• Journal of Korea Soil Environment Society
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.45-50
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• 1997

The change of industrial structure has brought the sharp declination of mine products, and has made many mines closed, which results in environmental pollution by untreated acid mine drainage(AMD). AMD with low pH and high concentration of heavy metals could severely destroy the ecosystem. Many researches have been carried out for the treatment of AMD. In this study, we have treated AMD with oak compost, mushroom compost, sludge cake and cow manure which usually used in AMD treatment systems, and compared the capability of each organic matter. Cow manure and oak compost have been most effective among 4 organic materials. Oak compost removed the heavy metals by ion exchange between Ca-rich particles and soluble heavy metal ions. It also captured the heavy metals using bound functional groups like -OH and -COO-. Sulfate reducing bacteria existing in the cow manure removed effectively heavy metals by producing metal sulfide compound. Therefore, it is effective to use both organic materials in mixture on the treatment of AMD.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.98-103
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• 2010

This study was carried out on the composting of the most part of the plant waste materials inflowed-drifting into the dam during the localized heavy rain and the rainy season, due to the abnormal climate change, and for the sewage sludge banned to dispose legally into the ocean from the year of 2012. It was analysed the distinctive physicochemical qualities of the compost with treatment S-1(dam suspended particle sawdust : oak tree bark : sewage sludge : chicken manure = 30 : 20 : 40 : 10) and treatment S-2(dam suspended particle sawdust : oak tree bark : sewage sludge : chicken manure = 30 : 30 : 30 : 10). Both S-1 and S-2 maintained for 10 days at above $65^{\circ}C$ of the compost pile temperature, and the most of its pathogen were destroyed. In case of pH, until the 90th day into composting, S-1 with the pH value of 7.78 was slightly higher than S-2. The C/N value of S-1 was 15.3 and that of S-2 was 16.9. The quality of its final product was satisfied to the manufacture-standards. The GI value of S-1 was 91 higher than that of S-2, which was 84. In conclusion, it is highly recommendable to manufacture S-1 for its frequent usage of dam suspended particle sawdust and sewage sludge, and for its excellent quality and safety.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.57-62
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• 2008

The application of constructed subsurface-flow wetlands for treatment of wastewater from abandoned mines is being increased. Crushed limestone, oak chips, and mushroom composites are often employed in a bulk form, as the substrates in the bed media. Efficiency of the subsurface-flow treatment system drops with time as the hydraulic conductivity of the wetland soil decreases significantly, presumably due to chemical reactions with the wastewater. The purpose of this study is to investigate the applicability of immobilized beads carrying sulfate reducing bacteria for acid mine drainage treatment system. The ingredients of immobilized beads are organic materials such as mushroom composite and oak chips, limestone powder for a pH buffer, mixed with a modified Coleville Synthetic Brine. It was found that immobilized beads are more efficient than the bulk form for pH recovery, sulfate and heavy metal removal.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.65-75
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• 1996

Sulfate reduction and the precipitation of metal sulfides may have great potential to improve water quality of mine effluents in wetland treatment systems. Laboratory experiments using sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) and limestone to treat effluents from the abandoned Dalsung tungsten-copper mine show that encouraging results, that have been attributed to sulfate reduction. Fe, Al, Cd, Cu and Zn are reduced to below detection limits with $99{\sim}100%$ metal removal rates, Mn is reduced by at least 90% to below 8.0 mg/l, and the pH is raised from 5.12 to 7.60 after 53 days of experiments. In the staged design, laboratory experiments are initiated to determine what would be reasonable substrate materials for remediation of the mine effluents. A substrate mixture containing 70% oak compost and 30% mushroom compost maintains $0.03{\sim}0.04mM$ of lactate, which provides good condition for the SRB granule. A downflow SRB wetland system is proposed as follows : 1) The lower part of the treatment system consists with a 25 cm thick layer of high quality (above 95% of $CaCO_3$) of limestone; 2) The geotextile (geonet) is recommended to be spread on the limestone bed to prevent clogging the limestones with the substrates; 3) The mixture of substrates with 70% oak and 30% spent mushroom composts, and SRB granules overlain on top of the geonet with 25 cm height. The sizes of the passive treatment systems are calculated according to metal loading and permeability criteria : 1) $220m^3$ ($15{\times}15{\times}1m$) for -1 level effluents; 2) $28m^3$ ($5.3{\times}5.3{\times}1m$) for -2 level; and 3) $2700m^3$ ($52{\times}52{\times}1m$) for the -3 level. The -3 level system needs to be broken down into 5 to 15 cells.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.25-30
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• 1978

Present experiments were conducted to determine the possibility of cultivation of 9 edible wild species selected among the higher fungi growing in Korea. In the investigation on the mycelial growth according t6o the different media, the mycelial growth of Coprinus comatus was fast on the CSA medium, when malt extract was added to the basal medium PSA, the mycelial of Lapista nuda and Auricularia auricula-judae was fast in growth and density. In the spawning, the mycelial growth of Pholiota squarrosa on the oak tree's sawdust, Pleurotus cornucopiae on the broad-leaves' sawdust, and Coprinus comatus on the compost was respectably fast and also it shown to be possibility of artificial cultivation owing to their carporphore budding when Coprinus comatus and Lepiota alborubescens cultivated on the rice straw, Auricularia auriculajudae and Pleurotus cornucopiae on the sawdust of the popla and Pholiota squarrosaon the sawdust of the oak tree.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.44 no.3 s.140
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• pp.189-197
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• 2005

Cellulose-digesting bacteria were isolated from hindgut of Allomyrina dichotoma (Coleoptera: Dynastidae). The bacterial isolates were identified as Yersinia sp. and Bacillus sp. The addition of the identified bacteria to diet increased growth rate of the cetoniid beetle, Protaetia brevitarsis senlensis (Coleoptera: Cetoniidae), probably by digesting cellulose nutrient contained in the oak tree sawdust diet. An additive of wheat flour at more than 10% to the sawdust diet significantly enhanced growth of P. brevitarsis senlensis. Trimmed branches of apple trees have been disposed in the apple farms and could be used for a diet component of the cetoniid beetle when the cellulose-digesting bacteria were mixed with the derived-sawdust. Resulting manure from mass rearing of P. brevitarsis senlensis contained high organic matters and trace amounts of toxic metals. When the manure were splayed on soil, it was effective as a natural compost and significantly stimulated lettuce growth. This research suggests a model technology to use cellulose-digesting bacteria to use for culturing grub, which results in natural recycles of trimmed branches in apple farms as grub diet, and to use grub manure as a natural compost.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.81-88
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• 2018

This study analyzed the characteristics of 6 recyclable bulking agents which can replace sawdust and rice hulls that are commonly used in livestock manure composting. The content of all the hazardous chemicals found in the bulking agents used in this experiment was between 0.0 and 34.1 ppm, which was noticeably lesser than the maximum content levels of hazardous substances 5.0~900.0 ppm prescribed by the Rural Development Administration(RDA), which means that the bulking agents would be able to replace sawdusts and rice husks. The water content of the bulking agents ranged from a minimum of 12.4% to a maximum of 16.6% in the original state, which was much less than 60%, the optimal moisture content. These results indicate that they would be able to function fully as bulking agents. Their water absorption rate was in the range of minimum 31.9% ~ maximum 600.0%, which showed huge differences among the types of bulking agents. The most appropriate bulking agent in terms of water absorption rate was wood pellets. It was the highest in the wood briquette manufactured by A, which was followed by C and B in the order. The shear strength of the 5 types of bulking agents in the original state was 271.7 N on an average, the highest figure of all, except for the oak briquette whose shear strength could not be measured and the wood pellets in the absorption state. The shear strength in the dry and absorption states then followed, and were 78.0 N and 27.7 N on an average, respectively. The wood briquette of A recorded considerably lower shear strength than that of B and C. Overall, shear strength tended to increase according to lower water absorption rates. Since pine wood chips and oak cuts have relatively greater shear strength even in the absorbing state than the other materials, they will be able to endure some power in the case of stirring with pig droppings.