈산 전후의 표면산화층의 변화, 티타늄 내부의 산소농도 변화 및 격자 변형에 대한 연구는 보고된 바 없다. 따라서 본 연구는 1,000 ppm 이하 저산소 티타늄 분말 제조에 있어서 탈산 전후 표면 산화층 및 내부 산소 농도 등을 분석하여 탈산 거동에 대해 관찰하였다. 본 연구에서 비접촉식 탈산용기를 이용하여 칼슘 증기에 의한 탈산에 의하여 1,000 ppm 이하 저산소 티타늄 분말 제조하였고, 탈산된 분말을 티타늄 원재료와 비교하여 표면 산화층, 격자 변형, 내부 산소 농도 등을 분석하여 탈산에 따른 산소 거동을 살펴보았다. 탈산된 티타늄 분말의 표면 산화층은 원재료 대비 73% 제거되어 약 3nm로 줄었음을 확인하였고, 또한 표면 산화층 감소뿐만 아니라 티타늄 분말 내부에서도 원재료보다 산소 농도가 감소하였음을 확인하였다.

• Journal of Powder Materials
• /
• v.17 no.5
• /
• pp.365-372
• /
• 2010

The evolution of sinterability, microstructure and mechanical properties for the spark plasma sintered(SPS) Ti from commercial pure titanium(CP-Ti) was studied. The densification of titanium with 200 mesh and 400 mesh pass powder was achieved by SPS at $750{\sim}1100^{\circ}C$ under 10 MPa pressure and the flowing $H_2$+Ar mixed gas atmosphere. The microstructure of Ti sintered up to $800^{\circ}C$ consisted of equiaxed grains. In contrast, the growth of large elongated grains was shown in sintered bodies at $900^{\circ}C$ with the 400 mesh pass powder and the lamella grains microstructure had been developed by increasing sintering temperature. The Vickers hardness of 240~270 HV and biaxial strength of 320~340 MPa were found for the specimen prepared at $950^{\circ}C$.