• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.171-178
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• 2024

In this study, we aimed to determine the various effects of Osmanthus fragrans (O. fragrans) flower extract on the skin in order to utilize it as a cosmetic material. For this purpose, Osmanthus fragrans flower extract (OFFE) of Jeju Island was prepared and used in the experiment. The experiments were evaluated by the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and lipid droplet staining assay. First, the OFFE decreased the gene expressions of three representative pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-8, IL-6, and IL-1α) and an inflammation-related enzyme, PTGS2 induced by poly I:C in epidermal keratinocytes. In addition, the OFFE increased the gene expression levels of collagen (COL1A1) and elastin (ELN) in dermal fibroblasts. Further, the OFFE showed the inhibitory effect in sebum production by linoleic acid in sebocytes. Therefore, from this study, it is expected that OFFE can be used as a natural cosmetic material for anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, and sebum inhibitory efficacy.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.1567-1579
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• 2023

Sucralose is used as a sucrose alternative in the food sector and is a globally approved pyrogenic, high-intensity artificial sweetener. However, due to the lack of studies on the effects of sweeteners on the brain, this study confirmed whether short-term consumption of sucralose has cognitive and memory protective effects in scopolamine-induced memory-injured animal models. After oral administration of sucralose 2, 5, and 10 mg/kg, scopolamine (1 mg/kg) was administered to the control group and the drug group 30 minutes later, and saline was administered intraperitoneally to the normal group, followed by behavioral experiments As a result of the experiment, Y-Maze, passive avoidance, and Morris WaterMaze recovered more than 10% of cognitive function compared to the control group. In addition, as a result of measuring proinflammatory cytokines, sucralose was found to inhibit IL-6 and TNF-α by more than 30%, and we observed that the expression level of ERK-CREB with intracellular signaling mechanisms increased in a concentration-dependent manner. Therefore, it suggests that sucralose is associated with functional foods for the prevention of functional food patients.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.1268-1277
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• 2023

In this study, to evaluate the possibility of utilizing Chamaecyparis obtusa (Siebold & Zucc.) Endl. (C. obtusa) leaf fractions as anti-inflammatory functional materials, C. obtusa extract extracted with 99% ethanol (CO99EL) was fractionated with hexane (CO99EL-H), chloroform (CO99EL-C), ethyl acetate (CO99EL-E), butanol (CO99EL-B) and distilled water (CO99EL-W). The anti-inflammatory effects of each fraction was performed using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 mouse macrophages. Cytotoxicity was highest in CO99EL-H and CO99EL-C and lowest in CO99EL-W. Interestingly, LPS-induced iNOS expression and NO production were significantly reduced by CO99EL-H and CO99EL-E, and COX-2 expression was significantly reduced by CO99EL-B and CO99EL-W. In addition, interleukin (IL)-1𝛽, an inflammatory cytokine increased by LPS, was significantly reduced by CO99EL-C, CO99EL-E, CO99EL-B and CO99EL-W, and IL-6 was significantly reduced by CO99EL-B and CO99EL-W. Therefore, the janus kinase (JAK)/signaling transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway activated by LPS was significantly reduced by CO99EL-H and CO99EL-C, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway was slightly reduced by CO99EL-H and CO99EL-C. However, nuclear factor (NF)-𝜅B activity was not reduced by any fractions. Based on the results of this study, it was confirmed that CO99EL fractions have different anti-inflammatory mechanisms depending on the solvent used for fractionation.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.66
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• pp.39-45
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• 2023

Biorenovation is a biotransformation method that converts the structure of chemical compounds and natural product through biocatalytic metabolism of microorganism and could enhance biological effectiveness and mitigate cytotoxicity compared to its substrates. Althaea rosea L. has been used as oriental medicine and is known for physiological efficacies such as antiurolithiatic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer activities. A. rosea L. callus, the plant tissue grown to protect its wound, has been reported to have antioxidant and whitening effects. However, mechanisms of its other activity such as inflammation have not yet been investigated. In this study, we extracted A. rosea L. callus (AR) and produced biorenovated AR (ARBR), and then analyzed anti-inflammatory effect in Lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 macrophage at 50, 100, 200 ㎍/mL of ARBR. As a result of inhibition test of nitric oxide production, it was found that ARBR was superior to AR without apparent toxicity. Furthermore, ARBR significantly inhibited production of prostaglandin E₂, inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2 and pro-inflammatory cytokines including Tumor necrosis factor-α, Interleukin-6, Interleukin-1β in a concentration-dependent manner. In conclusion, we suggest that ARBR could regulate the excessive inflammatory response to an appropriate level and be a promising material for functional cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.181-190
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• 2024

Bovine mastitis-associated Escherichia coli (BMEC) is considered the main causative agent of significant financial losses in the dairy industry worldwide, as it alters both the quantity and quality of milk produced and increases the rate of culling. This creates a variety of challenges for researchers, veterinarians, and farmers in understanding and determining the most effective therapies and diagnostic techniques. Subclinical mastitis is particularly concerning, as infected bovines exhibit no obvious symptoms and continue to secrete apparently normal milk over an extended period, allowing the causative pathogen, E. coli, to spread within the herd. For effective prevention, understanding the pathogenesis of mastitis through three stages invasion, infection, and inflammation is essential. To date, no clear correlation has been found between virulence factors and pathogenicity contributing to the clinical severity of BMEC. Multidrug-resistant E. coli and the evolution of novel resistance mechanisms have become concerns owing to the extensive use of antibiotics to treat mastitis. Therefore, it is vital to explore alternative controls to enhance the efficacy of BMEC treatment. Over the past 30 years, various genetic typing techniques have been used to examine the subspecies-level epidemiology of bovine mastitis. These studies have advanced our understanding of the origin, transmission pathway, population structure, and evolutionary relatedness of BMEC strains. In this review we provide an overview of BMEC, including insights into its etiology, genetic relationship, pathogenesis, and management of the disease, as well as new therapy options.

• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.37-50
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• 2024

Korea has the highest suicide rate among Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development countries, with increasing rates observed among children and adolescents with low levels of life satisfaction. Patients in these age groups exhibit particularly turbulent and impulsive behaviors, which make suicide highly contagious and fatal. The loss of meaningful work or activities increases the risk of suicide, especially in young people. Following revisions to the Mental Health Welfare Act (2016), which has included occupational therapists among mental health professionals, a multidisciplinary approach including occupational therapy has been emphasized upon in mental health services. Screening tools for preventing suicide in children and adolescents include the Suicidal Ideation Scale, Beck's Suicidal Ideation Scale, Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale, Reasons for Living Scale for Adolescents, and the Student Emotional and Behavioral Characteristics Test. The Canadian Occupational Performance Measure, which is an occupational therapy evaluation tool, is also used. Various suicide prevention programs have been proposed across academic disciplines; however, due to the urgent nature of high-risk groups, there is a need for timely services. Currently, most existing programs focus primarily on the cognitive-behavioral aspects. In this study, we aimed to introduce diverse suicide prevention programs for mental health professionals working with high-risk children and adolescents in order to equip them with the relevant information and help apply their learnings effectively in different situations.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.206-241
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• 1985

Attempts to search infection period, infection speed in the tissue of neck blast of rice plant, location of inoculum source and effects of several conditions about the leaf sheath of rice plants for neck blast incidence have been made. 1. The most infectious period for neck blast incidence was the booting stage just before heading date, and most of necks have been infected during the booting stage and on heading date. But $Indica{\times}Japonica$ hybrid varieties had shown always high possibility for infection after booting stage. 2. Incubation period for neck blast of rice plants under natural conditions had rather a long period ranging from 10 to 22 days. Under artificial inoculation condition incubation period in the young panicle was shorter than in the old panicle. Panicles that emerged from the sheath of flag leaf had long incubation period, with a low infection rate and they also shown slow infection speed in the tissue. 3. Considering the incubation period of neck blast of rice plant, we assumed that the most effective application periods of chemicals are 5-10 days for immediate effective chemicals and 10-15 days for slow effective chemicals before heading. 4. Infiltration of conidia into the leaf sheath of rice plant carried out by saturation effect with water through the suture of the upper three leaves. The number of conidia observed in the leaf sheath during the booting stage were higher than those in the leaf sheath during other stages. Ligule had protected to infiltrate of conidia into the leaf sheath. 5. When conidia were infiltrated into the leaf sheath, the highest number of attached conidia was observed on the panicle base and panicle axis with hairs and degenerated panicle, which seemed to promote the infection of neck blast. 6. The lowest spore concentration for neck blast incidence was variable with rice varietal groups. $Indica{\times}Japonica$ hybrid varieties were infected easily compared to the Japonica type varieties, especially. The number of spores for neck blast incidence in $Indica{\times}Japonica$ hybrid varieties was less than 100 and disease index was higher also in $Indica{\times}Japonica$ hybrid than in Japonica type varieties. 7. Nitrogen content and silicate content were related with blast incidence in necks of rice plants in the different growing stage changed during growing period. Nitrogen content increased from booting stage to heading date and then decreased gradually as time passes. Silicate content increased from booting stage after heading with time. Change of these content promoted to increase neck blast infection. 8. Conidia moved to rice plant by ascending and desending dispersal and then attached on the rice plant. Conidia transfered horizontally was found very negligible. So we presumed that infection rate of neck blast was very low after emergence of panicle base from the leaf sheath. Also ascending air current by temperature difference between upper and lower side of rice plant seemed to increase the liberation of spores. 9. Conidial number of the blast fungus collected just before and after heading date was closely related with neck blast incidence. Lesions on three leaves from the top were closely related with neck blast incidence, because they had high potential for conidia formation of rice blast fungus and they were direct inoculum sources for neck blast. 10. The condition inside the leaf sheath was very favorable for the incidence of neck blast and the neck blast incidence in the leaf sheath increased as the level of fertilizer applied increased. Therefore, the infection rate of neck blast on the all panicle parts such as panicle base, panicle branches, spikelets, nodes, and internodes inside the leaf sheath didn't show differences due to varietal resistance or fertilizers applied. 11. Except for others among dominant species of fungi in the leaf sheath, only Gerlachia oryzae appeared to promote incidence of neck blast. It was assumed that days for heading of varieties were related with neck blast incidence.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.1-31
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• 1984

Flacherie, as one of the most prevalent silkworm diseases, causes severe economic damage to sericultural industry and its pathogens have been proved to be flacherie virus (FV) and densonucleosis virus (DNV). Multiplications of the viruses in the larvae of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, were studied by the sucrose density gradient centrifugation and electron microscopy. The quantitative and qualitative changes of nucleic acids and proteins were investigated from the midgut and hemolymph in the silkworm larvae infected separately with FV and DNV. The histopathological changes of epithelial cells of infected midgut also were examined by an electron microscope. 1. Purified fractions of FV or DNV in a sucrose density gradient centrifugation yielded one homogenous and sharp peak without a shoulder, suggesting no heterogenous materials in the preparation. Electron microscopy also revealed that FV and DNV were spherical particles, 27nm and 21nm in diameter, respectively. 2. Silkworm larvae showed a decrease in body weight on the 6th day and in midgut weight on the 3rd day after inoculation with FV or DNV. 3. DNA content was higher in the midgut when infected with FV or DNV, but the hemolymph of the infected larvae showed no difference during first 6 days after inoculation, after which DNA concentration declined rapidly. 4. RNA synthesis of silkworm larvae infected separately with FV and DNV was stimulated in the midgut, but RNA content was reduced in the hemolymph at the early stage of virus multiplication. At the late stage of virus multiplication, however, it was extremely reduced in both midgut and hemolymph. 5. The concentration of protein in the midgut and hemolymph of silkworm larvae infected separately with FV and DNV showed no difference from that of the healthy larvae at the early stage of virus multiplication, but it was significantly reduced at the late stage of virus multiplication. 6. There was no difference in the electrophoretic patterns of RNAs extracted from the midgut of healthy or virus-infected larvae. 7. The electrophoresis of proteins extracted from the midgut infected with FV or DNV, when carried out on the 1st and 5th day after virus inoculation, showed no difference from that of the healthy larvae. But, there was an additional band with medium motility in the proteins on the 8th day after virus inoculation, while a band with low mobility shown in the proteins of healthy larvae disappeared in the infected larvae. However, a band with high mobility in the healthy larvae was separated into two fractions in the infected larvae. 8. The electrophoretic pattern of hemolymph proteins of the silkworm larvae infected separately with FV and DNV was similar to that of the healthy larvae, but the concentration of hemolymph proteins in the infected larvae was lower than that of the healthy larvae at the late stage. 9. Two types of inclusion bodies were shown by the double staining of pyronin-methyl green in the columnar cell of the midgut on the 8th day after FV inoculation. 10. Electron microscopy of the infected midgut revealed that the 'cytoplasmic wall' of the goblet cell thickened on the 5th day after FV inoculation and several types of the cytopathogenic structures, such as virus$.$specific vesicles, virus particles, linear structures, tubular structures, and high electron-dense matrices were observed in the cytoplasm of the goblet cell. The virus particles were also observed in the microvilli and the structures similar to spherical virus particles were observed around the virus-specific vesicles, suggesting the virus assembly in the cytoplasm. 11. Fluorescence micrograph of the infected midgut stained with acridine orange showed that the nucleus, the site of DNV multiplication in the columnar cell, enlarged on the 5th day after virus inoculation. 12. Electron microscopic examination of DNV infected midgut revealed that the nucleolus of the columnar cell was broken into granules and those granules dispersed into apical region of the nucleus on the 5th day after virus inoculation. On the 8th day after inoculation, it was also observed that the nucleus of the columnar cell was full with the high electron-dense virogenic stroma which were similar to virus particles. These facts suggest that the virogenic stroma were the sites of virus assembly in the process of DNV multiplication.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.207-212
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• 2012

The objective of the present study is to identify the physico-chemical characteristics of used plug media (UPM) and its effect on growth response of tomato and cucumber seedlings. The UPM from commercial media Mix#5 (Sungro co., Ltd.) was used in this study. This media was sterilized by sterilizer at $120^{\circ}C$ in 30 minutes at 1.5 atm. Physicochemical properties of UPM was compared with new plug media (NPM). Physical properties such as air volume, particle density, solid volume, bulk density were investigated by three phase device (DIK-1130, Japan). And chemical characteristics such as $NO_3$-N, $P_2O_5$, K, Mg, Ca, $SiO_2$, CEC, OM were investigated by soil spectrophotometer (PTIZEN 1412SA, Mecasys Co., Ltd). The result indicates that air volume and water holding capacity of UPM are lower than NPM (25%, 15%, respectively). Bulk density and soil weight are more than two times higher than NPM per unit volume. Compared to NPM, there were no significant different for pH and EC. But CEC of UPM is lower than NPM 40%. In order to compare growth response and ability absorption of inorganic elements by plants, cucumber and tomato seedlings were used and chemical characteristics after growing of mediums were determined. The result indicated that seeding quality of tomato and cucumber in UPM is less than in NPM and almost inorganic ions of UPM are lower than NPM. So it is necessary to improve physicochemical properties of UPM.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.53-59
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• 1990

The antagonistic fluorescent pseudomonas, which was isolated from continuous cropping rhizosphere of pepper and cucumber, was identified as Pseudomonas fluorescens (P.f.). For further study, transformant was derived from the isolated P.f. after spontaneous mutation to give antibiotic resistance to nalidixic acid and rifampicin as marked strain. Both P.f. and transformant strains were used for this study and the results obtained were summarized as follows. 1. One of the most effective antagonistic strain, KR164, was selected against F. solani, F. oxysporum, R. solani and this strain was identified and classified as Pseudomonas fluorescens biotype IV. 2. Transformant, KR1641, was derived from strain KR164 and both strains had the same biological and biochemical characteristics. 3, Mycelial lysis and abnormal mycelia of plant pathogenic fungi were microscopically observed after simultaneous culture of fungus and given bacterial strain. 4. The length of chinese cabbage to the autolyzed became longer with given bacterial strain in dark culture. 5. Percentage of germination, number of leaves, length of height, and length of root in chinese cabbage in pot experiment were improved by inoculation of given bacterial strain. 6. The number of given bacterial strain kept generally stable until 34 days after inoculation of itself in pot experiment. Inoculation of given bacterial strain did affect the number of plant disease fungi to be decreased but did not affect the number of other bacteria, Bacillus, in pot experiment.