• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.91-99
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• 1999

Propose : This study was performed to find out the prognostic factors affecting local control, survival and disease free survival rate in nasopharyngeal carcinomas treated with chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Materials and Methods : We analysed 47 patients of nasopharyngeal carcinomas, histologically confirmed and treated at Chonnam University Hospital between July 1986 and June 1996, retrospectively. Range of patients' age were from 16 to 80 years (median; 52 years). Thirty three (70$\%$) patients was male. Histological types were composed of 3 (6$\%$) keratinizing, 30 (64$\%$) nonkeratinizing squamous cell carcinoma and 13 (28$\%$) undifferentiated carcinoma. Histoiogicai type was not known in 1 patient (2$\%$). We restaged according to the staging system of 1997 American Joint Committee on Cancer Forty seven patients were recorded as follows: 71: 11 (23$\%$), T2a; 6 (13$\%$), T2b; 9 (19$\%$), 73; 7 (15$\%$), 74: 14 (30$\%$), and NO; 7 (15$\%$), Nl: 14 (30$\%$), N2; 21 (45%), N3: 5 (10%). Clinical staging was grouped as follows: Stage 1; 2 (4$\%$), IIA: 2 (4$\%$), IIB; 10 (21$\%$), III; 14 (30$\%$), IVA; 14 (30$\%$) and IVB; 5 (11$\%$). Radiation therapy was done using 6 MV and 10 MV X- ray of linear accelerator. Electron beam was used for the Iymph nodes of posterior neck after 4500 cGy. The range of total radiation dose delivered to the primary tumor was from 6120 to 7920 cGy (median; 7020 cGy). Neoadjuvant chemotherapy was performed with cisplatin +5-fluorouracil (25 patients) or cisplatin+pepleomycin (17 patients) with one to three cycles. Five patients did not received chemotherapy. Local control rate, survival and disease free suwival rate were calculated by Kaplan-Meier method. Generalized Wilcoxon test was used to evaluate the difference of survival rates between groups. multivariate analysis using Cox proportional hazard model was done for finding prognostic factors. Results: Local control rate was 81$\%$ in 5 year. Five year survival rate was 60$\%$ (median survival; 100 months). We included age, sex, cranial nerve deflicit, histologic type, stage group, chemotherapy, elapsed days between chemotherapy and radiotherapy, total radiation dose, period of radiotherapy as potential prognostic factors in multivariate analysis. As a result, cranial none deficit (P=0.004) had statistical significance in local control rate. Stage group and total radiation dose were significant prognostic factors in survival (P=0.000, P=0.012), and in disease free survival rates (P=0.003, P=0.008), respectively. Common complications were xerostomia, tooth and ear problems. Hypothyroidism was developed in 2 patients. Conclusion : In our study, cranial none deficit was a significant prognostic factor in local control rate, and stage group and total radiation dose were significant factors in both survival and disease free survival of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. We have concluded that chemotherapy and radiotherapy used in our patients were effective without any serious complication.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.824-835
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• 1999

Background: Sleep-related breathing disorders are commonly found in patients with chronic renal failure and particularly, sleep apnea may have an influence on the long-term mortality rates in these patients. Maintenance hemodialysis is the mainstay of medical measures for correcting the metabolic derangements of chronic renal failure but it is uncertain whether it may alleviate sleep disorders including sleep apnea. Methods: Forty seven patients on maintenance hemodialysis were surveyed with the sleep questionnaire about their clinical symptoms related to sleep disorders. Among them, 15 patients underwent the polysomnography and their blood levels of urea nitrogen, creatinine, electrolytes and the arterial blood gases in the nights before and following hemodialysis were measured. Results: Forty(85.1%) of the 47 patients complained of the symptoms associated with sleep-wake cycle disturbances, 55.3% experienced snoring and 27.7% reported witnessed apneas. The duration of REM sleep increased significantly in the nights after hemodialysis compared to the nights without hemodialysis(p<0.05) and the percentage of total sleep time comprising NREM sleep decreased significantly in the nights following hemodialysis compared to the nights before hemodialysis(p<0.05). The percentage of total sleep time consisting of the stage 1 and 2 NREM sleep showed the trend for a decrease in the nights after hemodialysis(p=0.051), while the percentage of total sleep time comprising the stage 3 and 4 NREM sleep did not change between nights. The obstructive sleep apnea was more predominant type than the central one in both nights and there were no differences in the apnea index and the apnea-hypopnea index between the nights. The decrease in the blood level of urea nitrogen, creatinine, potassium and phosphorus was observed after hemodialysis(p<0.05), but the differences of parameters measured during polysomnography between the nights did not correlate with the changes of biochemical factors obtained on the two nights. Arterial blood gas analysis showed that pH was significantly greater in the nights after hemodialysis than in the nights before hemodialysis(p<0.05), but there were no correlations between the parameters examined during polysomnography and the parameters of arterial blood gas analysis(p<0.05). Conclusion: These results suggest that chronic renal failure is an important systemic disorder which is strongly associated with sleep disorders. Maintenance hemodialysis, although it is a widely accepted measure to treat chronic renal failure, did not significantly modulate the sleep architecture and the severity of sleep apnea. Thus, taking the patients with chronic renal failure into account, it is advisable to try not only to find a substantial way for correcting metabolic derangements but also to consider the institution of more effective treatments for sleep disorders.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.481-491
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• 1995

Background: Recently there has been a trend of an increasing incidence of mediastinal tuberculous lymphadenitis(MTL) in adults. MTL often cause bronchial stenosis or esophago-mediastinal fistula. In spite of effective treatment, it is difficult to cure. Moreover, relapse frequently occurs. Authors analyzed chest CT findings and clinical features of 29 cases with MTL Methods: 29 cases with MTL were retrospectively studied with the clinical and radiologic features from April 1990 to March 1995 Results: 1) A total of 29 cases were studied. 12 cases were male and 17 cases were female. The male to female ratio was 1:1.4 Mean age was 29 years old. The 3rd decade(45%) was the most prevalent age group 2) The most common presenting symptoms and signs were palpable neck masses(62%) followed by cough(59%) and sputum(38%) 3) Except in one case of MTL, all patients had coexisting pulmonary tuberculosis, cervical tuberculous lymphadenitis, endobronchial tuberculosis and tuberculous pleurisy. Among the coexisting tuberculous diseases, Pulmonary tuberculosis was the most common(76%) 4) On simple chest X-ray, mediastinal enlargement was noted in 21 cases(72%), but it was not noted in 8 cases(28%). The most frequently involving site was the paratracheal node in 16 cases(72%). Rt side predominence(73%) was noted 5) Patterns of node appearance on a postcontrast CT scan were classified into 3 types. There were 19 cases(30%) of the Homogenous type, 30 cases(47%) of the Central low density type and 15 cases(23%) of the Peripheral fat obliteration type. The most common type was the central low density type. The most common lymph node size was 1~2 cm(88%) 6) The most frequently involved site was the paratracheal node in 26 cases(89%) by chest CT. Rt side(63%) was predominant 7) 9 cases(43%) had complete therapy and most common treatment duration was 13 - 18 months. 12 cases(57%) had incomplete continuing antituberculous medication and half of the cases had been treated above 19 months. Conclusion: Chest CT findings of MTL showed central low density area and peripheral rim enhancement, so this characteristic findings could differentiate it from other mediastinal diseases and help a diagnosis of tuberculosis. In spite of effective antituberculous medication, it is difficult to cure. Moreover, relapse frequently occurs. Further studies will be needed of the clinical features and the treatment of MTL.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.151-183
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• 1999

The object of this study was 200 patients who had been treated in the Oriental Medical Hospital at Dong Eui Medical Center during 9 months from Jan. 1999 to sept. 1999. We proceeded the judgment of Sasang Constitution according to 'Questionnaire of Sasang Constitution Classification (I)', and 'Questionnaire of Sasang Constitution Classification II(QSCCII)' and the diagnosis by a medical specialist. The following conclusion were made in comparison with Sasang Constitution and Questionnaire. 1. We selected the 84 subjects what had the statistical value out of the 196 subjects('Questionnaire of Sasang Constitution Classification (I)' had the 71 subjects and 'Questionnaire of Sasang Constitution Classification II(QSCCII)', had the 121 subjects). And we selected again the 73 subjects('Questionnaire of Sasang Constitution Classification (I)', had the 33 subjects and 'Questionnaire of Sasang Constitution Classification II (QSCC II)' had the 40 subjects) out of the 84 subjects, because it had a repeated subjects. 2. We made the Questionnaire what has the 85 subjects, including the subjects what was approved its statistical value by 'A CLINICAL STUDY OF THE JUDGMENT OF SASANG CONSTITUTION ACCORDING TO QUESTIONNAIRE' and 'A CLINICAL STUDY OF THE TYPE OF DISEASE AND SYMPTOM ACCORDING TO SASANG CONSTITUTION CLASSIFICATION'. The subject what ask the physique and the body form was 7, the subject what ask the external appearance and the posture was 7, the subject what ask the habit and the character was 3, the subject what ask the physiology and the pathology was 3, the subject what ask the phenomenon that he has frequency was 4, the subject what ask the eating was 3, the subject what ask the symptom that he has frequency was 14, the subject what ask the work and the qualities-defects was 6, the subject what ask the friendly intercourse was 7, the subject what ask the usual mind was 5, the subject what ask the emotional inclination was I, the subject what ask the behavioral inclination was 10, the subject what ask the character was 15. 3. In the new Questionnaire, the subject what has relevance to Soyang was 84, the subject what has relevance to Soeum was 87, the subject what has relevance to Taeeum was 70. And we made the point of subject with the statistical ratio. The total point of Soyang was 7785.04, the total point of Soeum was 7742.80, the total point of Taeeum was 7746.60. 4. As a result of judgment of Sasang Constitution between the clinical diagnosis by a medical specialist and the new Questionnaire, the diagnostic accuracy of new Questionnaire was 73.33%. The diagnostic accuracy of Soyang was low, the others was high. And the Taeyang was excepted.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.56-64
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• 1995

Family is a primary unit of the major socialization processing for children. Parents among the family members are one of the most important figures from whom the child and adolescent acquire a wide variety of behavior patterns, attitudes, values and norms. An organization of family members product family structural functioning. Abnormal family structure is one of the most important reference models in the learning of antisocial patterns of behavior. Therefore incest and child sexual abuse including spouse abuse, elderly abuse, and neglect occurs in the abnormal family structural setting. In particular, incest, a specific form of sexual abuse, was once thought to be a phenomenon of great rarity, but our clinical experiences, especially over the past decade, have made us aware that incest and child sexual abuse is not rare case and on the increasing trend. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the family problem and dynamics of incest family, and character pattern of post-incest adolescent victim in Korea. A total of 1,838 adolescents from middle and high school(1,237) and juvenile correctional institute(601) were studied, sampled from Korean student population and adolescent delinquent population confined in juvenile correctional institutes, using proportional stratified random sampling method. The subjects' ages ranged from 12 to 21 years. Data were collected through questionnaire survey. Data analysis was done by IBM PC of Behavior Science Center at the Korea university, using SAS program. Statistical methods employed were Chi-square, principal component analysis and t-test etc. The results of this study were as follows ; 1) Of 1,071 subjects, 40(3.7%) reported incest experiences(sibling incest : 1.6% ; another type of incest : 2.1%) in their family setting. 2) The character pattern of post-incest adolescent victim was more socially maladjusted, immature, impulsive, rigid, anxious and dependent than non-incest adolescent. Also they showed some problem in academic performance and their assertiveness. 3) The other family members of incest family revealed more psychological and behavioral problem such as depression, alcoholism, psychotic disorder and criminal act than the non-incest family, even though there is no evidence of the context between them. 4) The family dynamics of incest family tended to be dysfunctional trend, as compared with non-incest family. It showed that the psychological instability of family member, parental rejection toward their children, coldness and indifference among family member and marital discordance between the parents had significant correlation with incest.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.397-403
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• 2003

Background: The research sought to identify the clinical features of pleomorphic carcinoma of the lung generally known as a rare subtype in accordance with the lung cancer classification done in 1999 by WHO. Material and Method: 250 cases of surgically resected lung cancers were collected in this hospital from January 1992 to December 2001. This study included 42 cases of pleomorphic carcinoma diagnosed through light microscope and immunohistochemistry. Result: Out of 42 cases, males represented 31, and females 11, the age ranged from 26 to 77. Main clinical symptoms included coughing, hemoptysis, sputum. Diagnoses disclosed the stage as stage la in 3 cases (7%), Ib in 16 (38%), IIa in 1 (2%), IIb in 8 (19%), IIIa in 15 (35%), and IIIb in 1 (2%). Out of these, no lymph node metastasis was represented in 23 cases (54%), while N1 and N2 involving lymph node metastasis was shown 19 cases (46%). A total of 19 patients developed metastasis, comprising the brain in 5 cases (26%), bone in 4 (21%), muscle in 4 (21%), Lymph node in 2 (10%), and 1 liver, ovary, contralateral lung, and adrenal gland, respectively. The size of the tumor ranged from 1 cm to 11 cm, averaging 5.85 cm. Out of the 42 patients, the total two-year and five-year survival rates in accordance with the Kaplan-Meier method represented 26% and 13%, respectively, These figures compared to the corresponding 44% and 34% in cases other than pleomorphic carcinoma from the survey target of 256 cases, proved to be significantly low (p<0.002). No significant difference was found in the survival rates compared between age and tumor size, between stage I and above stage II, and between N0 and above N1. Patients who developed postoperative metastasis all died, and showed significantly low survival rates (p<0.002) compared to those patients without metastasis. Conclusion: With the new diagnosis method of f999 WHO's lung cancer classification applied, pleomorphic carcinoma showed a higher prevalence rate than under previous classifications, their postoperative survival rate was significantly low compared to histologic type of non small cell lung carcinomas.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.123-129
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate the actual conditions of the subjective oral malodor perception of the survey subjects. Through the subjective questionnaire method over about 3 months from June to August in 2007, the data was collected targeting 275 adults. Statistical methods used were Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test and One-way ANOVA. And, the following results were obtained. 1. When having seen the ratio of those who were conscious of oral malodor, the adults, who responded with saying of feeling oral malodor at present and at ordinary times, accounted for 68.4% and 79.3%, respectively. And, the adults, who responded with saying of not feeling, were indicated to be 31.6%(at present) and 20.7%(at ordinary times), respectively. 2. Almost 83.5% of total people answered that they had most severe oral malodor at the time of awakening and 51.9% of subjects answered tongue contributed to the their oral malodor. 3. About the type of oral malodor, although 37.2% of the group thought the type of oral malodor was a food smell and fetid smell was second general burning smell occurred the time of hunger(22.5%). 4. In the answers of hoping for treatment of oral malodor, 66.9% of the people showed positive response to dental treatment for controlling their oral malodor. Especially 7.3% of subjects showed very big desire for treatment. 5. In the level of oral malodor that is felt now according to the time of a meal, the case of within 1 hour after having a meal was responded to be not felt the oral malodor with 44.7%. And, there was response with saying of not feeling oral malodor in 37.6% as for 1-2 hours, 16.3% as for 2-3 hours, 14.8% as for 3-4 hours, and 23.7% as for more than 4 hours. Thus, the level of oral malodor according to the time of a meal showed the statistically significant difference(p<0.01). Through the results of this study, it could be known about whether or not being conscious of oral malodor in general people, the main cause and region for oral malodor, the importance and practicing method of tongue brush through literature. Accordingly, there is necessity of further researching and comparing whether or not being conscious of oral malodor by diversely surveying relevancy with factors of causing oral malodor based on the objective oral malodor measurement value. The future diverse researches are thought to be necessarily performed in order to prevent or reduce oral malodor.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.25 no.1 s.48
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• pp.87-100
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• 1995

Distributions and trends were examined in 2155 malocclusion patients who had been examined and diagnosed at Deparment of Orthodontics in Youngdong Severance Hospital over a 10 year-period from 1984 to 1993. The results were as follows ; 1. The number of patients per you had nearly quadrupled during the 10 year-period, with females($58.3\%$) outnumbering males ($41.7\%$). 2. Age distribution had shown 7-12 year-old group being the largest($53.3\%$), but percentages of 7-12 year-old and 13-18 year-old groups had been decreasing while that of above-19 patients had gradually incresed. 3. Distributions in the types of malocclusion according to the Angle's Classification had shown $27.8\%$ for Class I, $22.6\%$ for Class II division 1, $7.9\%$ for Class II division 2, and $41.6\%$ for Class III. Percentages of Class I patients had decreased while percentages of Class II and III patients had increased. 4. Non-extraction cases ($75.4\%$) had outnumbered extraction cases ($24.6\%$), with a general trend toward fewer extraction cases over the 10 year period. 5. Patients who had orthognathic surgery had been increasing, with Class I, II, and III cases comprising $8.8\%,\;16.9\%\;and\;74.3\%$, respectively. There had been three times as newly 2-jaw operations as 1-jaw operations. 6. Nearly $4\%$ of the subjects had facial asymmetries, with Class III cases being the most frequent. 7. Patients with TMD symptoms comprised $4.6\%$, with an increasing trend. The symptoms had occurred more frequently in older patients and in females. 8. Geograpic distributions showed majority (3/4) of patients from the nearby areas, namely Gangnam-gu, Seocho-gu and Songpa-gu.

• Journal of Genetic Medicine
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.133-141
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• 2007

Purpose : Cri-du-Chat syndrome (CdCs) is a rare but clinically recongnizable condition with an estimated incidence of 1:50,000 live births. The clinical characteristics of the syndrome include severe psychomotor and mental retardation, microcephaly, hypertelorism, hypotonia, and slow growth. Also the size of the chromosome 5p deletion ranges were known from the region 5p13 to the terminal region. In this study, we report the spectrum of 5p deletion in Korean 20 pts. with CdCs and genotype-phenotype associations in CdCs. Methods : In order to delineate genotype-phenotype correlation, molecular cytogenetic studies including GTG banding and clinical characterization were performed on Korean 20 pts with CdCs including parents. CGH array and Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis were used to confirm a terminal deletion karyotype and map more precisely the location of the deletion breakpoint. Results : Molecular analysis of the spectrum of 5p deletion revealed 9 pts (45%) with a del (5)(p14), 7 pts. (35%) a del (5)(p13), 3 pts. (15%) a del (5)(p15.1) and 1 pt. (5%) a del (5)(p15.2) in 20 pts with CdCs. 4(20%)pts were identified to have additional chromosome abnormalites of deficiency and duplication involving chromosomes of 6, 8, 18, & 22. Parental study identified 3 familial case (2 paternal and 1 maternal origin) showing parents being a balanced translocation carrier. And the comparison study of the deletion break points among these 20 pts. with their phenotype has showed the varying clinical pheno-types in the CdCs critical region. Conclusion : The characterization of 5p deletion including parental study may help to delineate the genotypephenotype correlation in CdCs. Also these molecular cytogenetic analyses will be able to offer better information for accurate genetic diagnosis in CdCs and further make possible useful genetic counseling in pts. and family.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.205-213
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• 2004

Purpose: To evaluate the clinical manifestations of various glomerular diseases in children, a clinicopathological study was performed in 52 children who had renal biopsy. The type and relative incidence of the glomerular pathologies were analyzed, and the clinical predictability and usefulness of renal biopsy in glomerular diseases were assessed. Methods: Medical records of fifty two children with renal disease who had undergone percutaneous renal biopsy under ultrasonic guidance at Chungnam University Hospital from October 1995 to August 2003 were reviewed. In addition, we compared the clinical findings before renal biopsy with the pathological diagnosis. Results: The male to female ratio was 1.6:1 and they were $9.8\pm2.6$ years old on average. The chief complaints for biopsy were hematuria in 22 cases which was the most common (42.3%), proteinuria in 16 cases(30.8%), and hematuria & proteinuria(26.9%). Among the 22 cases of hematuria, there were 15 cases of gross hematuria(68.2%) and 7 cases of microscopic hematuria(31.8%). In terms of histopathologic diagnosis, most of them were primary glomerular diseases(84.6%), which included IgA nephropathy(28.8%), thin glomerular basement membrane disease(25.0%), focal segmental glomerulosclerosis(FSGS)(11.5%), membranous proliferative glomerulonephritis(7.7%), minimal change lesion(3.8%), acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis(3.8%) and membranous glomerulonephritis(3.8%). The clinical manifestations and pathologic diagnosis were not correlated. Conclusion: The clinical manifestations could not predict the pathological diagnosis. Therefore, renal biopsy would be inevitable in diagnosis of glomerular diseases for effective management and assessment of prognosis.