• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.49-58
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• 2024

This study aimed to compare the acoustic measurements of speech samples recorded from individuals with normal voices using various devices: the Computerized Speech Lab (CSL), a unidirectional wired pin-microphone (WIRED) suitable for smartphones, the built-in omnidirectional microphone (SMART) of smartphones, and Bluetooth-connected wireless earphones, specifically the Galaxy Buds2 Pro (WIRELESS). This study included 40 normal adults (12 males and 28 females) who had not visited an otolaryngologist for respiratory diseases within the past three months. Participants performed sustained vowel /a/ phonation for four seconds and reading tasks with sentences ("Walk") and paragraphs ("Autumn") in a sound-treated booth. Recordings were simultaneously conducted using the four different devices and synchronized based on the CSL-recorded samples for analysis using the MDVP, ADSV, and VOXplot programs. Compared with CSL, the Cepstral Spectral Index of Dysphonia (CSID_V, CSID_S) and Acoustic Voice Quality Index (AVQI) values were lower in the WIRED and higher in the SMART. The opposite trend was observed for the L/H spectral ratios (SR_V and SR_S), and the WIRELESS demonstrated task-specific discrepancies. Furthermore, both the fundamental frequency (F0) and the cepstral peak prominence of the vowel samples (CPP_V) had intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) values above 0.9, indicating high reliability. These variables, F0 and CPP_V were considered highly reliable for voice recordings across different microphone types. However, caution should be exercised when analyzing and interpreting variables such as the SR, CSID, and AVQI, which may be influenced by the type of microphone used.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.281-287
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• 2024

This study investigated the total sugar and low-calorie sweetener content in 72 alcoholic beverages. The samples included 10 takjus, 6 yakjus, 5 cheongjus, 5 beers, 12 fruit wines, 5 sojus, 5 general distilled alcoholic beverages, 9 liqueurs, and 15 other alcoholic beverages. Sugar and allulose content were analyzed using HPLC-RI, and the content of five sweeteners was analyzed using HPLC-UV and LC-MSMS. The average sugar content in the alcoholic beverages was 4.13±5.16 g/100 g. When categorized by type, the sugar content ranged from 0.00 to 8.92 g/100 g, 0.00 to 30.55 g/100 g, and 0.14 to 17.02 g/100 g in fermented (takju, yakju, cheongju, beer, and fruit wine), distilled (soju, general distilled alcoholic beverages, and liqueur), and other alcoholic beverages, respectively. Sugar content was the highest in liqueur, with the average content being 12.41±9.66 g/100 g. Among low-calorie sweeteners, acesulfame potassium, sodium saccharin, aspartame, and sucralose were detected in concentrations ranging from 28.6-121.5, 42.3, 34.1-141.5, and 23.3-88.1 mg/kg, respectively. Cyclamate and allulose were not detected in any of the alcoholic beverages. Sweeteners were detected in 24 out of the 72 alcoholic beverages, and their content complied with the standards stipulated for food additives.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.221-230
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• 2024

Pesticide residues were monitored in dried red pepper and pepper powder samples purchased in Northern Gyeonggi-do and from domestic online markets. The QuEChERS method was used to prepare 88 samples. GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS were used to analyze 338 pesticide residues. In the study, pesticide residues were detected in 70 samples (79.5%), with residues exceeding the maximum residue limits (MRL) in 4 samples (4.5%). Pesticide levels exceeded the MRL in imported samples, with two samples of dried red pepper and two samples of pepper powder showing elevated levels. Among the 61 pesticides detected, tebuconazole, a fungicide was most frequently detected (52 times). Tricyclazole, which is used to control the main disease affecting rice, exceeding the MRL in 3 of 12 Vietnam-origin samples. Ethion exceeded the MRL in one Indian-origin sample. Both tricyclazole and ethion are banned for use in pepper products in Korea and are regulated under the positive list system (PLS). Conversely, pesticides detected in domestic samples were within the MRLs. Therefore, authorities should monitor pesticide residues in imported red pepper products.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.102-110
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• 2024

This study presents a fine scale distribution of the endangered species, Odontobutis obscura, through field surveys and literature reviews. Using the mark-recapture method, the population size in major habitats was determined. Field surveys conducted on 18 streams in Geoje Island revealed that the O. obscura was only found in the main streams and tributaries of the Sanyang, Gucheon, and Buchun Streams, which are part of the Sanyang Stream watershed. The O. obscura exhibited relative abundances ranging from 0.5% to 35.3% at different locations, with certain spots showing higher relative abundances (18.8% to 35.3%), indicating major habitat areas. A review of six literature studies confirmed the presence of the O. obscura, although there were differences in occurrence status depending on the purpose, scope, and duration of the studies. Combining the results of field and literature surveys, it was found that the O. obscura inhabits the main and tributary streams of the Sanyang, Gucheon, and Buchun Streams, from the upper to lower reaches. Currently, the O. obscura population in the Sanyang Stream watershed maintains a stable habitat, but its limited distribution range suggests potential issues such as genetic diversity deficiency in the long term. The population size of the O. obscura was confirmed at two specific locations, with densities of 0.5 to 1.5 individuals per m². The average movement distance from the release point was 13.1 m, indicating the limited mobility characteristic of ambush predators. Understanding the distribution and population size of endangered species is the first step towards their conservation and protection. Based on this information, further research could significantly contribute to the conservation of the O. obscura.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.474-485
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• 2024

The purposes of this study were to isolate the potential Lacticaseibacillus spp. from the feces of infants before weaning, to investigate the safety of antibiotics resistance and beta-haemolysis, and to evaluate the anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory effects between the selected strains and Oenanthe javanica (Oj) fermented by them. As a result of analyzing the intestinal microbial community among the stools of four infants, the genus Bifidobacterium was the most dominant, but Lacticaseibacillus (L.) rhamnosus was the most frequently isolated because of the easy culture. Nine test strains, including Lactobacillus rhamnosus LGG (ATCC 53103) as the positive control, were sensitive against 8 kinds of antibiotics without vancomycin in comparison with the cut-off values at the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), and there was no hemolysis. In the antibacterial activity experiment, the Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus L22-FR28 (L28, KACC 92513P) strain and Oj+L28 ferment showed significantly (p<0.05) higher activities than LGG against Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus. Additionally, these decreased the activity of the NF-kB/AP-1 transcription factor and inhibited the nitric oxide and cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) produced in macrophage RAW cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Consequently, the L. rhamnosus L28 strain and Oenanthe javanica+L. rhamnosus L28 (Oj+L28) ferment selected with the high anti-inflammatory effect will improve health functionality after more research, such as the verification of animal level and identification of mechanism on an anti-inflammatory.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.277-292
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• 2024

In order to manage large-scale forest fires concentrated in Gangwon-do and Gyeongsangbuk-do with severe topographical heterogeneity, a decision-making process through efficient and rapid damage assessment using satellite images is essential. Accordingly, this study targets a large-scale forest fire that ignited in Gangneung and the Donghae, Gangwon-do on March 5, 2022, and was extinguished around 19:00 on March 8, to estimate the fire severity using dNBR and derive environmental factors that affect the grade. As environmental factors, we quantified the regular vegetation index representing vegetation or fuel type, the forest index that classifies tree species, the regular moisture index representing moisture content, and DEM in relation to topography, and then analyzed the correlation with the fire severity. In terms of fire severity, the widest range was 'Unbured' at 52.4%, followed by low severity at 42.9%, medium-low severity at 4.3%, and medium-high severity at 0.4%. Environmental factors showed a negative correlation with dNDVI and dNDWI, and a positive correlation with slope. Regarding vegetation, the differences between coniferous, broad-leaved, and other groups in dNDVI, dNIWI, and slope, which were analyzed to affect the fire severity, were analyzed to be significant with p-value < 2.2e-16. In particular, the difference between coniferous and broad-leaved forests was clear, and it was confirmed that coniferous forest suffered more damage than broad-leaved forest due to the higher fire severity in the Gangwon-do region, including Pinus densiflora, which are dominant species, as well as P. koraiensis, P. rigida and P. thunbergii.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.482-496
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• 2023

Many changes in the scale and structure of the Korean rice cropping system have been made over the past few decades. Still, insufficient research has been conducted on the sustainability of this system. This study analyzed changes in the Korean rice cropping system's sustainability from a system ecology perspective using an emergy approach. For this purpose, an emergy table was created for the Korean rice cropping system in 2011, 2016, and 202, and an emergy-based indicator analysis was performed. The emergy analysis showed that the total emergy input to the rice cropping system decreased from 10,744E+18 sej year^-1 to 8,342E+18 sej year^-1 due to decreases in paddy field areas from 2011 to 2021, and the proportion of renewable resources decreased by 1.4%. The emergy input per area (ha) was found to have decreased from 13.13E+15 sej ha^-1 year^-1 in 2011 to 11.89E+15 sej ha^-1 year^-1 in 2021, and the leading cause was a decrease in nitrogen fertilizer usage and working hours. The amount of emergy used to grow 1 g of rice stayed the same between 2016 and 2021 (specific emergy: 13.3E+09 sej g^-1), but the sustainability of the rice cropping system (emergy sustainability index, ESI) continued to decrease (2011: 0.107, 2016: 0.088, and 2021: 0.086). This study provides quantitative information on the emergy input structure and characteristics of Korean rice cropping systems. The results of this study can be used as a valuable reference in establishing measures to improve the ecological sustainability of the Korean rice cropping system.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.104-114
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• 2024

Sheet Music of the National Anthem of Korea with Lyrics in Korean, Chinese, and English is a four-sided sheet of paper folded in half. It was first introduced to Korea on November 12, 1945, by Kim Ku, the president of the Provisional Government. The sheet music was published in three languages and is a valuable document for researching the evolution of the anthem and its history. Although it was published in large quantities at the time, it is currently known as the only in Korea and has been designated and managed as a national registered heritage. The sheet music was not significantly damaged, but discoloration and physical damage suggested raised the need for conservation treatment. A pre-treatment examination of the conservation condition revealed that the artifact was received on archival film and had been folded in half for many years, leaving it vulnerable to tears at the top and bottom of the folds and partial wear and tear at the edges. In addition, the pigments used on both sides of the sheet had discolored and transferred to the opposite side. Portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis was conducted to investigate the pigments used in the sheet music cover, specifically focusing on red, black, and light blue pigments. Titanium (Ti) was detected in the light blue pigment, characterized by a powdery coloring layer. The remaining colors in the printed form were difficult to sample and could not be analyzed further. The light blue sample underwent additional analysis using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and Raman spectroscopy. Cross-validation of the results with the artifact's historical context suggested that the bright blue color observed in the 1945 sheet music is likely due to the use of anatase white pigment, rather than rutile. Furthermore, the bright blue pigment is believed to be a blend of phthalocyanine blue, a synthetic pigment introduced in 1936. Fiber analysis revealed longitudinal striations in the hemp fibers and twists in the cotton fibers, suggesting that the paper was made from a mixture of cotton and hemp fibers. Based on the findings of the condition survey, the conservation treatment for the artifact focused on minimizing moisture to avoid stressing the paper and reinforcing the physically vulnerable areas. The reinforcement paper was dyed to match the base of the artifacts, pre-coated repair paper was used for conservation, and appropriate folders and boxes were made for storage after treatment. This study is expected to serve as an important foundational resource on the materials used in modern and contemporary records.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.21-45
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• 2023

The purpose of this study was to analyze the curriculum competencies of relationship-forming ability and practical problem-solving ability reflected in the activity tasks corresponding to the content elements of 'Love and marriage', 'Preparation for parenthood', 'Pregnancy and childbirth', 'Child care', and 'Family culture and intergenerational relationship' in the 2015 revised high school technology & home economics textbooks. The data are 330 activity tasks from 12 kinds of high school technology & home economics textbooks. The sub-factors of the relationship-forming ability were selected as Respect for Diversity, Consideration and Care, Family Relationship and Community Spirit, Empathy Ability, Conflict Management, and Communication, and the sub-factors of practical problem-solving ability were selected as Practical Reasoning, Decision Making, Value Judgment, Critical Thinking, and Executive Power. Based on the analysis criteria, the results of the two analyses and the expert review are as follows. First, regarding both the core concepts 'Development' and 'Relationship', the share of relationship-forming ability was relatively higher than practical problem-solving ability, and conflict management and executive power were the least reflected. For the core concept 'Development', Family Relationship and Community Spirit and Critical Thinking were the most reflected sub-factors, and for the core concept 'Relationship', Consideration and Care and critical thinking were the most reflected sub-factors. Second, in the case of the relationship-forming ability, the examples of activity tasks across sub-factors of each subject competency were devised to understand diverse opinions and sentiments and to develop competencies to care for each other and maintain healthy family relationships. In the case of practical problem-solving ability, the tasks allowed students to objectively analyze the socio-cultural background underlying the real-life problem, explore alternatives, and apply in their own lives.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.240-252
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• 2024

The distribution status of the nature monument species, Hemibarbus mylodon, was investigated from 2021 to 2024 in Geumgang River and Mujunamdae Stream (a tributary of the Geumgang River). In 2021 to 2023, five individuals from Gemgang River upstream were collected by Geumsan-gun, Chungchangnam-do. In 2021 to 2024, 1,592 induviduals juvenile from seven sites were collected by surveying 15 sites from Mujunamdae Stream. The main habitat of juvenile was about 0.3~1.5 meters water deep, 0.14~0.16 meters per second in the middle-upper stream of rock and sand bottom with slow rapids and pools. The age groups for H. mylodon estimated by the frequency distribution of total length in after spawning season (May) to October indicated the 10~65 mm is 0-year old, 75~90 mm is 1-year old group. In addition, over the 120 mm group is 2-years old, the 190~250 mm is more than 3-years old group. In 2024, we identified 35 spawning place from six sites were sites were collected by surveying 15 sites. Spawning place at the river bottom were top of the rapids, 30~60 cm (mean 48.2 cm) water deep, and the place was covered with stone and gravel, water velocity was 0.13~0.34 (mean 0.25 m/sec) meter per second. The spawning place size of the gravel piles was as follows: length 35~48 cm (mean 40.7 cm), width 25~37 cm (mean 34.5), and height 5~12 cm (mean 8.6 cm). Thus, H. mylodon reintroduced to Mujunamdae Stream has successfully settled down and increase in abundance within the natural habitat.