• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.596-612
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• 2020

Purpose: This study was conducted to evaluate the dietary behaviors of preschool children using the nutrition quotient for preschoolers (NQ-P) and investigate factors that influence NQ-P in preschool children. Methods: Subjects were 214 parents with children aged 3-5 years residing in Busan and Gyeongnam, Korea. The survey was conducted from March to April, 2019 using a questionnaire that included demographic characteristics, the NQ-P questions, and health consciousness. All data was statistically analyzed by the SPSS program (Ver 25.0) and the statistical differences in variables were evaluated by the chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Tukey's multiple comparison test. Results: The mean score of NQ-P of the total subjects was 58.28, which was within the medium-low grade. The mean score of 'balance' was 60.08, 'moderation' was 47.64, and 'environment' was 67.83. The analysis of related-factors influencing NQ-P scores showed that there was a significant difference according to the frequency of dining out. The scores of the NQ-P (p < 0.05), moderation (p < 0.001), and environment (p < 0.05) were significantly higher in the 1-2 times per week group compare to 3-4 times and 5-6 times per week group. The scores of NQ-P (p < 0.01), environment (p < 0.01) were significantly higher in the high group of parents' health consciousness compared to the those with low health consciousness. Conclusion: According to the results of the evaluation by NQ-P, the dietary behaviors of preschool children residing in Busan and Gyeongnam need to be improved and monitored. For improving their eating behavior and nutritional health status, preschool children and their parents need proper nutrition education programs.

• Journal of the Korean Regional Science Association
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.17-27
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• 2016

In order to solve the problem of how to estimate the residential segregation, the Spatial Concentration Index(SCI) and Location quotient(LQ) are able to be one of alternative methods, and a comprehensive analysis of the residential segregation phenomenon in the seoul metropolitan area is the aim of the study. The results of SCI show that residential concentration areas in low-rent are some Gyeonggi-do's downtown(Bucheon-si, Suwon-si) as well as rural and urban-rural complex outskirts of the metropolitan area. The results of changing of SCI from 2011 to 2014, downward changes appeared thirteen districts and upward changes appeared fourteen districts. Especially downward change district was Sosa-gu, Bucheon-si and upward change district was Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si. In conclusion, that high rent level groups are more concentration on specific area than low rent level groups. By decreasing residential concentration districts in low-rent level group, 'diversity' districts have been increasing in seoul metropolitan but the phenomenon of residential concentration in high and low level group have been being intensified. These results could be confirmed by quantitative through LQ. Methodologically LQ would strengthen the explanatory power of SCI, and ongoing research of SCI in conjunction with other quantitative methods will need.

• 한국노년학
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.1311-1327
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• 2010

This study was conducted to identify the relationship between depression and subjective/objective health status, and to examine predicting factors on depression in the elderly in Korea. This study was a secondary analysis using the data of Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(VI-1) 2007. A total of 939 data from the subjects ≥60 years who completed health-related survey were used for analysis. Data were analyzed using SAS (version 9.1) PC program. Depression was identified in the 20.3% of the older subjects. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that women (OR=2.04), senior high school graduation (OR=0.27) and lowermiddle household income (OR=2.83) were significant associating factors(p<0.05). After adjustment for socio-demographic factors, hypertension (OR=1.93) and asthma (OR=3.32) as objective health status, and stress (OR=7.27), limited activity in daily living due to fracture or joint injury (OR=6.59) and poor self-rate health (OR=1.64) as subjective health status were found as factors predicting depression in the elderly(p<0.05). According to the type of health status, the subjects who had chronic disease or perceived poor physical health were 5.94 times more likely to have disposition to depression than the subjects who had no chronic disease or perceived good physical health (p=0.001). These findings suggest that preventive education and intervention focus on preventing and managing chronic diseases such as hypertension, asthma, fracture and joint injury should be needed to decrease depression in the elderly.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.334-342
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• 2016

In this study, we explain the environmental variables that mainly influence the spatial and seasonal pattern of Galerucella nipponensis in 38 wetland and stream located at mid-low Nakdong River. G. nipponensis were found at total of 32 wetland, was strongly positively correlated with the biomass of Trapa japonica (t=2.173, $r^2=0.013$, p<0.05). In result of seasonal distribution during 3 years, the largest density of G. nipponensis adult were observed in summer (7~8 months), egg and larva was recorded in only early spring (4~5 months). Rainfall were negatively related with the seasonal distribution of G. nipponensis. They were more abundant in dry season (2015 year) than rainy seasons(2013~2014 year). Stable isotope analysis showed that the G. nipponensis consumed as food source no submerged leaf of T. japonica than other plant. However, utilization of T. japonica on Galerucella nipponensis were not influence to plant biomass and/or species composition in vegetated bed. Those considered as adaptive strategies for sustainable habitat maintenance that because T. japonica use as not only food source but also their lives for G. nipponensis.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.12-23
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• 2017

The Naeseong Stream is a meandering sand-bed stream flowing through mountains and has so long maintained its geomorphological uniqueness characterized by extensive braided bare bars. Recently, its long-lasting landscape has been changed due to encroachment of vegetation. In this study being a part of long-term monitoring research morphological changes of the 56.8 km long study reach of the Naeseong Stream, which occurred during the period of 2012 - 2016 were analyzed. Airborne LiDAR and terrestrial cross-section surveys were carried out. Hydrological and on-site investigation data were also collected. Among the main four sites, two bend reaches showed point bars enlarged, while along the other two straight reaches mid-channel bars were either newly formed or increased in area and height. At the highest deposition point of each bar, vertical changes which were caused by one or two times of sediment deposition amounted to 0.6 - 1.4 m. On the contrary channel bed degradation was not obvious. Overall morphological changes in the study reach were attributed to deposition of sediment which occurred during the flood in July 2016 on the bar surfaces vegetated during the precedent dry seasons. These kind of geomorphological processes are thought to be the same as those related to the existing mid-channel islands along the mid- and downstream reach of the Naeseong Stream.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.3-17
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• 1995

The so-called borderline children are characterised by disturbances in the sense of reality and interpersonal relationships, lack of control, fluctuation of functioning, uneven development and excessive anxiety. But the concept of borderline disorder of childhood is very difficult to define and diagnose in current classification system. The present study adapted the consensus symptoms in borderline children by Bemporad and Vera eight cases aged 7-11 were examined in 37 variables. Results are as follows 1) All subjects are boys and girl hardly be diagnosis n current diagnostic system and have many concurrent diagnoses. Common chief complaints in the sense of reality. 2) In KEDI-WISC test, the borderline children showed average intelligence, but performance IQ tends to be higher than verbal IQ. In Rorscharch test, they showed high thought disorder index, emotional instabilities and aggressive impulses. The results of TOVA suggested attentional deficit in half of the subjects. The organicity is not prominent. 3) Many of the borderline children were unwanted baby. Although primary care takers of all the subjects were their mothers there were moderate problems in caring attitude of their children and marital relationship with their husband. Sccioeconomic status was generally below middle class. Most of all subjects have delayed language development, but have overcome subsequently. Many subjects were rejected by peers because of their aggression. 4) The first visit of the subjects was about 6 years of age. Average duration of treatment was 2 years. All of them were treated in the outpatient basis except one. The effect of pharmacotherapy was doubtful and the necessity of long term play therapy was suggested. Although there were many limitations of method in present study, it was suggested that further research is needed for diagnostic criteria, epidemiology and treatment.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.77-86
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• 1998

The ichthyofauna and the structure of fish community were surveyed from August 1995 to October 1997 at twenty one stations in the Wicheon river which is a first tributary located at the middle reach of the Nakdong river system. During the surveyed period, 40 species belonging to ten families were collected. Of them cyprinid fish occupied 65.0% (26 species) and cobitid fish 12.5% (5 species). Sixteen species (40.0%) were known as Korean endemic species. Dominant species were Zacco temmincki (15.35%), Zacco platypus (14.12%), and Squalidus gracilis majimae (11.32%). Rare species which occupied less than 0.1% of total individuals were Cyprinus carpio, Culter brevicauda, Misgurnus mizoiepis, Cobitis rotundicaudata, Leiocassis ussuriensis, Silurus asotus, Macropodus chinensis, and Channa argus. A tendancy were shown in regional distribution that Moroco oxycephalus dominated in upper stream, Zacco temmincki, Squalidus gracilis majimae, and Niwaella multifasciata in mid - upper stream, acheilognathid fishes and Zacco temmincki in mid - lower stream, and Zacco platypus and microphysogobioid fishes in lower stream. St. 9, 10, and 11 which located in mid - reach of main stream and St. 17, 18 and 19 which located in mid - reach of the Ssanggye stream had the most stable and diverse community structure.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.557-570
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• 2016

Growth of 6-year old 'Niitaka' pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) trees and control of insect and disease occurrences were compared between fermented soybean extracts and rain-shelter system for two years. Foliar application of fermented soybean extracts was applied at 6 times as a pre-experiment in the open-field in 2013, with a rain-shelter system in 2014. Fermented soybean extract treatment increased foliar concentrations of approximately 0.46% T-N, 0.17% K, 0.19% Ca, and 0.06% Mg in 2013 compared to the control, with similar macro-nutrients between the control and soybean extract treatment observed in 2014. Rain-shelter system increased foliar concentrations of T-N, Ca, and Mg compared to the open-field. There were no significantly different between the control and soybean extract treatment for number of leaves per fruit, leaf dry weight, phytotoxicity, and completed shoot growth on August during the two years. Rain-shelter system increased leaf dry weight and did not affect phytotoxicity in the leaves. Fruit quality parameters were mostly similar to control and soybean extract treatment for two years, with higher fruit firmness observed for soybean extract treatment. Rain-shelter system advanced 4 days of harvest dates, and increased approximately 7.0 ton fruit yield per ha, 20 g mean fruit weight, and fruit soluble solid contents compared to open-field in 2014. Soybean extract treatment little suppressed occurrence of disease and insect on the leaves and fruits in both years. Rain-shelter system increased occurrence of Venturia nashicola on the leaves and to 63.8% of Gymnosporangium asiaticum on the fruits in 2014. Strong winds and storms in May elevated relative humidity in the rain-shelter system and caused high infection of the disease occurrence, requiring for an additional green control method. Soybean extract treatment little affected tree growth and would have initiated for a long-term study to evaluate tree physiological characteristics. Rain-shelter system improved fruit productivity and advanced harvest dates, which could have been more effective facility at a Thanks Giving Day between middle and end of September.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.273-284
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• 2007

The spatial and temporal zooplankton dynamics were examined along ca. 100-km section of the middle to lower Seomjin River (without estuary dam in river mouth) and Youngsan River (with estuary dam in river mouth) systems during study periods (2004. Nov.${\sim}$2006. Aug.) based on a monthly sampling intervals. The spatial variation of zooplankton biomass at both river ecosystems was distinct. There was considerable longitudinal variation in total zooplankton abundance in Youngsan R. stretch. The increase in total zooplankton abundance were observed along the longitudinal stretch toward the estuary dam. In contrast, there were not statistically significant longitudinal differences in total zooplankton abundance in Seomjin R. stretch. In Youngsan R. stretch, average abundance of total zooplankton (average ranges: $199{\sim}817$ Ind. $L^{-1}$ at 3 sampling sites, n=20) were nearly $4{\sim}60$ fold higher than that of Seomjin R. stretch (average ranges: $12{\sim}43$ Ind. $L^{-1}$ at 4 sampling sites, n=20). Relative abundance of rotifers (over 80% of total zooplankton abundance) at the whole sampling sites in Youngsan R. stretch were Much higher than that of the Seomjin R. stretch. The most abundant rotifers were Polyarthra spp., Brachionus spp., Colurella spp., and Keratella spp. at the both river ecosystems. In Seomjin R. stretch, copepods carbon biomass sharply increased toward in river mouth (over 40% of total zooplankton carbon biomass). Average ranges of total zooplankton filtering rates for phytoplankton at both river ecosystems varied from 21.2 to 92.9 mL $L^{-1}\;D^{-1}$ in Youngsan R. stretch and from 2.1 to 2.6 mL $L^{-1}\;D^{-1}$ in Seomjin R. stretch. Considering the zooplankton filtering rates, zooplankton as grazers of phytoplankton in Youngsan R. stretch seemed to play the more important role in planktonic food web than that of the Seomjin R. stretch.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.345-356
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• 2016

In this study, auto-calibration method for water quality model was compared and analyzed using QUAL2Kw, which can estimate the optimum parameters through the integration of genetic algorithm and QUAL2K. The QUAL2Kw was applied to the Sum River which is greatly affected by the pollution loads of Wonju city. Two auto-calibration methods were examined: single parameter application for the whole river reach and separate parameter application for each reach of multiple reaches. The analysis about CV(RMSE) and fitness of the GA show that the separate parameter auto-calibration method is better than the single parameter method in the degree of precision. Thus the separate parameter auto-calibration method is applied to the water quality modelling of this study. The calibrated QUAL2Kw was used for the three scenarios for the water quality management of the Sum River, and the water quality impact on the river was analyzed. In scenario 1, which improve the effluent water quality of Wonju WWTP, BOD and TP concentrations of the Sum River 4-1 station which is representative one of Mid-Watershed, are decreased 17.7% and 29.1%, respectively. And immediately after joining the Wonjucheon, BOD and TP concentrations are decreased 50.4% and 40.5%, respectively. In scenario 2, Wonju water supply intake is closed and multi-regional water supply, which come from other watershed except the Sum River, is provided. The Sum River water quality in scenario 2 is slightly improved as the flow of the river is increased. Immediately after joining the Wonjucheon, BOD and TP concentrations are decreased 0.18mg/L and 0.0063mg/L, respectively. In scenario 3, the water quality management alternatives of scenario 1 and 2 are planned simultaneously, the Sum River water quality is slightly more improved than scenario 1. Water quality prediction of the three scenarios indicates that effluent water quality improvement of Wonju WWTP is the most efficient alternative in water quality management of the Sum River. Particularly the Sum River water quality immediately after joining the Wonjucheon is greatly improved. When Wonju water supply intake is closed and multi-regional water supply is provided, the Sum River water quality is slightly improved.