• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.5 no.6 s.22
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• pp.203-211
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• 2004

This study is the results to survey on the problems and improvable Policies for current escalation system in construction contracts, through a Delphi survey to experts. From the survey results, it is desirable to decide the fluctuation rate of construction cost, which is the requirement of escalation clause, on the basis of inflation rate or construction cost index. The desirable price fluctuation rate is proposed as a $3\%$ level. However, it is difficult for construction companies to cope with the sudden increase of material price in advance, arising from short-term shock factors such as exchange rate and international raw material's price. Accordingly escalation system for specified materials, as an exceptional mode, should be introduced. As a method to calculate the fluctuation rate, ARCA(adjustment rate for the categories of articles) is more desirable than ARI(adjustment rate for an index), because the ARCA can be more reflected the characteristics of each construction work.To rationalize the ARI method, it is needed to announce the wage index, material index and machinery expense index via detailed classification by construction types. Also, it is desirable to prescribe the bidding date as a starting date of the price change, rather than contact signing date. considering the price change can happen since the biddiilg stage.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems Conference
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.463-466
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• 2004

본 논문에서는 각 입력 변수에 대하여 퍼지 공간을 분할한 퍼지 집합 기반 퍼지 추론 시스템을 제안한다. 퍼지 모델은 주로 경험적 방법에 의해 추출되기 때문에 보다 구체적이고 체계적인 방법에 의한 동정 및 최적화 쥘 필요성이 요구된다. 정보 granules는 근접성, 유사성 또는 기능성 등의 기준에 의해 서로 결합된 물체(특히, 데이터 점)의 연결된 모임으로 간주된다. 정보 데이터의 특성을 살리기 위해 HCM 클러스터링 방법에 의한 중심71을 이용하여 각 입력 변수에 대한 퍼지 집합 기반 전반부/후반부 구조 및 파라미터를 동정한다. 퍼지 추론 방법은 간략 및 선형 퍼지 추론을 수행하며 삼각형 멤버쉽 함수를 사용한다. 구축된 퍼지 모델은 유전자 알고리즘을 이용하여 전반부 파라미터를 최적으로 동정하며, 학습 및 테스트 데이터의 성능 결과의 상호균형을 얻기 위한 하중값을 가진 성능지수를 사용하여 근사화와 예측성능의 향상을 꾀한다. 또한, 제안된 퍼지 모델은 수치적인 예를 통하여 성능을 평가한다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems Conference
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.467-470
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• 2004

퍼지모델은 주로 경험적 방법에 의해 추출되기 때문에 보다 구체적이고 체계적인 방법에 의한 동정 및 최적화 될 필요성이 요구된다. 일반적으로, 정보 granules는 근접성, 유사성 또는 기능성 등에 인하여 서로 결합되는 요소(특히, 수치 데이터)의 실체이다. 본 논문에서는 비선형 시스템의 퍼지모델을 위해 정보 granules에 의한 퍼지 관계 기반 퍼지 추론 시스템을 최적 설계한다. 제안된 퍼지 모델은 정보 데이터의 특성을 살리기 위해 HCtl 클러스터링 방법에 의한 중심값을 이용하여 모든 입력변수가 상호 관계한 전반부/후반부 구조 및 파라미터 동정을 시행한다. 두 가지 형태의 퍼지 추론 방법은 간략 추론과 선형추론에 의해 수행되고 삼각형 멤버쉽 함수를 사용한다. 구축된 정보 granule 기반 퍼지 모델은 유전자 알고리즘을 이용하여 전반부 파라미터를 최적으로 동정한다. 그리고 학습 및 테스트 데이터의 성능 결과의 상호균형을 얻기 위한 하중값을 가진 성능지수를 사용하여 근사화와 예측성능의 향상을 꾀하며, 기존 문헌과의 성능비교를 통해 제안된 퍼지 모델을 평가한다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2005.07b
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• pp.295-297
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• 2005

CEC, 근접방어무기체계, 지휘통제체계 등에 사용되는 위협평가시스템은 자동위협평가, 방어구역 위협지수, 무기할당 등의 공통된 기능을 포함하고 있고, 시스템 환경의 변화 또는 성능 향상에 따라 수시로 업그레이드가 요구된다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 생산성 향상과 중복투자 방지로 인한 비용감소 효과를 거둘 수 있는 제품계열 방법론을 위협평가시스템 개발에 적용하는 방안을 제안한다. 위협평가시스템의 제품계열 방법론 적용을 위해 핵심자산 개발 프로세스를 수행하여 제품계열 영역지정, 핵심자산, 제품계획을 정의한다. 제품계열 영역지정은 Feature 모델링을 이용하여 공통점과 차이점을 식별하고, 핵심자산은 아키텍처 설계 중심으로, 그리고 각 핵심자산의 부착 프로세스를 종합하여 제품계획을 수립한다.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.29-34
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• 2021

The real-time video education is used as an effective method of operating classes that replaces face-to-face education of instructors and learners in remote areas. However, the existing video call and video conferences system is mainly used, and this is effective in linguistic education because it focuses on lecture through video, but it is not utilized in other education. In this paper, we propose a design model of real-time video system that can improve the effectiveness of science curriculum and mathematics education by providing the functions that can be utilized during class by improving limitations of image - oriented image education.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.35 no.6B
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• pp.908-920
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• 2010

In recent years, mobile phone market is saturated in number of user term. Associated service providers struggle to provide various mobile services such as Internet, e-commerce, game, music etc. to increase ARPU (average revenue per user) instead. In this study we explore the factors which affect price tabs of mobile communication. As a conceptual foundation, this study introduces user factors-users' propensity to use mobile phones-as independent variables and mobile service functions as mediating variables. The research model was phones-as independent variables and mobile service functions as mediating variables. The research model was tested with data from Web-based survey of 1,500 mobile users and analyzed by structural equation modeling (SEM). Our results suggest that user factors impact the usage of mobile service functions and mobile service functions for information and convenience are positively related to price tabs of mobile communication. Implications for mobile service providers and policy makers are discussed.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.305-319
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• 2022

The community temperature index (CTI) reflects the temperature and environmental preferences of the community. We investigated the distribution patterns of major aquatic insect assemblages (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera; EPT) based on CTI in streams of South Korea. We selected unpolluted 151 study sites at upper streams(less than 3^rd) with less than 1.5 mg L^-1 of biochemical oxygen demand. Study sites were clustered into six groups based on the similarities of their EPT composition. All three orders showed a continuous decrease in the number of species as CTI increased, especially in Plecoptera. In addition, the functional feeding groups were also significantly changed according the CTI changes. Temperature tolerance range of each group's indicator species varied according to the CTI of the group. Finally, changes of CTI reflected differences of EPT assemblages according to the differences of environmental condition including temperature. Therefore, CTI can be applied to the evaluation and preservation of stream ecosystems and prediction of community changes due to climate change.

• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.178-193
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• 2023

The aim of this study was to investigate differences in the achievement standards from the 2015 to the 2022 revised national science curriculum and to present the implications for science teaching under the revised curriculum. Achievement standards relevant to primary science education were therefore extracted from the national curriculum documents; conceptual domains in the two curricula were analyzed for differences; various kinds of centrality were computed; and the Louvain algorithm was used to identify clusters. These methods revealed that, in the revised compared with the preceding curriculum, the total number of nodes and links had increased, while the number of achievement standards had decreased by 10 percent. In the revised curriculum, keywords relevant to procedural skills and behavior received more emphasis and were connected to collaborative learning and digital literacy. Observation, survey, and explanation remained important, but varied in application across the fields of science. Clustering revealed that the number of categories in each field of science remained mostly unchanged in the revised compared with the previous curriculum, but that each category highlighted different skills or behaviors. Based on those findings, some implications for science instruction in the classroom are discussed.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.2406-2414
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• 2013

The data-driven IT project model has been improved by adding processes such as analysis/design of data structure and channels of data collection/distribution, application of data standard and securing the flexibility in IT convergence devices data configuration on existing informatization project procedure driven by HW and SW function. This model focused on the evaluation of improvement effect which warrants data flexibility of IT convergence device. IT convergence device was divided into sensor and reactor and a situation when new information system is additionally linked to these devices was assumed. The system improvement complexity and index on network environment were estimated and they were compared to existing method.

• The Korean Journal of Franchise Management
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.73-91
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• 2012

This study is in the purpose for the revitalization of traditional market as comparing to the relevancy between the central characteristics of a floating population going around for buying something or eating food and lots of small-sized businesses comprising of the commercial districts. The several traditional markets such as Cheonan station, Dujeong-dong, Sinbu-dong in Cheon-An city has been investigated repeatedly almost every two or three years by the Small Enterprise development Agency(SEDA) since 2001. By analyzing the raw data of those commercial districts made by SEDA, we can calculate the number of firms andthe ratio of business type of each commercial districts. In this research, the type of each business is classified into four groups such as restaurant, service, retail and the rest. Moreover, the central character of the floating population is derived from the raw data, which means the customer information about sex, age structure or the most populous time zones. From these characteristics, one commercial districts has his own specific features distinguishing from the others. The most important differences of past researches are firstly the dynamic viewpoint rather than a static one. Secondly it suggests that the relation between the central characteristics of districts and the floating population would exist. Lastly, it suggests that the interaction between both of them have a significant effect on the growth or decline of the districts and the rates of business type, other adjacent commercial districts as well. Eventually, this study provides several meaningful points for the revitalization of commercial districts to government or stakeholder such as management organization, business owners and new starter etc.