• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.12
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• pp.1835-1842
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• 2014

Various microorganisms are involved in the fermentation of Mageoli, Korean traditional liquor. Among them, the most predominant microorganism is yeast, including Saccharomyces cerevisae. This study investigated the effects of crude polysaccharides separated from Mageoli mash (CP-M) on activation of peritoneal macrophages in cell culture medium. Four types of yeasts, S. cerevisae 89-1-1, 98-2, 268-3, and 113-4, were used. When peritoneal macrophages were treated with $10{\mu}g/mL$ of CP-M fermented with S. cerevisae 113-4, the concentration of nitric oxide (NO) in the medium was highest ($33.3{\mu}M$). The concentrations of IL-6 and -12 were also highest at 116.3 pg/mL and 59.8 pg/mL, respectively. In the case of CP-M cultured at 15, 20, and $30^{\circ}C$ after inoculation with S. cerevisae 113-4 and fermented at different temperatures, production of NO and IL-6 by peritoneal macrophages did not change compared to the control. For CP-M obtained after fermentation at $25^{\circ}C$, however, NO concentration increased 2.7~3.3 fold and IL-6 concentration by 5.7 fold compared to the control. Furthermore, the effect of fermentation period on expression of CP-M functionality was examined. NO production by CP-M of the 5th day mash was highest, increasing 2.2 fold compared to 0-day CP-M. However, there were no significant differences in concentration of IL-6 or -12 according to different fermentation periods, although CP-M showed a large decrease after 10 days. The results show that fermentation conditions with the highest activity were observed in CP-M inoculated with S. cerevisae 113-4 and fermented at $25^{\circ}C$ for 5 days. CP-M consisted of 78.6% neutral sugar, 11.6% acidic polysaccharide, and 9.8% protein. In particular, the sugar composition of neutral sugar consisted of mannose (47.8%), glucose (29.6%), and galactose (12.7%). Based on the results, CP-M is assumed to be an extracellular polysaccharide originating in yeast with high mannose content.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.537-544
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• 2017

In this study, the anti-inflammatory effect of Polyopes affinis ethanol extract (PAEE) was investigated using LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and a croton oil-induced ICR mice model. Treatment with PAEE significantly reduced production of nitric oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor $(TNF)-{\alpha}$, and $IL-1{\beta}$] in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. PAEE treatment also reduced expression of inducible NO synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, nuclear $factor-{\kappa}B$, and mitogen-activated protein kinases in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. In the croton oil-induced ear edema test, application of PAEE (10~250 mg/kg body weight) reduced ear edema in a dose-dependent manner, and PAEE treatment at 50 mg/kg body weight showed similar inhibitory effects compared with prednisolone (10 mg/kg body weight). Histological analysis revealed reduced dermal thickness and lower number of infiltrated mast cells. These results suggest that PAEE might be used as a promising anti-inflammatory agent for inhibition of LPS-induced inflammation and ear edema formation.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.1154-1169
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• 2013

The present work was performed to find behavioral characteristics of elementary school students corresponding to the motivation system on science learning (SL-BIS/BAS; Behavioral Inhibition/Activation System about Science Learning) in the observation situation. Eye-tracking was used for this study, which is one of the neurophysiological methods. The findings of present study were as follows: First, students who have sensitive motivation system to SL-BIS (SL-BIS group) showed meaningfully shorter fixation duration the whole time during an observation task than students who have sensitive motivation system to SL-BAS (SL-BAS group) (p<.05). Total fixation counts of SL-BIS group were significantly larger than SL-BAS group and it indicates that SL-BIS group often generated new fixations. Therefore, fixation duration per count of SL-BAS group was longer than that of SLBIS group. Second, we studied fixations in situations with movement corresponding to the motivation system on science learning. SL-BIS group and SL-BAS group exhibited similar fixation duration in the study task segment with movement, which is one of the stimulus attracting students. However, for the study task segment when the movement was finished, total fixation duration and fixation duration per count of SL-BAS group were meaningfully longer than those of SL-BIS group. Third, comparing fixation targets classified by factors of study task, SL-BIS group showed fixation on the target that is not important for the study task. But SL-BAS group concentrated on the target-related factor of the study task. The present work could be helpful in understanding students' characteristics corresponding to the motivation system on science learning in observation situation and for making a learning & teaching plan that is suitable to the feature of students.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.125-147
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• 2011

Considering a trend of logistics and transport industry in these days, it can be said that international express courier service is one of the most familiar transport type to the general public. Especially in Korea, due to development of electronic commercial transaction and the popularity of television home shopping, it can easily anticipated that express courier business will continuously grown in the future. However, the legal basis for international express courier is not properly set up so far. The only clause about this can be found on Korean Aviation Law said as 'commercial documents delivery business'. The origin of the commercial documents delivery business in Aviation Law is to make exception from public postal services which has been exclusive status as monopoly based on the Korean Postal Law. Basically, according to this regulation, all the private postal delivery is prohibited except some sort of commercial documents such as consignment notes, packing list, invoice etc. Thus, those documents could be delivered not only by public postal services but also by private courier company according to the Korean Postal Law. This waiver has probably come from under developing condition of Korean postal circumstances, however it should be revised according to the modernized business practice. Reflecting these revisions, the articles of Korean Postal Law adopted 'international express courier document' as the exception of postal service. Therefore, Korean Aviation Law also needs to be revised as Postal Law in due course. In addition to revision of Korean Aviation Law, some sort of new legislation is required to govern the private legal aspects such as legal liabilities, duties and rights of each parties on international express courier. This should be governed by 'law' not by 'terms and conditions' provided by business operators. Furthermore, to support and develop the current domestic logistics companies as international express courier company, it is required to regulate with the separate express courier law.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.116-127
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• 1998

Background: The natural course of sarcoidosis is variable from spontaneous remission to significant morbidity or death. So the assessment of disease activity is important but no single parameter was generally accepted as a good marker. Recently several studies suggested that adhesion molecules, especially ICAM-1 can be a marker, but there are some controversies. And only few data are available about the relationship of ICAM-1 with clinical follow-up course. Methods: We measured the expression of adhesion molecules on BAL cells by flow cytometry and the level of soluble ICAM-1(sICAM-1) in serum and BALF at the time of diagnosis in 12 patients with active disease and 7 inactive sarcoidosis(5 male, 14 female, mean age: $39.4{\pm}10.7$ years, mean follow-up : $20{\pm}15$ months). Follow-up clinical course were compared with the changes in serum sICAMA-1 level and the adhesion molecule on BAL cells. Results: In the patients with active disease, the ICAM-1 on AM(RMFI: $3.68{\pm}1.71$) and sICAM-1 level in serum($582{\pm}193$ng/ml) and BAL fluid($47.8{\pm}16.5$ng/ml) were all higher than those of 7 inactive disease(RMFI: $1.89{\pm}0.75$, p=0.0298, serum: $294{\pm}117$ ng/ml, p=0.0049, BALF: $20.9{\pm}8.3$ ng/ml). In the active sarcoidosis, ICAM-1 on AM(RMFI : $1.51{\pm}0.84$) and serum sICAM-1 were decreased after the therapy($250{\pm}147$ ng/ml) but no significant change was noted in inactive disease. Also we found the initial ICAM-1 on AM and serum sICAM-1 had a significant correlation with the degree of improvement in PFT after the therapy. During the follow-up, the disease relapsed in 4 patients after the discontinuation of steroid and the serum sICAM-1 level went-up again at the time of relapse. Conclusion: Our data suggest that the serum sICAM-1 level and the ICAM-1 expression on AM can be a good marker of disease activity and also a predictor of outcome in sarcoidosis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.929-936
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to examine the ability of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) synthesis of MC3T3-E1 cells when above edible sources, Solidago virga-aurea var. gigantea Miq. root (SVR) extracts, were supplimented. MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured with $\alpha-MEM$(vehicle control), dexamethasone and genestein (positive control), and SVR extracts for 27 days. The effects of SVR MeOH extracts and its fractions on cell proliferation were measured by MTT assay. At 10, 100${\mu}g/mL$ of SVR methanol extract treated, that were elevated of cell proliferation to 140 and $120\%$ via vehicle control, respectively. And then ALP synthesis was measured by spectrophotometer for enzyme activity and by naphthol AS-BI staining for morphometry at 3, 9, 18, and 27th day. As the results, every extracts and fractions were promoted ALP activity by time course at 1, 10, 100${\mu}g/mL$, except n-hexane and chloroform fractions. Remarkably, the MeOH extracts were increased ALP activity more than 4.4 times compared with vehicle control, 2.2 times via positive control at 27th day (p<0.05). The SVR MeOH extracts treated cells, especially at a concentration of 10${\mu}g/mL$, showed remarkably higher than vehicle-treated control cells of mineralization which were checked by Alizarin red staining. These results indicate that SVR methanol extract have an induction ability of proliferation and differentiation on osteoblast.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.269-275
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• 2008

The avocado is a widely grown and consumed fruit that is high in nutrients and low in calories, sodium, and fats. In this study, antioxidant activities and induction of apoptosis by methanol extracts from sarcocarp, seed and peel of avocado were investigated in vitro. Contents of total polyphenols in methanol extracts from sarcocarp, seed and peel were 13.89, 137.12 and $223.45{\mu}g/mg$ respectively. Radical-scavenging activities of the methanol extracts were examined by using ${\alpha},{\alpha}$-diphenyl-${\beta}$-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assay. The methanol extracts from the peel of avocado showed higher scavenging activities against DPPH, ABTS than those from sarcocarp and seed. Apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells mediated by the methanol extracts of avocado was associated with the increase of activation of caspase-3 and caspase-3 target protein, PARP. Therefore, with more researches on identification and action mechanism of active compounds, the methanol extracts from peel and seed of avocado is expected to be a natural source for the developments of functional food and medical agents to prevent human breast cancer.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.61-75
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• 2007

The method used in this descriptive study is the survey. The purpose of the study is to investigate performances of middle school home economics(HE) teachers regarding the HE subject. Respondents in this study were 177 HE teachers. Questionnaires from HE teachers were collected through e-mails. With the operation of the SPSS/Win (ver10.1) program, the analyses such as mean, standard deviation, frequencies, percents, t-test and ANOVA are done to see the relations between the related variables. The results of this study were as follows. First, the middle school HE teachers performed well above the standards in terms of planning, execution, and evaluation about self supervision related to HE. Second, the HE teachers collected materials for instruction by using literary (books) survey, Internet and mass media. They mainly focused on improving ways of "teaching and learning" and deepening the studies related to contents of textbooks. Third, the HE teachers used various ways to improve self supervision in the following order: mass media, literary (books) survey, participation in societies for researches, meetings, various training and field trip More than half of the middle school HE teachers proceeded to graduate schools, joined meetings for researches and had experiences of taking classes in private institutes. They also made a field trip once or twice a year and depended much on TV programs and education broadcasting programs as ways of improving their performances related to self supervision. While they were actively sharing information with their peer group, they made little effort at analyzing and evaluating their classes and utilizing expert group for their classes. The main problems as to self supervision were that only the half of the HE teachers responded that they were performing self supervision related to their classes well above the standards and the area where they heavily focused on has been "teaching and learning" and "the studies related to contents of textbooks". Therefore, to motivate incentives of the HE teachers for self supervision, meetings for researches should be activated and various training programs should be developed. In addition, government should give administrative and institutional support through a publication of books introducing detailed ways of self supervision and an establishment of centers and institutions for supporting self supervision.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.99-109
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• 2012

Recently, due to the growth of social media and spread of smart-phone, the amount of data has considerably increased by full use of SNS (Social Network Service). According to it, the Big Data concept is come up and many researchers are seeking solutions to make the best use of big data. To maximize the creative value of the big data held by many companies, it is required to combine them with existing data. The physical and theoretical storage structures of data sources are so different that a system which can integrate and manage them is needed. In order to process big data, MapReduce is developed as a system which has advantages over processing data fast by distributed processing. However, it is difficult to construct and store a system for all key words. Due to the process of storage and search, it is to some extent difficult to do real-time processing. And it makes extra expenses to process complex event without structure of processing different data. In order to solve this problem, the existing Complex Event Processing System is supposed to be used. When it comes to complex event processing system, it gets data from different sources and combines them with each other to make it possible to do complex event processing that is useful for real-time processing specially in stream data. Nevertheless, unstructured data based on text of SNS and internet articles is managed as text type and there is a need to compare strings every time the query processing should be done. And it results in poor performance. Therefore, we try to make it possible to manage unstructured data and do query process fast in complex event processing system. And we extend the data complex function for giving theoretical schema of string. It is completed by changing the string key word into integer type with filtering which uses keyword set. In addition, by using the Complex Event Processing System and processing stream data at real-time of in-memory, we try to reduce the time of reading the query processing after it is stored in the disk.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.335-342
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• 2017

Spiraea prunifolia Sieb. et Zucc. var. simpliciflora Nakai (SSN) has been used for the anti-inflammation in traditional folk medicine. To compare water and methanol extracts of SSN, we analyzed major components using LC IT TOF MS. The major components of hot water extract were identified as caffeic acid and p-coumaric acid, but methanol extract was not well established. However, methanol extract was detected with less polarity compounds compared to hot water extract. Next, we investigated the inhibitory effects of SSN water extract on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response or $H_2O_2-induced$ oxidative stress in Raw 264.7 macrophage cells. SSN strongly suppressed the production of nitric oxide in LPS-induced inflammatory response without cytotoxcity. The SSN possessed free radical scavenging activities such as DPPH ($IC_{50}=320.2{\mu}g/m{\ell}$), ABTS ($IC_{50}=124.0{\mu}g/m{\ell}$), and superoxide anion radical ($IC_{50}=122.6{\mu}g/m{\ell}$). The total phenol and flavonoid content of SSN was 56.7 mg/g, and 15.1 mg/g, respectively. Furthermore, SSN decreased the $H_2O_2-induced$ cytotoxicity by enhancing the cell viability, and SSN significantly reduced the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level. Therefore, SSN may be recommended as an effective strategy to prevent and/or treat various inflammation and ROS-induced diseases.