• Journal of Teachers' Pension
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• v.4
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• pp.91-123
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• 2019

본 연구는 2009년 법 개정에 따른 기준소득의 변경이 가입자별 보험료 부담과 연금급여의 변경에 어떠한 영향을 주었는지를 구체적 사례를 중심으로 살펴봄으로써 제도 변경 전후의 가입자별의 연금소득 변화를 산정함과 아울러, 2015년 사학연금법 개정에 따른 사학연금 가입자간 소득재분배제도의 도입이 2009년 법 개정에 따른 연금소득효과에 어떠한 영향을 주었는지를 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 사학연금가입자의 경우 법 개정 당시의 전제가 되었던 기준소득대비 보수월액의 비율인 65% 수준에 근접하는 사람은 일부에 불과한 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 60~70%기준에 포함되는 계층은 5.6%에 불과하고, 60% 이하인 자가 88.6%, 70% 이상인 자는 5.8%로 나타났다. 이는 사학연금 가입자 상당수가 기존의 보수월액이 실제 과세소득의 일정비율보다 낮은 위상에 있었음을 의미한다. 따라서 2009년 법 개정 결과, 처음의 기대와는 달리 개정 이전 연금액에 비하여 높아지는 가입자가 87.5%, 낮아지는 가입자가 12.5%인 것으로 나타났다. 그렇지만 연금액이 증가되었지만 보험료 부담이 함께 증가되었기 때문에 수익비 측면에서 더 유리해졌다고 할 수 없다. 더 부담하고 더 많이 받는 경우가 대다수였다. 물론, 오히려 기준소득이 보수월액보다 절대치조차 낮은 가입자도 있었다. 이 경우, 본인의 희망에 따라 법령에서 별도로 정한 최저소득기준을 선택할 수 있도록 함으로써 문제점이 완화되었다. 2009년 법 개정 상에 나타난 연금액 증가는 소득재분배 요소를 도입한 2015년 법 개정으로 상대적으로 저소득 가입자는 연금액이 증가하고 고소득자는 연금액이 감소됨으로써, 2009년 법 개정에서 나타난 고소득자에게 유리할 수 있는 부분이 완화되는 결과를 만들었다. 2015년 개정은 2009년 개정 상 발생한 문제를 다소 보완하는 결과가 되었다. 공무원의 보수월액을 적용하여왔던 제도를 기준소득월액으로 바꾼 것은 사학연금 가입자가 실제의 소득에 기초하여 보험료를 부담하고 연금을 지급받을 수 있도록 되었다는 점에서 제도의 정상화로 보는 것이 바람직하다. 소득기준의 전환으로 내재적으로 혼란이 발생할 가능성이 있었지만, 2015년의 법 개정으로 제도가 보다 완결적으로 발전가능하게 된 것으로 평가된다.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.447-456
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• 2022

Korea's self-support program has constituted one of the most important workfare policy for the past 25 years. However, many pointed out the lack of field perceptions in the performance indicators of self-support program, such as overemphasis on the economic performance and uniform application regardless of regional types. This research intends to derive policy implications to improve performance indicators of self-support program by analyzing field perceptions, utilizing ISA(Importance-Satisfaction Analysis) method. Analysis on the difference between importance and satisfaction shows that the procedure was perceived more important than the consequences. It also reveals that current indicators were not satisfactory enough to reflect field practices. Finally, ISA matrix classified indicators into keep, improve, policy reconsideration area, and obvious differences were found by regional type. These findings suggest the importance of field-orientation in performance indicators, and by which, can serve as an exploratory study for the improvement of performance indicators.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.67-75
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• 2016

This research suggests improvement strategies for the problems of 'public housing supplied through the purchase of existing house' by understanding the situation of supply to lowest income class in Seoul where there are many demands. Due to the heavy housing expenditure burden, in spite of the fact that the needs for affordable housings are increasing, the number of 'public housing supplied through the purchase of existing house' which has been supplied to Seoul by LH & SH has decreased since 2009. It is caused by the low standard purchasing price set by government especially Seoul. Since 'the public housing supplied through the purchase of existing house' is targeted for indigenous inhabitants, different supply stocks among different regions cause equity problem. Generally regions with low income class are in short supply, on the contrary the supply is especially concentrated specific regions in outskirts of Seoul. The main reason of such new supply stagnation and regional concentration is the low standard purchasing price. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the government's standard price according to the actual transaction price. Also it is needed to associate actual transaction price's increasing rate with the government's standard price. The housing supply based on demands must be established. In addition, the provision of 'public housing supplied through the purchase of existing house' should be expanded to low-middle income inhabitants and low income youth in the regions where the supply of the affordable housing excess demands.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.50
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• pp.235-263
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• 2002

The present study is designed to explore restructuring direction of the old-age income maintenance system and development direction of the Seniority Pension Scheme(SPS) in Korea. While the SPS is trifling scheme with tiny benefit amount and small budget, the SPS has important role that function as only public income maintenance scheme for both the low income class and the excluded from public pension and public assistance at present stage because of immature National Pension. This study starts with the research question why serious mis-matching problem between needs and resources in old-age income maintenance system occur. Thus this study explores fundamental change direction of the old-age income maintenance system which is coincide with further situation change(demography, labour market, family structure). Also this study explores desirable SPS's development direction as taking into account relation with other public old-age income maintenance system. This paper suggests basic direction of old-age income maintenance system as follows: principle of universal and individual security; principle of sustainability; principle of equity. Under general principle, this paper also proposes largely two development scenario of the SPS. The one is to maintain present transitional and provisional scheme with trying scheme's substantiality. The other is to change into permanent old-age income maintenance scheme for the excluded public pension and public assistance. At this point it is the public pension's role that the SPS's development direction is determined. If the public pension keep one pension per one earner as present system, non-contribution pension as present SPS should maintain continuously. However, if the public pension reorganize into basic pension of one pension per one person and earning-related pension, the SPS should be managed temporarily until mature of public pension. Therefore whether the public pension play basic security role for all elderly or not will determine the SPS development direction.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.185-201
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• 2015

This paper suggests how Korean housemaids, called Sikmo, and Korean-Chinese migrant domestic workers have similar class positions and therefore form a dual identity in their interactions with female employers. rough spoken stories of the experiences of 27 females from Seoul, including Korean-Chinese domestic workers, Korean housemaids, and their employers, this research effectively overcomes the dichotomous discourse of natives versus foreigners. Instead it suggests the new interpretation that it is not foreignness but class inferiority of the domestic workers that plays a key role in establishing relationships with employers. Korean housemaids and Korean-Chinese domestic workers, both groups of whom are migrant workers, have developed coping strategies to enhance their labor value by spatially relocating themselves from their home society to a new society. They possess a similar labor status in women's history, being of low income, low education, and rural births. Consequently, these women experience 'translocal anchoring,' meaning their identities are intertwined with that of their home societies, and employers perceive them based on the characteristics of these places. The Korean employers perceive that the domestic workers' morality and intellectuality are inferior based on their class differences. This stigmatizing process leads employers to regard domestic workers as ambivalent people, not only threatening outsiders but also objects of pity, needing love and protection of their employers. The employers educate them culturally, teaching them skills to survive in the urban environment. These skills include cooking and language, in addition to advice on long-term plans to blend into society.

• Proceedings of the KSCN Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.1049-1049
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• 2003

건강관련 요인에 따른 우리나라 성인 여성의 영양섭취 특성을 파악하기 위해 2001 국민건강ㆍ영양조사-영양조사부문의 결과를 심층 분석하였다. 2001 국민건강ㆍ영양조사는 2001년 11월 1일부터 12월 31일까지 전국 200개 지역에서 약 4,000가구, 14,000명을 대상으로 실시되었으며, 본 연구에서는 응답자 중 20세 이상 성인여성 3,780명의 데이터만을 활용하였다. 이들의 연령, 소득수준, 건강 인식도, 비만도 및 체중인식 등에 따른 영양소 섭취수준을 비교하였으며, 평균값의 차이에 대한 유의성 검증에는 1-way ANOVA와 Duncan's multiple range test를 적용하였다. 분석의 대상이 된 성인 여성 응답자의 구성은 20∼29세가 696명, 30∼49세가 1,765명, 50∼64세가 757명, 65세 이상이 562명이었다. 20세 이상 모든 성인 여성의 영양소별 영양권장량에 대한 평균 섭취수준을 보면 칼슘의 경우에 67%로 가장 낮았으며 다른 영양소의 경우에는 권장량에 근접하는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 연령층별로 비교하면 철의 섭취수준은 20대 여성에서 가장 낮은 반면, 나머지 영양소의 섭취 수준은 65세 이상 연령층에서 가장 낮았다. 2001년 가구원 수 별 최저 생계비를 기준(100%)으로 하여 가구소득을 100% 미만, 100∼199%, 200∼299%, 300% 이상 4 구간으로 분류한 소득수준에 따른 영양소 섭취수준을 비교한 결과, 전체적으로는 소득수준이 높아질수록 평균 영양소 섭취수준이 높아지고, 가구 소득이 저생계비 미만인 그룹에서 거의 모든 영양소의 섭취수준이 가장 낮게 나타났으나, 55세 이상 연령층에서는 소득수준이 영양소 섭취 수준에 영향을 미치지 않았다. BMI를 기준으로 저체중군, 정상체중군, 과체중군으로 분류한 비만도 그룹별 영양소 섭취수준을 비교한 결과, 전체적인 영양소의 섭취수준이 정상체중군에서 높고 저체중군에서 가장 낮았으며, 특히 65세 이상 연령층의 저체중군의 섭취수준은 매우 낮아서 칼슘과 비타민 A의 경우 권장량의 40% 대에 불과했다. 자신의 체형에 대한 인식에 근거해 영양소 섭취수준을 비교해 보면, 20대에서는 자신이 말랐다고 인식하는 그룹에서 섭취수준이 다소 낮게 나타났으나 30∼49세에서는 말랐다고 인식하는 그룹의 영양소 섭취수준이 오히려 높은 것으로 나타나 연령에 따라 다른 경향을 보였다. 건강 인식도에 따른 분석 결과, 스스로가 건강하지 못하다고 생각하는 그룹에 비해 건강하다고 인식하는 그룹에서 철을 제외한 모든 영양소의 섭취수준이 유의적으로 높게 나타났다. 이상으로부터 우리나라 여성 중 65세 이상 노인과 최저생계비 미만의 저소득 가구 여성의 영양소 섭취 수준이 심각하게 낮으며, 소득 수준 차상위 계층(100∼199%) 여성의 섭취 상태도 관심을 기울여야 할 수준임을 알 수 있었다. 동시에 자신의 건강이나 체형에 대한 인식이 부정적일수록 섭취수준이 불량하여 한국 여성의 건강과 올바른 영양관리를 위해서는 여성 스스로의 긍정적인 사고 또한 중요한 영향 요인인 것으로 나타났다.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.5-35
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• 2004

This research is about the change of the occupation and the income of the subscriber of the medical expenditure due to the economic influence on them. The data of this study are based on 4,215 of medical cost payers among respondents of the survey on "Health and Retirement", which was the fourth additional research of Korea Labor and Income Panel Survey. The main findings of this study are as follows: First, the average medical cost is 5.5% of the income. The ratio of the medical cost to an earned income is highly different between low-income group and high income group. For the low income group, the medical cost reaches up to 1/3 of the total family income. That proves that the medical cost si a heavy burden on them. The group with the high medical expenditure seems to be supported by their own private property and other family members whenever it is needed. But it doesn't show the exact sources of the property, which includes the fund from the interests and real estates. On the other hand, only 14.4% of the subscribers changed their job status on the 5th year, and 85.6% of those kept their job status until the 5th year from the 4th year. This shows that the amount of the medical cost could be the important factor for them to change their job; for example, it is crucial whether the medical expenditure is over the average rate or not. Furthermore, the change of the occupation caused by the medical cost has the negative influence on the gross income. It makes the economic conditions of the family get worse. Therefore, the health insurance in Korea is lack of the compensational function, which substitutes the family income reduced by the change of the job status due to the high medical cost.

• Korea Science and Art Forum
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.219-230
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• 2019

According to the National Statistical Office, the number of senior citizens aged 65 or over has exceeded 7 million as of 2017, and the number of senior citizens who live alone among them exceeded 1.3 million. Most of the senior citizens who live alone suffer from absolute poverty (68.5% of them has monthly income less than 500,000 won) and they have difficulties for basic living in the blind spot of our society. In particular, the heating is quite a serious issue for the senior citizens who live alone and belong to vulnerable social group in the winter, and to make it worse, they are exposed to frequent fire accidents due to the negligence in handling electric appliances such as electric heaters and electric pads. The main reason the indoor tent products are being used by senior citizens who live alone is that it saves energy, ensures warm sleep, and improves fire safety. Following the expansion of the indoor tent market, this study focused on the idea that there is a need for an in door tent suitable for senior citizens who live alone and belong to low income bracket and intended to improve its efficiency in relation to use, resting, and storage. For this, a basic survey was conducted on the products of existing brands to analyze advantages and disadvantages and it was possible to understand the demands that consumers have for existing products. Accordingly, a survey on consumer preference was conducted using a designed model and the Zabara typp, which demonstrated the best efficiency in terms of installation convenience, space usability, and appearance design was selected. Based on the results of selection, the product design and final prototype were completed. The results and details of the study are as follows; First, factors that were not recognized in product development phase could be identified through usability survey and interview with actual users. Second, for the effective aspect of the prototype, senior citizens could install and fold the tend more easily and quickly than expected. Based on these results of this study, it is expected that not only senior citizens who live alone but also various other users can use the tent to create another comfortable private space indoors.

• 한국노년학
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.1293-1309
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• 2010

This study is aimed to evaluate the effects of community-based prehabilitation program developed to prevent functional decline in the frail elderly and to provide a basis to practically operate this program in the public health care service. From March to August 2009, 110 frail elderly people were recruited among the registered participants of the home visit program in Korea to perform a prospective randomized community trial. We randomly assigned these people into two groups. One group (n=50) participated in the visiting prehabilitation program for 3 months focusing on improving their muscle strength of upper and lower limbs, walking ability, and balancing. The other group (n=60) underwent our visiting fall prevention program for control. To assess the effectiveness of prehabilitation program, physical functioning (PF) and short physical performance battery (SPPB) were measured for the primary outcomes and also some other indicators: exercise performance, nutritional status, emotional functioning, experience of admission, and events of fall. As a result, significant improvements of geriatric functional status were noticed among the participants. After 3 months, PF increased by 1.3 ± 3.8 points in prehabilitation group and decreased by 1.1 ± 5.4 points in controls (p=.020). SPPB improved by 2.4 ± 2.0 points in prehabilitation group and increased only 0.3 ± 1.5 points in controls (p<.001). Significant effects were also shown in their exercise performance tests and emotional status, the number of multiple falls, and the experience of functional decline after the fall (p .002-.038). Visiting prehabilitation program is safe and effective program for frail older adults. Thus, it is strongly recommended to universally adopt this program to prevent functional decline in the frail elderly.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.1018-1027
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate nutrients intake and health-related behaviors in elderly people residing in Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongbuk who have no problem in daily living. Information on general characteristics of the elderly, health-related behaviors and dietary habits were obtained by interview based on questionnare. Dietary nutrients intake data were obtained through the 24 recall method. The subject group of this study was composed of 113 males and 112 females, the average age being $73.1\pm6.06$ years old. In health related factors, $76.9\%$ of subjects exercised regularly. The rates of alcohol drinking and smoking showed to be $38.2\%\;and\;22.2\%$, respectively. There were many elderly with neuralgia, hypertension, and gastrointestinal disease, especially female were worse. Average heights of the subjects were lower than the standard established in the Korean Recommended Dietary Allowances, and average weights were similar to the standards. The mean BMI and WHR were 24.8 (male 23.7, female 25.7) and 0.92 (male 0.92, female 0.89), respectively. Most of the subjects had a regular meal pattern comsuming three meals a day, and many elderly, especially more than $79.5\%$ of female, prepared the meals for themselves. Mean daily energy intakes and RDA percentage of energy intakes of the male and female subjects were estimated as 1426.9kcal $(79.3\%)$ and 1381.3 kcal $(86.3\%)$, respectively. Mean daily intakes of nutrients were estimatied as 48.1g for protein, 411.3mg for calcium, 8.05mg for iron, 541.8 R.E. for vitamin A, 0.84mg for vitamin $B_1$, and 0.79mg for vitamin $B_2$. Most nutrients except protein, clacium, iron and vitamin $B_2$ were consumed over $75\%$ of the RDA. Female elderly showed significant lower intakes (p<0.05) for most of the nutrients except calcium, phosphorus and vitamin ethan the elderly male.