• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.466-466
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• 2011

가상수는 Allan에 의해 1993년 처음 도입된 개념으로 모든 재화나 서비스를 생산하기 위하여 사용된 물의 양( /kg)을 의미한다. 예를 들어 1차 농산물의 경우 생육기간동안 농산물이 필요로 하는 물의 양이 가상수로 사용되고, 가공품의 경우 가공과정을 거치며 소비되는 물의 양이 가상수에 포함된다. 이러한 가상수의 개념을 활용한 소비 기반 물사용 지표가 물발자국이며 이는 2002년 Hoekstra에 의해 도입되었다. 물발자국은 개인이나 지역, 집단 등이 소비하는 재화와 서비스를 생산하는데 필요한 물의 총량을 나타낸다. 우리나라와 같은 물 부족 국가에서는 농 축산물 관련 정책의 수립 시 정량적인 생산량뿐만 아니라 소비되는 물의 양도 동시에 고려할 필요가 있다. 특히 현 정부는 2015년 식량자급률 목표치(곡물자급률 25%, 육류자급률 71%)를 설정하여 농 축산물의 생산 및 수입량을 조정하고자 한다. 이러한 식량자급률의 목표치에 따라 국내 생산 및 수입량의 비율이 변화하게 되므로 국내 물발자국의 값도 변화하게 되며 이는 수자원 정책 수립 시 주요한 요인으로 작용할 수 있다. 그러므로 식량자급률의 변화에 대해 단순히 생산량의 관점뿐 아니라 물 소비 절약의 관점에서의 접근이 필요하다. 이에 본 연구에서는 2015년 정부의 식량자급률 목표치 달성을 위하여 각 품목별로 소비되는 가상수의 양을 정량적으로 산정하고, 국내적으로 소비 또는 절약되는 가상수의 양을 추정하고자 하였다. 추정된 결과를 바탕으로 식량자급률 목표치에 따른 생산량의 조정으로 인한 물발자국의 변화와 그 영향을 파악하고자 하였다. 본 연구를 위하여 식량 자급률 목표치 설정에 포함된 농 축산물의 단위 가상수량과 생산량 추이, 목표 생산량 등을 조사 하였다. 이중 곡물의 단위 가상수량은 국내의 실정을 적용한 국내 연구결과를 활용하였으며, 축산물의 단위가상수량은 음용, 세척을 위한 원단위 필요수량과 소비되는 사료의 재배를 위한 단위 가상수량을 활용하여 전체 축산물의 가상수량을 산정하였다. 조사, 산정된 자료를 활용하여 2015년 식량자급률 목표치 달성을 위해 필요로 하는 가상수의 변화량과 국내적으로 소비 또는 절약되는 가상수의 양을 파악하고자 하였다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.413-423
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• 2010

Great attentions have been given to obesity in Korea, while the obesity rate has rapidly risen up due to various reasons including the dietary change into the western style. Central and local governments have tried to reduce the rate through various policies and action plans. The governments' activities are frequently criticised to be more coordinated in order to achieve the aim of the activities. The purpose of this study was to develop the coordination strategies through the examination of the acts relating to obesity. At present, activities relating to obesity are based on 25 acts including 'Health Promotion Act', 'Special Act on Children Diet Management' and so on. Six ministries including the Ministry of Health and Welfare and the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology are in charge of these acts. As a result, a number of areas, especially dietary guidance, research, manpower and institutions, seem to overlap. In a short term, Ministerial Council on Obesity should be established in order to enforce the coordination of the policies and activities. In the mid-long term, it is recommended that functions of the Ministries should be more simplified through the reorganization.

• Informatization Policy
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.27-45
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• 2012

Smart grid, which is a sort of convergence of numerous technologies, can be deployed only with cooperation and fair competition among various stakeholders. If the interest conflicts were not coordinated properly, related business and investment would become delayed and inactive. Therefore, this study analyzes the causes of interest conflicts and related issues in smart grid sector and suggests policy directions by issue. As the result of AHP analysis, the majority of respondents surveyed said that ambiguity of the role and authority is the key problem causing conflicts of interest in smart grid deployment process. Differences in values, communications problems, etc. are pointed as additional main reasons of the interest conflicts. To resolve interest conflicts in smart grids, the Korean government should enhance its leadership in the coordination of stakeholders' interests. Government should make efforts to coordinate the various interests in terms of the development of the smart grid market and win stakeholders' sympathy of their desirable roles in the smart grid market.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.524-530
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• 2012

Recently, open access policy to railway operation has been widely discussed. Compared to the case of Korea, European countries have dealt with this topic over a few decades. The competition on railway slots incurs an important technological problem about how to optimally allocate railway slots requested from RUs to them. In other words, the authority should be able to coordinate the timetables requested from RUs in the non-discriminatory manner. Related with the coordination, compared to the other European countries, which have done many studies and experiments especially on auction mechanisms, Korean railway has paid less attention to this topic and there have not been any related studies. Our study analyses the state-of-the-arts about the railway slot allocation especially focusing on the auction mechanisms and the associated optimization problems. And we suggest a new railway slot allocation mechanism and related optimization model reflecting the adjustment within the tolerance and the operational policies between railway undertakings.

• Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.351-358
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• 2018

Reinforcement learning is a machine learning method which aims to determine a policy to get optimal actions in dynamic and stochastic environments. But reinforcement learning has high computational complexity and needs a lot of time to get solution, so it is not easily applicable to uncertain and continuous environments. To tackle the complexity problem, AC (actor-critic) method is used and it separates an action-value function into a value function and an action decision policy. Also, in transfer learning method, the knowledge constructed in one environment is adapted to another environment, so it reduces the time to learn in a reinforcement learning method. In this paper, we present AC method and transfer learning method to solve the problem of a reinforcement learning method. Finally, we analyze the case study which a transfer learning method is used to solve BS(base station) switching problem in wireless access networks.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.449-463
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• 2009

One feature of the multicultural policy practiced in Japan is that the central government stresses the importance of local administrations in executing the policy, providing a systematic framework through which local administrations can actively promote and execute multicultural policy intended to foster social tolerance. In other words, the multicultural policy practiced in Japan seeks to overcome some of the limits and issues inherent to such policy by encouraging the delivery of opinions from below that reflect differences among different localities, while the central government proposes the policy aims and recommendations from above down to local administrations. The multicultural policy of Japan, which allows local administrations to administer such networks by actively carrying out the roles of arbitration and integration within communities where multiculturalism is found, presents meaningful points of comparison and learning to the multicultural policy in Korea that has only recently begun to seek for the aims and ways of multicultural policy from the perspective of social integration.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.108-118
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• 2010

This paper analyzes the changes in rail policy in the UK between 1948 and 2007. The UK rail system, once a nationalized industry, was privatized in 1994. Consequently it increased the role of government after 2000, which was a year of frequent rail accident. Recently the UK rail system has made solving global warming and EU interoperability in rail. This paper examines the main factors in changes in rail policy in the UK, which is through the ruling party's ideology, comprehensive transport policy, aimed at reducing global warming and rail accident. Moreover, this paper clarifies the characteristics of rail policy that is consistent with social role of rail, integrative transport policy and acknowledging the positive role of rail against global warming.

• Journal of Cadastre & Land InformatiX
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.35-53
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• 2018

Recently, there is a growing interest in housing policy to prepare for the aging society. The purpose of this study is exploring the factors that explain housing consumption and adjustment of pre-retirees after retirement. 1,351 samples were collected from A bank and analyzed. There categories of housing consumption adjustment were considered including downsizing, maintain, and upsizing. Gender, educational level, housing size, housing type, asset size, and willingness to work after retirement were examined to see if they can explain the housing consumption adjustment of pre-retirees using orderd- probit model. The finding of this study is that housing size, asset size, and willingness to work after retirement statistically significantly explain the housing consumption adjustment. At specific, firstly, if the current size of the housing is relatively large, it is highly likely to downsize housing after retirement. Second, pre-retiree whose assets exceeded 1 billion won were more likely to scale up housing than assets of over 300 million to less than 500 million won. Lastly, unless there is absolutely no willingness to work after retirement, it is indicated that it intends to up-sizing consumption rather than down-sizing adjustment. The results of this study can provide useful information for the housing policy in order to prepare for the (post) aged society.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.83-97
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to evaluate our system and consider how the tax rules on corporate reorganization and asset adjustment account can be improved. The scope of this study includes the Korean tax rules on corporate reorganizations, as well as key tax benefits provided by the Special Tax Treatment Control Act. In case of Korea, The relevant regulations and system of taxation respecting the merger has been made the rapid progress in several respects in this situation, there are capable of improvement. This paper suggests improve some problems on tax avoidance abusing incomplete tax law. First, the asset adjustment account is the difficulty that it needs to follow-up during this period of time, as well as the complexity of the accounting and tax adjustments on the practice. If it is permitted to succeed asset-liability as market value, the complexity of asset adjustment account in corporate tax accounting also disappear. Second, in case that controlling shareholders possess more than 20% of merged entity, they could not get the tax deferral until after the time of two years has elapsed. It needs to further alleviate the merged entity ratio than the present level. Finally, after the merger it will be to strengthen the surveillance provisions of five years from the current two years. In addition, continuity of shareholder's requirements and business requirements, it is also necessary to strengthen the requirements of the follow-up provided by a separate regulation.

• Feed Journal
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• v.3 no.5 s.21
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• pp.73-78
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• 2005

FTA지각생으로 불리던 우리나라도 FTA추진 논의가 활발하다. 작년 2월 FTA국회 비준 이후 싱가폴, 일본, ASEAN, EFTA 등 여러나라와 FTA관련협상을 추진 중이며 싱가폴의 경우에는 작년 11월 ASEAN +3 정상회담을 계기로 양국정상이 사실상 협상타결을 선언하였다. 종전에는 대부분의 나라들이 자유무역협정(FTA), 지역무역협정(RTA), 특혜무역협정(PTA) 지역주의 등 명칭은 다양하지만 FTA로 대표되는 지역주의를 다자간 자유무역체제의 보완적인 통상정책수단으로 간주하는 경향이 있었다. 그러나, 최근에는 FTA추진이 WTO 체제를 보조하는 통상정책수단이라기 보다는 WTO로 대표되는 다자간교역질서와 병립하는 통상질서로 보는 추세가 점점 나타나고 있다. 대외의존도가 높은 우리나라도 FTA를 통하여 개방정책을 추진할 필요성은 있으나 FTA의 추진시 농업 등 취약산업의 구조조정이 문제가 될 수 있다. 이글에서는 FTA가 WTO로 대표되는 다자간 무역체제와 구분되는 특징과 최근 국제적인 FTA추진동향을 짚어보고 우리나라의 FTA추진 현황과 문제점 특히, 우리나라가 제일 먼저 추진한 한$\cdot$칠레FTA 관련한 문제점을 중심으로 설명하고 최근의 FTA추진이 우리나라 농업에 대한 영향에 대해서 간략하게 평가하고 FTA추진에 대한 대응방안을 이야기 하는 순서로 글을 전개하고자 한다.